2. Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)
– Swedish botanist credited with founding the science
of taxonomy.
– He introduced the binomial system of nomenclature
– Linnaeus also established a hierarchy of taxonomic
ranks: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum
or division, and kingdom.
– At the highest level, Linnaeus divided all living
things into two kingdoms—plant and animal.
– In his taxonomic hierarchy each organism is
assigned a species name, and species of very
similar organisms are grouped into a
genus and so on.
3. Taxonomy
• The science of classification and refers to
– Classification
– Nomenclature and
– Identification
4. A Comparison of the More Notable
Classification Systems of Living Organisms
Haeckel (1894) Whittaker (1959) Woese (1977) Woese (1990)
Three kingdoms Five kingdoms Six kingdoms Three domains
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Plantae Protista Archaebacteria Archaea
Animalia Fungi Protista Eukarya
Plantae Fungi
Animalia Plantae
• Animalia
5. The Phylogenetic Tree of Life based on
Comparative ssrRNA* Sequencing.
*the nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA.
8. • The systematic division of organisms
into related taxa (groups) based on
similar characteristics
9. 1. Conventional Classification
Major characteristics used in conventional classification:
• Cell shape
• Cell size
• Colonial morphology
• Ultrastructural
characteristics
• Staining behaviour
• Mechanism of motility
• Cellular inclusions
• Carbon & nitrogen
sources
• Cell wall constituents
• Energy sources
• Fermentation products
• Growth temperature
optimum & range
• Osmotic tolerance
• Oxygen relationships
• pH optimum & growth
range
• Sensitivity to metabolic
inhibitors & antibiotics
Feature:
10. 2. Adansonian or Numerical
Classification
• Numerical taxonomy, the use of
computers.
• A large number of biochemical,
morphological and cultural chara-
cteristics are used to determine the
degree of similarity between organisms
(similarity matris) and conversion to
dendogram (phenogram)
12. 3. Phylogenetic Classification
• An evolutionary arrangement of species.
• Sharing a recent ancestor as in plants and
animals (fossil records)
• In bacteria?
• Possible by Molecular Methods
– Genetic Homology:
• Base composition (GC ratio)
• Nucleic acid hybridisation.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis
• Protein profiles and amino acid sequences
13. • PURE CULTURE:
• Populations of individuals all derived
from the same single organism.
• STRAIN:
• A Group of Pure Cultures Derived from a
Common Source and Thought to be the
Same.
• SPECIES:
• A Group of Closely Similar Strains.
16. • Naming of microorganisms.
• Governed by international rules
• Rules published in the International
Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
• The International Journal of Systematic
Bacteriology
17. Rules for the Nomenclature of
Microorganisms
• There is only one correct name for an organism.
• Names that cause error or confusion should be
rejected.
• All names in Latin or are latinized.
– The first word (genus) is always capitalized.
– The second word (species or specific epithet) is not
capitalized.
– Both genus and species name, together referred to as
species, are either underlined or italicized when appearing
in print.
– The correct name of a species or higher taxonomic
designations is determined by valid publication, legitimacy
of the name with regard to the rules of nomenclature, and
priority of publication.
18. Nomenclature
• Casual or Common Name:
• e.g. "typhoid bacillus"
• Scientific or International Name:
• Salmonella typhi
• Salmonella london
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Clostridium tetani
• Mycobacterium bovis
• Borrelia burgdorferi
20. • Biologists often use a taxonomic key to
identify organisms according to their
characteristics.
• Dichotomous key
– most commonly used in identification.
– has paired statements describing
characteristics of organisms.
21. Methods used for Identification of
Bacteria
• Cellular morphology
• Staining characteristics
• Motility
• Growth characteristics
• Biochemical characteristics
• Serological tests
• Analysis of metabolic end products or structural
components of organisms by different methods (e.g.
GLC)
• Genetic analysis using nucleic acid probes and other
molecular techniques (e.g. PCR)
22. TEST
Organism Gram Shape Catalase Indole
B. subtilis + Rod + -
C. freundii - Rod + -
E. faecium + Coccus - -
P. vulgaris - Rod + +
S. aureus + Coccus + -
23. • Dichotomous Key
Gram reaction
+ -
indole
+ -
morphology
rods cocci
B. subtilis
catalase
+ -
S. aureus E. faecium
P. vulgaris C. freundii
25. • Bergey's Manual
– Methods for distinguishing and identifying
bacteria are assembled into Bergey's
Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
– Bergey's Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology
• Provides description of physical & chemical
characteristics and system of identification of
medically important members of selected
sections of bacteria
26. Polyphasic Bacterial Taxonomy
• More data will become available, more bacteria will be
identified, there will be more information, and software
development will need to address the combination and
linking of the different databases.
• A polyphasic approach to bacterial classification
includes:
– Methods to phylogenetically allocate bacteria
– Methods to compare and group large numbers of strains into
clusters of similar bacteria
– DNA-DNA hybridization to determine the relationships between
represnetativies withing and between each of those clusters
– And descriptive methods which will provide further genotypic
and phenotypic information.
