Best Project

1. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING
1) THA Theara
2) THEAV Bunthorng
3) THENG Tith
Academic year: 2015-2016
Lecturer: Dr. OEURNG Chantha
Group: I4B
Prepared by:
4) THIM Mengly
5) THOEURN Thean
6) THOL Thaileng
7) TOUCH Tharo
8) YEM Sarith
9) YUN Sereyvung

2. Content
Page
I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1. Background................................................................................................................1
2. Problem statement .....................................................................................................3
3. Objective....................................................................................................................3
II. Study area.......................................................................................................................3
1. Location.....................................................................................................................3
2. Climate.......................................................................................................................5
3. Population..................................................................................................................5
III. Scope of work.................................................................................................................5
IV. Methodology .................................................................................................................6
1. Data collection...........................................................................................................6
2. Establishment of water management committee and management of water fees .....6
V. Irrigation water need.......................................................................................................7
1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)..................................................................7
2. Crop factor Kc ...........................................................................................................9
3. Crop water need ETcrop............................................................................................10
4. Effective rainfall Pe ...................................................................................................10
5. Irrigation water needs ................................................................................................11
VI. Discharge for canal design .............................................................................................12
1. Discharge for main canal...........................................................................................12
2. Discharge for sub canal .............................................................................................13
VII. Canal design ...................................................................................................................13
1. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel .................................................13
2. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel ..................................................14
VIII. Cost estimation ............................................................................................................15
1. Main and sub-canal ...................................................................................................15
2. Foundation layer .......................................................................................................16
3. Summary of cost estimation ......................................................................................17
IX. References .....................................................................................................................17

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Canal Design at Stung Chinit, Kampong Thom Province
I. Introduction
1. Background
Kampong Thom is a province located at the central point of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The
province has a total land area of 15,061 square kilometers divided into 8 districts, 81 communes
and 737 villages. The province is divided into two parts:
 Eastern and Northern part of National Road 6: Covers 70% surface consisting of forests and
plateaus, which are rich in natural resources for a good and profitable agriculture, forestry and
animal husbandry.
 Western part of National Road 6: Covers 30% surface consisting of plain area extending to the
famous Tonle Sap Lake. This area is one of the best areas in Cambodia for rice cultivation and
fishing to support the needs of the province and to additionally export them to other areas or
countries.
General information about the provincial climate:
 Dry season: early November – late April (30c -35c)
 Rainy season: early May – late October (23-30c, with humidity up to 90%)
Chinit River (Stung Chinit) is a river of Cambodia located in Kampong Thom Province. It is a
major tributary of the Tonlé Sap Lake "Great Lake", which joins the Tonlé Sap River at the
downstream end in the larger Mekong basin. Chinit River flows down from the great lake to the
northeast direction at 12°31′38″N 104°27′31″E, in central Cambodia. It reenters the Tonlé Sap
system in the river at 13°32′N 105°47′E. The river's length is approximately 264 kilometers and
loops out and into the Tonlé Sap system. Its width varies in the range of 60–90 meters over a total
river stretch of 110 kilometers.
The annual precipitation of Stung Chinit is around 2,000 mm. The river drains a catchment
area of 5,649 km2
including the catchment of 1,145 km2 of its tributary, the Stung Tang Krasaing,
up to its outflow into Tonlé Sap Lake. Based on flow measurements carried out at the Chinit River's
Kampong Thmar station, where the catchment area measured is 4,130 square kilometers, the
maximum and minimum flows recorded are 329 cubic meters per second and 3.34 cubic meters
per second respectively with an average flow rate of 44.1 cubic meters per second.

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2. Problem statement
Food demand is increasing day by day and the rice production is declined due to the lack of
water for cultivation. Farmer in Taing Krasaing commune still practice rain fed cultivation. They
grow rice and other crop depending on rainfall which is not secure for them. Their crop could be
failed to grow due water shortage which caused by drought. This is a major problem that lead to
poverty and migration. However this problem can be solved since there is a water source (180 m
from Stung Chinit) near the cultivated area.
3. Objectives
Main objectives of this project are:
 To design the canal for conveying the water from Stung Chinit source to irrigate crop areas.
 To enlarge irrigated areas by construction sub-canal along the main canal
 To ensure the sustainable water in the regional area
 To increase agricultural productivity
 Easily to access, manage and control the available water from the source to irrigated area
 Reduce poverty and migration of people in Taing Krasaing commune.
II. Study area
1. Location
The location of study area is located in Chambak village, Taing krasaing commune, Sontuk
district, Kampong Thom province. The canal is designed for irrigated area of 200 hectares. It
consists of one main canal and 6 sub canal. All canal is design with rectangular section and made
of concrete. Main canal is 1850 meter long and 6 sub canal have a total length of 3450 m.

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2. Climate
The climate in Stung Chinit catchment mirrors Cambodia’s overall climate pattern, dominated
by tropical monsoons, with pronounced wet and dry seasons. Rainfall in the catchment increases
with elevation. The spatial distribution of annual average rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1500 mm;
maximum annual monthly rainfall has been as low as 20 mm in the dry season and up to 530 mm
in the wet season, and minimum monthly rainfall has dropped to zero over the dry season and as
low as 50 mm during the wet season.
Over 90 percent of the catchment’s annual rainfall is received during the wet season, from May
to October, and the highest rainfall occurs in August. Daily temperatures vary from a maximum
of 35 °C during the hottest months of April and May to 20°C in the coolest months of December-
January. The Stung Chinit River is regulated by a weir about 5 km upstream from the gauging
station. An area 3-5 km downstream of the Stung Chinit irrigation scheme is inundated to a depth
of 1 to 5 m annually by the Tonle Sap flood pulse. The average annual evaporation rate is 1,455
millimeters with a standard deviation of 133 millimeters per month. The average annual
precipitation recorded is 1,590 millimeters (63 in) with heavy rains recorded from April to
October. The sunshine hours as 7.3 hours per day and the solar radiation at an annual average of
19.5 MJ/m2
per day.
3. Population
The Stung Chinit catchment embraces 16 districts across six provinces and has a total
population of 515,183, with an average annual population growth rate of 0.2 percent (CNMC
2012). Most people live in the lower part of the catchment and along National Road 6. The farmers
of Stung Chinit and Taing Krasaing mainly cultivate traditional wet season rice and some dry
season rice; they also fish and raise livestock.
III. Scope of work
The objective of the work is to figure out the details report with preliminary design, our project
then will can run smoothly and all the criteria will satisfied to proceed our irrigation system. Along
with the scope of work it was the execution of sufficient data collection, any topography surveys
and other surveys necessary to define design criteria and details design information and provide
adequate mapping of the system to enable a study of the project.

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The outcome of the study will be a project document, which illustrates how to determine the
irrigation water need for paddy rice, how to design main or sub canals, and the bill quantities of
the work. It is expected to carry out the necessary studies to develop the plan and associated
alternative for improvement, and propose a design at feasibility level of the planned interventions
and respective project facilities. In the general, the scope of work is considered such as:
 Conduct the investigation works and analysis preliminary the existing reservoirs and
transport facilities.
 Conduct the survey and analysis site data for the water resource availabilities and the
topography needed for the detail design.
 Design the detailed engineering of the proposed irrigation scheme and estimate the project
cost.
 Prepare a work schedule.
IV. Methodology
1. Data collection
The rainfall data used to determine effective rainfall (Blaney-Criddle formula), wind speed,
solar radiation, and daily temperature are obtained from “Global Water Data for SWAT”. The data
is collected by the nearest station to the cultivated area. We use 14 years (2000 to 2014) data of
rainfall in our project. Soil type is obtain from soil map taken from “Open Development
Cambodia”. The soil type in that area is Lacustrine Alluvial Soil.
Some other data such as Kc, grown stage, percent of daily time, efficiency of canal are taken
from FAO. SAT, WL, and PERC are assume according to soil type.
2. Establishment of water management committee and management of water fees
Water resources management is a key element of our strategy to promote sustainable growth
and a more equitable and inclusive society. Two challenges in water resources management stand
out for their enormous social impacts, unreliable access to water with a strong adverse impact on
the living and health standards of the rural populations.

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A water management committee and sub-committee were set up after an election by the
community forestry. The water management committee consist chief of committee, deputy chief
of committee, sub-committee. The tasks and responsibilities of the management committee can
be seen below:
 Overall management & coordination
 Planning & financial management
 Meetings & communication
 Conflict resolution
 Water fee collection
 Operation & maintenance
The committee played an important role ensuring the management and maintenance of the
reservoir and piped water system, including water meters, during and at the end of the project.
They also had to ensure fair water distribution to community members and sustainable water use
for one year in the village. Their tasks include operating the reservoir, monitoring the piped water
network and collecting water fees from the community beneficiaries.
V. Irrigation water need
1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)
ETo is the rate of evapotranspiration from a large area, covered by green grass, 8 to 15cm tall,
which grows actively, completely shades the ground and which is not short of water.
There are several methods to determine the ETo:
 Experimental, using an evapotranspiration pan
- Formula: ETo=Kpan × Epan
- ETo: reference crop evapotranspiration
- K pan: pan coefficient
- E pan: pan evaporation
 Theoretical, using measured climatic data
The Blaney-Criddle formula
- ETo = P×(0.46 Tmean + 8)
- ETo = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day) as average for a period of 1 month
- T mean = mean daily temperature (o
C)
- P= mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours

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Table 1. Mean daily percentage (p) of annual daytime hours for different latitudes can be
determine by table below. (Source: FAO)
Latitude
N Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
S July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
60° 0.15 0.2 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.41 0.4 0.34 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13
55 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.16
50 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.2 0.18
45 0.2 0.23 0.27 0.3 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.2
40 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.21
35 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22
30 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.3 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23
25 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24
20 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25
15 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
10 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26
5 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27
0 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
Table 2. The average monthly data of precipitation from 2000 to 2014
Month
Max
temperature(o
C)
Min
temperature (o
C)
Precipitation
(mm)
wind speed
(m/s)
Relative
humidity
Solar
Jan 32.7 20.3 17.2 2.4 0.6 19.5
Feb 36.1 22.5 18.6 2.3 0.5 21.4
Mar 37.7 24.7 74.8 2.1 0.5 20.4
Apr 37.4 25.6 167.3 1.9 0.6 19.3
May 35.0 24.9 215.4 1.7 0.7 19.9
Jun 33.4 24.2 190.0 1.7 0.8 19.5
Jul 31.8 23.7 194.3 1.7 0.8 19.0
Aug 31.2 23.7 264.8 1.6 0.9 19.2
Sep 30.6 23.7 326.8 1.5 0.9 18.1
Oct 30.8 22.9 309.1 1.5 0.9 18.7
Nov 30.8 21.5 116.2 2.0 0.8 18.5
Dec 30.7 20.3 35.6 2.4 0.7 18.0

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Using available data from table1 and table 2 we can determine ETo
Table 3. Reference evapotranspiration ETo
Month
Max
temperature
(o
C)
Min
temperature
(o
C)
Mean
Temperature
(o
C)
p
ETo
(mm/day)
Jan 32.7 20.3 26.5 0.26 5.3
Feb 36.1 22.5 29.3 0.27 5.8
Mar 37.7 24.7 31.2 0.27 6.0
Apr 37.4 25.6 31.5 0.28 6.3
May 35.0 24.9 29.9 0.28 6.1
Jun 33.4 24.2 28.8 0.29 6.2
Jul 31.8 23.7 27.8 0.29 6.0
Aug 31.2 23.7 27.4 0.28 5.8
Sep 30.6 23.7 27.2 0.28 5.7
Oct 30.8 22.9 26.8 0.27 5.5
Nov 30.8 21.5 26.2 0.26 5.2
Dec 30.7 20.3 25.5 0.26 5.1
2. Crop factor Kc
The crop factor Kc depends on type of crop, the growth stage of the crop and the climate. We
also have to determine the total growing period in days, the period from sowing or transplanting
to the last day of the harvest. This mainly depend on the type of crop, the climate and the planting
date. For our crop, the paddy rice, its total growing period of is 120 days.
Table 4: Crop development stage
Crop type
Total growing
period
Vegetative growth
stage
Reproductive
stage
Ripening
stage
Paddy rice (IR8) 120 60 30 30

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3. Crop water need ETcrop
Table 5: Crop water need from February to May
Crop: Paddy Rice Planning date: 1 May
Months Feb Mar Apr May
ETo(mm/day) 5.8 6 6.3 6.1
Growth Stage Vegetative growth stage Reproductive stage Ripening stage
Kc per Gr.St 1.1 1.3 1
Kc per month 1.1 1.1 1.3 1
ET crop(mm/day) 6.38 6.6 8.19 6.1
ET crop(mm/m) 191.4 198 245.7 183
Hence, we have determined the crop water need for the whole growing season of paddy rice
is 818 mm.
4. Effective rainfall Pe
Effective rainfall is a part of rain that remain from Deep percolation and Run-off. The factors
which influence which part is effective and which part is not effective include the climate, the soil
texture, the soil structure and the depth of the root zone. In many countries, formulae have been
developed locally to determine the effective precipitation. Such formulae take into account factors
like rainfall reliability, topography, prevailing soil type etc. If such formulae or other local data
are available, they should be used. If such data are not available, formulas below can estimate the
effective rainfall.
Pe = 0.8P-25 if P>75 mm/month
Pe = 0.6P-10 if P<75 mm/month
Table 6: Average effective rainfall from January to February.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Precipitation
(mm)
17.2 18.6 74.8 167.3 215.4 190.0 194.3 264.8 326.8 309.1 116.2 35.6
Effective
rainfall(mm)
0.3 1.2 34.9 108.8 147.3 127.0 130.4 186.8 236.4 222.3 68.0 11.4

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5. Irrigation water needs
Paddy rice, growing with "its feet in the water", is an exception. Not only has the crop water
need (ET crop) to be supplied by irrigation or rainfall, but also water is needed for: saturation of
the soil before planting, percolation and seepage losses and establishment of a water layer.
The determination of the irrigation water need for paddy rice requires the following steps:
- Determine the reference crop evapotranspiration: ETo
- Determine the crop factors: Kc
- Calculate the crop water need: ET crop = ETo×Kc
- Determine the amount of water needed to saturate the soil for land preparation: SAT
- Determine the amount of percolation and seepage losses: PERC
- Determine the amount of water needed to establish a water layer: WL
- Determine the effective rainfall: Pe
- Calculate the irrigation water need:
IN = ET crop + SAT + PERC + WL –Pe
- In the month before sowing or transplanting, water is needed to saturate the root zone. The
amount of water needed depends on the soil type and rooting depth. For the purpose of this
manual it is however assumed that the amount of water needed to saturate the root zone is
200 mm.
- The percolation and seepage losses depend on the type of soil. They will be low in very
heavy-well-puddled clay soils and high in the case of sandy soils. The percolation and
seepage losses vary between 4 and 8 mm/day and we chose PERC=6 mm/day for average.
- A water layer is established during transplanting or sowing and maintained throughout the
growing season. The amount of water needed for maintaining the water layer has already
been taken into account with the determination of the percolation and seepage losses. The
amount of water needed to establish the water layer, however, still has to be considered. For
the purpose of this manual it is assumed that a water layer of 100 mm is established.

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Table 7: Irrigation water need
Month Feb Mar Apr May
ETo (mm/month) 191.4 198 245.7 183
SAT(mm/month) 200 200 200 200
PERC(mm/month) 6 6 6 6
WL(mm/month) 100 100 100 100
Pe (mm/month) 1.16 34.88 108.84 147.32
IN (mm/month) 496.24 469.12 442.86 341.68
IN (mm/day) 16.54 15.64 14.76 11.39
From table 7, the maximum irrigation need is in February. Thus we use it to design the
canal cross section.
VI. Discharge for canal design
1. Discharge for main canal
4
16.54 10
IN 16.54 / 1.9 l/s/ha
3600 24
Sin Area × IN 200 1.9 380 l/s
net
net net
mm day

  

   
Field scheme irrigation efficiency
100
c ae e
e


Where ec conveyance efficiency and ea is field application efficiency
Table 8: values of the conveyance efficiency for adequately maintained canal (ec)
Earthen canals Lined
canalSoil type Sand Loam Clay
Canal length
Long (> 2000m) 60% 70% 80% 95%
Medium (200-2000m) 70% 75% 85% 95%
Short (< 200m) 80% 85% 90% 95%
Table 9: indicate values of the field application efficiency (ea)
Irrigation methods Field application efficiency
Surface irrigation (border, furrow, basin) 60%
Sprinkler irrigation 75%
Drip irrigation 90%

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Our canal is concrete line canal so ec=95% and we apply surface irrigation, thus ea=60%
95 60
57%
100
e

 
 Gross Irrigation need
gross net
100 100
Sin Sin 380 667 l/s
57e
    
Operation scheme irrigation need
Sin
Sin
T
Where T =d/7×h/24
gross
op
op
op

Since we operate 7 days per week and 8 hours per day so Top=7/7×8/24=1/3
Sin 667
Sin 2000 / 2 ³ /
T 1/ 3
gross
op
op
l s m s   
So design discharge for main canal is 2 m³/s
2. Discharge for sub canal
There are 6 sub canals. Canal 1 serve for 27 ha, canal 2 serve for 33ha and canal 3,4,5,6
serve for 35 ha per canal. So we design all sub canal with the same section using irrigated area
of 35ha.
Sin Area × IN 35 1.9 66.5 l/snet net   
100 100
Sin Sin 66.5 116.66 l/s
57
gross net
e
    
Assume that operation time is the same as main canal
Then
Sin 116.66
Sin 350 / 0.35 ³ /
T 1/ 3
gross
op
op
l s m s   
VII. Canal design
1. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel
3
2 /Q m s
We choose rectangular CANAL
Where 2 2
A
A by b
y
A
P b y P y
y
  
    

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Find maximum of P(y)
2
2
2
2 0
2
2
1
, 2
2
dP A
dx y
y by
b
y
A b P b
    
 
 
  
By equation of manning
2 1
3 2
2
2
3
2
×A×R ×S
Where 0.013 (concrete)
S 0.002
0.5 1
1,
2 4
1 1 1
2 0.002
0.013 2 4
1.496
0.75 , take freeboard 0.1m
we take 1.5 and 8.5 for design
m
h e
e
m h
k
Q
n
n
Take
A b
K R b
P b
b b
b m
y m
Thus b m y m



   
 
     
 
 
  
 
2. Design for best hydraulic section for main channel
3
0.35 /Q m s
We choose rectangular canal
Where 2 2
A
A by b
y
A
P b y P y
y
  
    
Find maximum of P(y)
2
2
2
2 0
2
2
1
, 2
2
dP A
dx y
y by
b
y
A b P b
    
 
 
  

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By Manning equation
2 1
3 2
2
2
3
2
×A×R ×S
Where 0.013 (concrete)
S 0.002
0.5 1
1,
2 4
1 1 1
0.35 0.002
0.013 2 4
0.778 , take 0.8m
0.4 , take freeboard 0.1m
we take 0.8 and 0.5 for d
m
h e
e
m h
k
Q
n
n
Take
A b
K R b
P b
b b
b m
y m
Thus b m y m



   
 
     
 
 
  
  esign
VIII. Cost estimation
1. Main and sub-canal
The volume of concrete required
2
2 3
Sub-
Section of main canal
1.5 0.1 2 0.1 (0.85 0.1 ) 0.79
of main canal
of main canal 1.85 1850
0.79 1850 1461.5Channel
A m m m m m m
Volume
Total Length L km m
V A L m m m
      
 
     
2
2 3
3
Section of main canal
0.8 0.1 2 0.1 (0.5 0.1 ) 0.41
of main canal
of sub-canal 3.45 3450
0.41 3450 1414.5
Total volume of canal 4161.5 14
main Channel
Total
A m m m m m m
Volume
Total Length L km m
V A L m m m
V m
      
 
     
  3 3
14.5 2876m m
It is advisable to add 10% to the volume to cater for waste and uneven concrete thickness
in excess of the 5 cm, thus, the concrete volume will be: 3 3
(1 0.1) 2876 3163.6m m  
Different structure require different types of the concrete grades, as discussed in Module
13. For a good concrete mix is 1:2:3 by volume batching. The materials required for such
a mix per m3
of concrete are calculated as following:
 For mixture of 1:2:3 is means that: 1×cement + 2×sand + 3×stone
 It can be assumed that a 50 kg bag of cement is equivalent to 0.04 m3
of loose volume

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 The yield of the mix is 60% of the loose volume of cement, aggregate (sand) and coarse
aggregate (stone).
Thus, the mixture of loose volume is:
1×0.04 (cement) + 2×0.04 (sand) + 3×0.04 (stone) = 0.24 m3
Thus, the yield is: 0.6×0.24 = 0.144 m3
. This gives the following qualities:
Cement: 1 m3
/0.144 = 6.94 = 7 bags
Sand : 7×0.04×2 = 0.56 m3
Stone : 7×0.04×3 = 0.84 m3
Thus, for design canal, requiring 3163.6 m3
of concrete, the material requirements are:
 Cement : 3163.6×7 = 22146 bags
 Coarse sand : 3163.6× 0.56 = 1771.6 m3
 Stone 10 mm × 20 mm : 3163.6×0.84 = 2657.4 m3
2. Foundation layer
Volume for main canal: 3
main canal 1850 0.1 1.5 277.5V m m m m   
Volume for main canal: 3
Sub-canal 3450 0.1 0.8 276V m m m m   
Total volume: 3
277.5 276 553.5TotalV m  
Thus, for foundation layer 553.5 m3
of concrete of concrete, the material requirements are:
 Cement : 553.5×7 = 3875 bags
 Coarse sand : 553.5× 0.56 = 309.96 m3
 Stone 40m×60mm : 553.5×0.84 = 464.94 m3
Steel bar 10 mm
1 m =0.63 Kg
Total length = 1850×35 + 1850×0.75/0.1+ 3450×21 + 0.4×3450/0.1 = 152387.5 m
Total weigh = 152387.5×0.63 = 96000 Kg
Total cement = 22146 bags + 3875 bags = 26021 bags
Total coarse sand = 1771.6 + 309.96 = 2081.56 m3
Total stone 10 mm × 20 mm = 2657.4 m3
Total stone 40 m × 60 mm = 464.94 m3

19. Irrigation and drainage Institute of Technology of Cambodia
I4GRU-B 32th Page 17
3. Summary of cost estimation
Table 10: Cost estimation
Item Quality Unit cost Total cost
Material:
- Cement
- Coarse sand
- Stone 10 mm×20 mm
- Stone 40 mm×60 mm
- Steel bar 10 mm
26021 bags
2081.56 m3
2657.4 m3
464.94 m3
96000 kg
5.2$ /bag
11.53$/m3
21.31$/m3
18.6$/m3
0.81$/kg
135309$
24000$
56629$
8648$
77760$
Transport 14000 tons 4$/ton 56000$
Labor: (Time 3 month)
- Engineer
- Skilled
- Unskilled
5 person
20 person
50 person
500$/month
12.2$/day
7.3$/day
7500$
21960$
32850$
Land preparation
- Excavating
- Compaction
3717 m3
3717 m3
0.64$/m3
0.83$/m3
2388$
3085$
Equipment: - 73871$
Total 500000$
IX. References
- IISc. Irrigation Engineering Principles Module3 “Lesson 3: Estimating Irrigation
Demand”. By: IISc and NPTEL.
- FAO 2002. Irrigation Manuel “Planting, Development Monitoring and Evaluation of
Irrigation Agriculture with farmer Participation, volume II, Module 7. By: Andeas P.
SAVVA, Karen FREKEN 2002.
- www.fao.org
- www.wikipedia.org
- List of standard price for infrastructure project 2016. By: Phnom Penh Capital Hall.