This document provides information about a seminar on the role of insect pathogenic bacteria in integrated pest management. It discusses how 20-40% of crop yields are lost to pests, costing $120 billion globally. After the overuse of synthetic pesticides, more environmentally friendly biopesticides are being explored. The document focuses on entomopathogenic bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus, Serratia, and Chromobacterium subtsugae that produce toxins lethal to various insect pests. It also discusses the commercial use and future prospects of these bacteria in providing targeted, non-polluting alternatives to chemical

2. A
COURSE SEMINAR
ON
ROLE OF INSECT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PROSPECTS
Presented by:
Sushil Kumar
Ph.D. Entomology
Id- 1859/13
Seminar Incharge:
Dr. S. K. Sachan & Dr. Gaje Singh
Deptt. Of Entomology

3. INTRODUCTION
 The attack of pathogenic organisms and insect pests, 20–40% decrease in
crop yield occurs which results in loss of 120 billion US $ worldwide
(Zhou CN.2001).
 The global pesticide market is presently growing at a rate of 3.6% per year
and is valued around $ 47 billion (BCC Research, 2010).
 After the Second World War, the control of pests mostly relied on
application of synthetic insecticides.
 After despite use of synthetic insecticides among these, the insect
resistance development, the destruction of non-target entomofauna
(predators, parasitoids and pollinators,) as well as contamination water and
food and environmentally pollute.
 These reasons search of environmentally friendly control systems and their
use in IPM strategies.

4.  The developed different strategies to kill the insect
and discovery various entomopathogenic microbial
species bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi and
microsporidia, nematodes (Vega and Kaya, 2012).
The present work focuses mainly on
entomopathogenic bacteria.
Entomopathogenic bacteria:
Entamopathogenic bacteria are pathogens
that infect insects.

5. 1 Bacilli
2 Gammaproteobacteria
3 Betaproteobacteria
4 Actinobacteria
 Bacillaceae
 Enterobacteriaceae
 Pseudomonadaceae
 Neisseriaceae
 Streptomycetaceae
 Pseudonocardiaceae
Class Families
Entomopathogenic bacteria

6. BACTERIAL
PRODUCTS
60%
FUNGAL
PRODUCTS
27%
VIRAL
PRODUCTS
10%
OTHER(NEMAT
ODES)
PRODUCTS 3%
(Woo et al., 2010)
Microbial biopesticide products worldwide

7. Family: Bacillaceae
Bacillus thuringiensis
 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a gram-positive, motile,
rod shaped bacterium produces a parasporal crystal
composed of one or more proteins
 The strains of Bt characterized so far affect members
of 3 insect orders: Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths),
Diptera (mosquitoes & biting flies) and Coleoptera
(beetles)
 3 Bt products registered in India
 B.t. kurstaki is the most commonly used Bt
formulation
 B.t. israelensis (diptera)—frequently used for mosquitoes
 B.t. kurstaki (lepidoptera)—frequently used for gypsy moth,
spruce budworm, and many vegetable pests
 B.t. galleriae (coleoptera)—frequently used for leaf beetle,
Colorado potato beetle

8. Bacillus thuringiensis strains
produce crystalline proteins
(called δ-endotoxins)
Caterpillar consumes the Bt spore
(diagram 1) & crystalline toxin-
treated leaf
The Bt crystalline toxin (diamond shapes in
diagram 2) binds to gut wall receptors, and
the caterpillar stops feeding
Within hours, the gut wall breaks down,
allowing spores (oval tube shapes) and normal
gut bacteria (circular shapes) to enter body
cavity, where the toxin dissolves
The caterpillar dies in 24 to 48 hours from septicemia, as spores and gut
bacteria proliferate in its blood (diagram 3)
Mode Of Action

9. Effect microbial insecticide on H. armigera in Tomato
Treatments % Fruit
infestation
(number)
%Fruit
infestation
(weight)
Yield
(t/ha)
%Yield
increase
over
control
HaNPV @
0. 4 ml/L
17.67 13.11 14.73 37.79
Bt @ 2g/L 13.25 10.85 16.65 55.75
HaNPV & Bt 11.78 9.64 16.92 58.28
control 18.32 17.04 10.69
LSD value
CV%
0.64
8.34
0.58
8.25
0.53
7.04
Rahman et al.,2014

10. Bacillus sphaericus
 Bacillus sphaericus species
production of spherical endospores
closely associated with parasporal
crystals containing an equimolar ratio
of Binary protein toxins (BinA and
BinB).
• This toxin has heamoceolic toxicity to
Spodoptera litura.

11. These two active ingredients allow for the
effective control of many of the world's vector
and nuisance pests.
In addition, vegetative cells of certain strains
produce mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx proteins).
Targets pest
 Mosquitoes
 Black flies
 Midges

12. Brevibacillus laterosporus
B. laterosporus is a rod-
shaped, endospore-forming
bacterium production canoe-
shaped parasporal body
(CSPB)and spore coat(SC).
 Firstly isolated beginning of
the 20th century by ( White,
1912)
 It is an ubiquitous species
that has been isolated from a
wide range of materials
including soil fresh water,
insect bodies, leaf surfaces,
milk, compost etc.

13. Favret & Yousten, 1985
Different Strains toxicity targets
four insect

14. Some of the active compounds of B.
laterosporus
.
References
Warren, G.W. (1997)
Schnepf et al.,2005
Zubasheva, et al., 2010
Rivers, et al., 1991
Bone & Singer 1991
Huang, et al., 2005
Prasanna, et al., 2013
Singer et al., 1997
Saikia, et al., 2011

15. Usta, C. 2013
B.t. Species and target pests

16. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are two
genera of bacteria that symbiotically associate
with specific nematodes.
Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus species
producing insecticidal toxins complex (Tc)
high potential pest management (Waterfield et
al., 2001) and other insecticidal proteins (Pir)
Infect (soil insect, butterflies,flies and beetles
as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers
and crickets.)
Family : Enterobacteriaceae

17.  Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis
and Steinernema are used as biological control agent (BCA) for diverse
insect pests.
Steinernema sp. Heterorhabditis sp.
THE
AMBUSHERS
THE
CRUISERS
EPN Pest
The enemy of my enemy is my friend
Xenorhabdus Photorhabdus spp

18. Mode of action
The juvenile stage penetrate insect through
natural opening and then enters into the
hemocoel.
Start feeding on multiplying bacteria and
disintegrated host tissues.
Toxins produced by nematodes and multiplying
bacteria in the body cavity
kill the insect host usually within 48 hours..
23 generations insect cadaver for seek new host

19. Commercial use of entomopathogenic nematodes
Nastaran et al.,2012

20. Firstly report entomopathogenic S. marcescens strain
against different developmental stages of S. litura
(Aggarwal et al., 2015)
 Chitinase-producing bacteria were isolated from
diseased insect Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera
litura cadavers.
The pADAP plasmid from Serratia entomophila
contains the genes sepA, sepB, and sepC.
Serratia spp.

21. 1. Ingestion of S. entomophila, larvae cease feeding
within 48 hours
2. Their gut, which is normally dark, develops an amber
coloration
• Serratia sp. are responsible for causing amber disease
in grass grubs, costelytra zealandica (jackson et al.,
2001)
 Target insect
Boll weevil Tobacco hornworm
House fly Spodoptera litura
Pod borer Honey bee
Grass grubs

22. Carol et al., 2003

23. Yersinia entomophaga
Y. entomophaga is a non-spore-forming
entomopathogenic bacterium production of an
insecticidal toxin complex (Yen-Tc)
Recently discovered species was isolated
from diseased larvae of the New Zealand
grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (Hurst et
al., 2011).

24. Ingestion of Yen-Tc, grass grub larvae displayed an
amber coloration and clearance of gut contents .
Fluid loss through vomiting an excessive expulsion of
discrete frass material.
P. xylostella, initial apical swelling of gut columnar
cells occurred after ingestion of purified Tc from Y.
entomophaga.
The average time to death was 5-6 day

25. P. xylostella.
Blackheaded
pasture
Coleoptera
Pasture pest
 Tobacco
hornworm,
(Manduca sexta)
Target insect

26. Family: Pseudomonadaceae
Root associated bacteria
Widely used for crop protection
P. entomophila, P. Syringae, fluorescens
have insecticidal properties.
P. entomophila
P. entomophila is a ubiquitous
bacterium that orally infects of insects
P. entomophila destroys gut cells of the
fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster

27. Strains of P. fluorescens have insecticidal activity to
aphids, phytophagous and termites (Devi and Kothamasi,
2009)
Combination of P. fluorescens strains was reduce the
incidence of rice leafroller and Rhizoctonia solani
both conditions (Karthiba et al., 2010).
 Fit, proteinous toxin to effective -
S. littoralis, H. virescens, P. Xylostella, M. sexta, and
G. mellonella.

28. Ruffner et al., 2013

29. Strain Target insect Bacterial product Regulatory mechanism References

30. Family : Neisseriaceae
Chromobacterium subtsugae
C.subtsugae new strain of entomopathogenic bacterium
discovered in 2000 (Martin et al., 2007).
Gram negative soil bacteria production of violecein
introduced diff. bacterium spp. (Hoshino et al., 2011).
PRAA4-1 (Martin et al., 2007)(USA) and C.violaceum
ESBV was isolated from TN (India).
C.subtsugae insectiside approved by (EPA) in 2011
New strain identified (Csp_P) isolate from Aedes
aegypti, that colonize the insect midgut (Ramirez et al.
2014).

31. Commercial product -
Grandevo (MBI 203), MBI 205 & 206
• Broad spectrum control of sucking and chewing
insects(Lepidoptera, Coleoptera), and flies (Grandevo,
2013).
Diamondback moth( mortality 90% in 2-7 days), when fed
a diet including C. substsugae NRRL

32. Colorado potato beetle
Corn rootworms
Small hive beetle
Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)
Gypsy moth
Tobacco hornworm
Sweet potato whitefly
Southern green stink bug
 Mosquito Martin et al., 2007
Target pest of Chromobacterium subtsugae

33. Source: Streptomyces avermitilis
Streptomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria
Bioactive secondary metabolites which
valuable alternatives to chemical control
agents less toxic and readily biodegradable
 Extract of Streptomyces hydrogenans DH16,
effective against Spodoptera litura.
Streptomyces

34. Bio-efficacy of emamectin benzoate 5 SG
against DBM.
Swamy et al.,2008

35. Commercial product-
Abamectin
Agri-Mek® 15% EC
Emamectin benzoate
Proclaim® 5% WSG
Target pest
Sucking pests,
Phytophagous mites,
Dipterans pest
Leaf miners
Lepidopteron insects

36.  S. spinosa, in soil collected at an inoperative
sugar mill rum still (Mertz and Yao 1990)
 S spinosa produce metabolites 'spinosyns' that
economically, ecologically, and agriculturally
important.
 Effective to mites, European Corn Borer,
Colorado Potato Beetle, Western Flower Thrips,
and Grape Berry Moth (Thompson et al. 2000).
 Attractive pest management tool because it
degrades quickly via photolysis (Kirst 2010).
 Commercial products-
Conserve® , Tracer ® and Entrust®
Saccharopolyspora spinosa

37. Spinosad
Source: Saccharopolyspora spinosa
Formulations: 45% SC (Tracer ® )
Spinosad are acquired by fermentation of S.
spinosa cultures, spinosyns A and spinosyn D,
Spinosyns bind to and stimulate the Ach
receptor on the post-synapse nerve.
Spinosad intoxication is characterized by
excitation of the nervous system, leading to
involuntary muscle contractions, tremors and
paralysis.

38. Devi et al.,2015

39. Future Prospects
Environmentally safe the Bts and their insecticidal
crystal proteins are going to increase in the future,
with the wide adoption of transgenic crops.
The Biopesticides industry is estimated to grow at a
CAGR of 15.5% by volume and 16.82% by value
terms during 2015- 2020.
Discovery of new toxins and new ways of presenting
the toxin to the target insects.

40. Development of recombinant microorganisms and
proteomic technology, could be adapted to the study of
Bt crystal proteins.
Improvement of existing Bt application strategies and
the ability to design alternative options.
A most promising area of investigation is the
discovery, identification and validation of molecular
targets for development of new insecticides.

41. Stand-alone products for pest management in organic
farming.
Bio-pesticides easily biodegradable, target-specific with
very low mammalian toxicity
Entomopathogenic bacterial recognized as lower risk
substances than conventional chemical pesticides
Biopesticides use in IPM safe for workers, the reduction
of residues on crop.
Besides optimizing efficacy, modern pest management
strategies tend to minimize the impact on the
environment and on non-target organisms.
Conclusion