1. Detailed Report on Transportation in India
Submittedto: SUBMITTED BY:
PROFANILKUMAR GonellaSundarSuryaGanesh
HOD – INFRA & PM MBA INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very thankful to my Head of Department Prof. Anil Kumar, for asking me to
prepare a report on topic of Urban Transportation in India. I am also thankful to
my faculty and friends for supporting me during the completion of my study and
report.
I also wish to thank the professionals who have posted their studies online which
helped me in my work. I also thank God for helping me to do my study with all my
sincere efforts. I am also thankful to my seniors in helping me to prepare this
report.
Finally, and most importantly, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my
beloved parents, for all the encouragement, understanding, support, patience and
true love throughout my ups and downs.
As always I praise the almighty God by my side.
Sundar Surya Ganesh Gonella

3. CONTENTS:
1. TRANSPORTATION
1.1 History
1.2 Infrastructure
1.3 Vehicles
1.4 Operation
1.5 Impact
1.5.1 Economic
1.5.2 Planning
1.5.3 Environment
2 Transportation Modes
2.1 Road
2.2 Rail
2.3 Air
2.4 Human-powered
2.5 Animal-powered
3 Urbanisation
3.1 Nature ofUrbanisation
3.2 UrbanTransport
3.3 Why UrbanTransport
3.4 UrbanTransportChallengesinIndia
3.5 Key ChangesinUrbanMobilityScenario
3.6 GrowthofPrivate Vehicles

4. 3.7 Urbantransport–RecentGovernmentInterventions
3.8 UrbanTransport:MarketSize-India
3.8.1 India’s transport infrastructure spending over the next 20 years is
being driven by:
3.9 Impact on PublicTransport
3.9.1 Impact of Motorisation:Decreaseinpeakhourjourneyspeedon major
road network
3.9.2 Pollution Levels
4 UrbanTransport:EmergingBusinesses
4.1 PPP in UrbanTransport
4.2 Ideal Urban TransportationSystem

5. 1. TRANSPORTATION
Transportationmeansthe movement of people, animals and goods from one location to
another. The transport of a person or of cargo may involveone mode or several of the modes, with
the latter case being called intermodal or multimodal transport. Each mode has its ownadvantages
and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. A mode of
transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure and operation.
Transport is important because it enables trade between persons, which is essential forthe
development of civilizations.Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and
space.
1.1 History
Humans' first means of transport were walking and swimming. The domestication of
animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing
heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions
such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficientthrough the introduction of
vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial,
and was the only efficientway to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to
the Industrial Revolution.
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods
over dirt tracks that often followedgame trails. Pavedroads were built by many early civilizations,
including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Persian and Roman empires built
stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly.Deep roadbeds of crushed stone underneath
ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval Caliphate later built tar-paved roads. The first
watercraftswere canoes cutout fromtree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with
ships that were either rowed or used the wind forpropulsion, or a combination of the two.The
importance of water has led to most cities that grew up as sites fortrading, being located on rivers
or at sea, often at the intersection of twobodies of water. Untilthe Industrial Revolution, transport
remained slow and costly,and production and consumption were located as close to each other as
feasible.
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally
change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of transport.
The invention of the steam engine, closely followedby its application in rail transport, made land
transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased rapidly,
allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independent of natural resources. The
19th century also saw the development of the steam ship that sped up global transport.
With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the
20th century,road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical private
transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19th century with macadam. Later,
tarmac and concretebecame the dominant paving material. In 1903, the first
controllable airplane was demonstrated, and after World War I, it became a fast way to transport
people and express goods over long distances.
After World War II,the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing
rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger. Scientific spaceflight was launched in the 1950s,
with rapid growthuntil the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the 1950s, the introduction

6. of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting globalization.
International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s, withthe commercialization of
the jet engine. Along withthe growth in automobiles and motorways,this introduced a decline for
rail and water transport. After the introduction of the Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia
and Europe started taking passengers on long-haul routes from airlines.
Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels were
owned by private joint-stockcorporations. Most such transportation infrastructure came under
government controlin the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of
inter-city passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently, however,a movement to
privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents.
The transportation field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
1.2 Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of a way,a
terminal and facilities forparking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the
entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craftare able to avoid this, since the
airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at
terminals.
Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight
can be transferred from one vehicleor mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are
integrating differentmodes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's
advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The
terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operate fromsimple
stops. For freight, terminals act as trans-shipment points, though some cargo is transported directly
from the point of production to the point of use.
The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural
monopoly and a necessity forthe public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are
funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can have high cost,and are often financed
through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at
airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase
or use of vehicles. Because of poor forecasting and overestimation of passenger numbers by
planners, there is frequently a benefits shortfall for transport infrastructure projects.
1.3 Vehicles
A vehicle is any non-living devicethat is used to move people and goods. Unlike the
infrastructure, the vehiclemoves along with the cargo and riders. Unless being pulled by a cable or
muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a
steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of
propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is
most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.
Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However,some systems, such as people
movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehiclemust
have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicyclesor simple
aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.

7. 1.4 Operation
Privatetransport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle,who operates the vehicle
themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private
enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the
same company, or they may be operated by differententities. Traditionally,many countries have
had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized.
International shipping remains a highly competitive industry withlittle regulation, but ports can be
public owned.
1.5 Impact
1.5.1 Economic
Transport is a key necessity for specialization—allowing production and consumption of
products to occurat different locations. Transport has throughout history been a spur to expansion;
better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people. Economic growthhas always
been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport. But the infrastructure and
operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy,
making transport sustainability a major issue.
Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work,forcingpeople to
transport themselves to places of workor study, as well as to temporarily relocate forother daily
activities. Passenger transport is also the essence of tourism a major part of recreational transport.
Commerce requires the transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face
communication forimportant decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of workto
sites where they are needed.
1.5.2 Planning
Transport planning allows forhigh utilization and less impact regarding new infrastructure.
Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able topredict future transport patterns. On the
operative level, logistics allowsowners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain.
Transport as a field is studied through transport economics, the backbone forthe creation of
regulation policy by authorities. Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, must
take into account trip generation, trip distribution, mode choiceand route assignment, while the
operative level is handled through traffic engineering.
Because of the negative impacts incurred, transport often becomes the subject of
controversy related to choiceof mode, as wellas increased capacity.Automotive transport can be
seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the flexibility and comfortfor the individual deteriorate
the natural and urban environment for all. Density of development depends on mode of transport,
with public transport allowing forbetter spacial utilization. Good land use keeps common activities
close to people's homes and places higher-density development closer to transport lines and hubs,
to minimize the need for transport. There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transportation
some land uses are more efficientwhen clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in
cities, pavement (devoted tostreets and parking) can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use.
An efficienttransport system can reduce land waste.
Too much infrastructure and toomuch smoothing formaximum vehicle throughput means
that in many cities there is toomuch traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come
with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many

8. places, and as a result of new types of analysis whichbring in a much broader range of skills than
those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health,
sociologists as well as economists—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being
questioned. European cities are leading this transition.
1.5.3 Environment
Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world'spetroleum. This creates air
pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global
warming through emission of carbon dioxide, forwhichtransport is the fastest-growing emission
sector. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributorto global warming. Environmental
regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicles' emissions; however, this has
been offsetby increases in the numbers of vehiclesand in the use of each vehicle.Some pathways to
reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied. Energy use and
emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air
and road to rail and human-powered transport, as wellas increased transport
electrificationand energy efficiency.
Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and
automobile-oriented urban sprawl, whichcan consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By
reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there willbe significant positive
effectson Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.
2 Transportation Modes
Geographers consider a wide range of modes that may be grouped into three broad
categories based on the medium they exploit: land, water and air. Eachmode has its own
requirements and features, and is adapted toserve the specific demands of freight and passenger
traffic.This gives rise to marked differences in the waysthe modes are deployed and utilized in
different parts of the world.More recently, there is a trend towards integrating the modes through
intermodality and linking the modes ever more closely into production and distribution activities.
At the same time, however,passenger and freight activity is becoming increasingly separated
across most modes.
2.1 Road
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between twoor more places. Roads are typically
smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and
historically many roads were simply recognizable routes withoutany formal construction
or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets,
serving a dual functionas urban space easement and route. The urban road length went up from
123120 km in 1981 to 411840 km in 2011 – i.e., 3.35 times.
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehiclethat carries
its ownmotor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles,bicyclesand pedestrians. As
of 2010, there were 1.015 billion automobiles worldwide.Road transport offers a complete
freedom to road users to transfer the vehiclefrom one lane to the other and fromone road to
another according tothe need and convenience.This flexibility of changes in location,direction,
speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide
door to door service only by road transport.
Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity,but require high energy and area
use, and are the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow formore efficienttravel

9. at the cost of reduced flexibility.Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight
transport.
2.2 Rail
Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway
or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (orsleepers) of timber, concreteor steel, to
maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a
foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative
methods include monorail and maglev.
A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that operate on the rails. Propulsion is
commonly provided by a locomotivethat hauls a series of unpowered cars, which can carry
passengers or freight. The locomotivecan be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied
by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit.
Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles
move with much less frictionthan rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient,
though not as efficient as ships.
Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; modern high-speed rail is capable
of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built
track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-
urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, oftenmaking up the
backbone of a city'spublic transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual
loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant
solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.
2.3 Air
A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement
of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this
from rotary-wingaircraft, where the movement of the liftsurfaces relative to the air generates lift.
A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range fromsmall trainers and
recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.
Twothings necessary foraircraft are air flow overthe wings for lift and an area forlanding.
The majority of aircraft also need an airport withthe infrastructure to receive maintenance,
restocking, refueling and forthe loading and unloading of crew,cargo and passengers. While the
vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of takeoff and landing on ice,
snow and calm water.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can
reach up to 955 km per hour (593 mph), single-engine aircraft 555 km per hour (345 mph).
Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo overlonger distances, but
incur high costs and energy use; forshort distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be
used. As of April 28, 2009 TheGuardianarticle notes that, "the WHO estimates that up to 500,000
people are on planes at any time.
2.4 Human-powered
Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people
and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming.
Modern technology has allowedmachines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport

10. remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is
sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.
Although humans are able to walk withoutinfrastructure, the transport can be enhanced
through the use of roads, especially when using the human power withvehicles, such as bicycles
and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed fordifficultenvironments,
such as snow and water,by watercraftrowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-
powered aircraft.
2.5 Animal-powered
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals forthe movement of people and
goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods,
or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.
3 Urbanisation
India’s urban population wentup from 25.86 million to 377.11 million during the period 1901 to
2011. The share of urban population increased from 11% to 31% during the same period. The rate
of population increased after the independence up to the 1970’s but has been decreasing thereafter.
It went up from 2.37% in 60’s to 3.85% during 70’s but thereafter came down to 2.84% during
2001-2011.
An urban population that is 31% of total population is as low as compared to the other parts
of world. Therefore it’s reasonable to expect India’s urban population willcontinue to grow for
several decades. If wesee the projected stats urban population will reach 875 million by 2050 and
comprise 58% of total population of the country.Therefore our cities need to be prepared to
accommodate the large increase that is expected in their population, in order to survive, let alone
thrive.
3.1 Nature of Urbanisation
It is expected that 60% of the world’s population, are expected to be urban dwellers by
2030. Number of mega-cities (>10mn) is expected to reach 37 million by 2025, over twiceas many
as in 2000, serving as home to over600 mn residents. Number of large cities (5-10 mn) will have
doubled as well, approaching 60, while medium sized cities (1-5 mn) will be 600, again twicethat of
2000. Medium sized cities (1-5 mn) willbe nearly 600, again twicethat of 2000.
Managing the urbanisation process, enhancing the capacity and standards of urban services
to improve the liveability quotient of cities will be the single biggest challenge for Governments &
civic bodies.

11. Growth rates of urban agglomerations, 1970-2011
3.2 UrbanTransport
Urban Transportation, mass transit, also called mass transportation, or public transport-
tation, the movement of people within urban areas using group travel technologies such as buses
and trains. The essential feature of mass transportation is that many people are carried in the same
vehicle (e.g., buses) or collectionof attached vehicles(trains/trams). This makes it possible to move
people in the same travel corridorwith greater efficiency,whichcan lead to lower costs to carry
each person or—because the costs are shared by many people—the opportunity to spend more
money to provide better service,or both. Public transport is a shared passenger transport service
whichis available for use by the general public, as distinct from modes such as car-pooling or hired
buses whichare not shared by strangers withoutprivate arrangement.
3.3 Why UrbanTransport
Transportation in developing country mega-cities (>20 million) is in a state of crisis;
extreme congestion, long commute times, choking air pollution, deadly traffic accidents, and

12. inadequate public transport are the norm. Billions of dollars in economic productivity are lost due
to congestion. Air and noise pollution severely impact health and quality of life. The poor lack
affordable or comfortablemobility. Transportation is also one of the most significant contributors
to climate change, accounting for25% of global emissions (IEA, 2003).
3.4 Urban Transport Challenges in India
i. Increase in Traffic on urban roads.
ii. More gridlock and less space for urban life.
iii. Absence of organised public transport
iv. Large prevalence of personal transport like cars
v. Proliferationof unorganised intermediate public transport modes
vi. Lackof basic facilities—unpaved roads, drainage, signage
vii. Availability of funds
viii. Increasing trip rates and travel times
ix. Loss of Billions of extra man hours every day.
x. Poorair quality and higher levels of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions
xi. Alarming rate of road fatalities
xii. Due consideration to Pedestrians and cyclistsin planning
3.5 Key Changes in Urban Mobility Scenario
i. Passenger travel distance to double by 2050 — over 70 trillion km per year
ii. Per capita commuting delay to double by 2050 to over 100 hours per year
iii. Urban transport energy consumption worldwide will increase by 30%
reaching 890 million tons oil equivalent per year in 2025.
iv. Oil‐based fuels will still make above 95% of the energy mix.
v. GHG emissions from urban transport will increase by 30% reaching 3 billion
tons CO2 equivalent per year in 2025
vi. The number of urban traffic fatalities will increase by 30%-reaching 500,000
deaths per year in 2025.
3.6 Growth of Private Vehicles

13. Service Backlog in Urban Transport
Service Backlog in Urban transport
City Size Class Population
Size
Rail Based MRTS Road Based MRTS
IA >5 M 80% 100%
IB 1-5 M 80% 100%
Desirable Modal Split
Desirable Modal Split for Indian Cities (as a % of Total
Trips)
City Population
(In million)
Mass
Transport
Bicycle Other Modes

14. 0.1 - 0.5 30 -40 30 – 40 25 – 35
0.5-1.0 40 - 50 25- 35 20 -30
1.0- 2.0 50 - 60 20 – 30 15 – 25
2.0 - 5.0 60 - 70 15 – 25 10 – 20
5.0 + 70 - 85 15 – 20 10 – 15
Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, New
Delhi 2008. Traffic and Transportation policies and Strategies in Urban
Area In India
3.7 Urban transport –Recent Government Interventions
The policy NUTP (National UrbanTransportPolicy)wasintroducedin the year 2007. The
objectiveof this policy is to ensure safe, affordable,quick, comfortable,reliable and sustainable
access for the growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs
within our cities.
Objective:To ensure safe, affordable, quick,comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for the
growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within our
cities.
i. Integrating Land use and transport Planning
ii. Equitable allocation of road space
iii. Priority of the use of Public Transport
iv. Priority to Non – Motorised transport
v. Parking
vi. Capacity Building
vii. Use of cleaner Technologies
viii. Association of private Sector
ix. Innovating financing mechanisms using land as a resource
To meet the requirement of urban infrastructure and improve the service delivery
mechanism as per the urban population growth. The aim of the Mission is to encourage reforms and
fast track planned development of identified cities (such as cities witha population of more than 1
million as per the 2001 census).
(i) Urban Infrastructure and Governance and
(ii) Urban Infrastructure Development forSmall and Medium Towns.

15. The duration of JNNURM was from2005-06 to 2011-12. However,as the projects have not
been completed the Government has extended its duration until March 2014As on July 15 2013,
566 projects at a total costof Rs 62,260 crore have been sanctioned under the Urban Infrastructure
and Governance sub-mission of JNNURM.
The Projectscovers various components of urban infrastructure like, Road/flyover/RoB,
Mass Rapid transit System, Parking lot and spaces on PPP basis, water supply, sewerage, solid
waste management, Drainage/ storm water drains, urban renewal, Development of heritage areas,
preservation of water bodies, etc
Government intensifies effort to set up Urban Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA)
and Urban Transport Fund (UTF)forplanned and coordinated implementation of urban transport
projects. UMTAs and UTFare to be set up to ensure coordinated planning and implementation of
urban transport programmes and projects and an integrated management of urban transport
systems. Three representative cities of different size are being identified and provided city specific
manuals for setting up UMTAand UTFand the existing UMTAswould be considered for
strengthening.
There are 53 urban agglomerates of more than ten lakh population, however,only 15
UMTAs exist in the counting and very limited progress with establishing of UTFs. Only for Chennai
and Hyderabad, an UMTAwere set up through legislation and other UMTAs have been set up
through executiveorders.
3.8 UrbanTransport:MarketSize-India
3.8.1 India’s transport infrastructure spending over the next 20 years is being
driven by:
i. Overall economic growth
ii. Increasing urbanization

16. iii. Aim to design policy interventions that support establishment of affordable,
economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound transport
systems
iv. To keep cities competitive, and thus sustain and accelerate economic growth, cities
must provide efficient urban transport systems.
v. Environmental pollution
vi. Land acquisition and resettlement
vii. Road safety
viii. Interventions include increased infra spending, new institutions and institutional
re-design, increased investment in human capital and R&D, and a multi-modal
transport network with compatible incentives.
3.9 Impact on Public Transport
The rapid growth in motor vehicles has had its impact on the share of public transport
vehicles and obviously on the share of trips made by public transport. While being constituted
about 11% of the total motor vehicles in India in 1951, the share fell to a mere 1.1% in 1991. It
seems to have stabilised at this level thereafter. The number of busses per captia has no doubt gone
up, but overall share in the vehicle fleet has reduced sharply as seen below
YEAR
CENSUS
POPULATI
ON
(MILLION)
TOTAL
REGISTER
ED
VEHICLES
('000)
REGISTERE
D
BUSSES
('000)
BUSSES
TO
MILLION
POPULAT
ION
SHARE
OF
BUSSES
TO
TOTAL
VEHICLE
(PERCEN
T)
1951 361 306 34 94.2 11
1961 439 665 57 129.8 9
1971 548 1865 94 171.5 5
1981 683 5391 162 237.2 3
1991 846 21374 331 391.2 2
2001 1027 54991 634 617.3 1.1
2011 1210 141866 1604 1325 1.1
3.9.1 Impact of Motorisation:Decreaseinpeak hourjourneyspeedonmajorroad network
CITY Average Journey Speed (kmph) on major
corridors (2010)
Gantok 19
Chandigarh 32
Trivandrum 19

17. Madurai 23
Agra 16
Kochi 20
Patna 25
Varanasi 18
Nagpur 25
Jaipur 16
Kanpur 17.4
Surat 25
Pune 22
Ahmedabad 15
Hyderabad 15
Chennai 15
Bangalore 18
Delhi 15
Kolkata 17.7
3.9.2 Pollution Levels
SO2
SO2 levels are within the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards in residential areas
of all the cities. A decreasing trend has been observed in SO 2 levels in cities like Delhi, Lucknow
etc
Decreasing trend may be due to various interventions that has taken place in recent years such
as reduction of sulphur in diesel, use of cleaner fuel such as CNG in Delhi. Other measures
include implementation of Bharat Stage-III emission norms for new vehicles and commensurate
fuel quality. Also there has been a change in domestic fuel used from coal to LPG which may
have contributed to reduction in ambient levels of SO 2 .
NO2
NO2 levels are within the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards in residential areas of
most of the cities. The reasons for low levels of NO 2 may be various measures taken such as
banning of old vehicles, better traffic management etc. Fluctuating trends have been observed in NO
2 levels. Various measures such as implementation of Bharat Stage-III norms etc have been taken to
mitigate ambient NO 2 levels but at the same time number of vehicles have increased exponentially.
RSPM
RSPM levels exceed prescribed NAAQS in residential areas of many cities. Fluctuating trends have
been observed in RSPM levels. Various measures such as implementation of Bharat Stage-III norms
etc have been taken to mitigate ambient RSPM levels but at the same time number of vehicles have
increased exponentially. The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine
gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and
domestic use of fuels, etc.
Carbonmonoxide
High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular population especially passenger cars
in Delhi. Despite an increase in number of vehicles, CO levels have reduced during last few years.

18. The decrease may be attributed to measures such as conversion of three wheelers of CNG in Delhi.
FindingsbasedonTrendsinSeasonal AverageConcentration
The RSPM concentrations are higher in winter season and are lower during monsoon months. A
plausible explanation for these results may be found by examining meteorological conditions.
During the winter season, average mixing height is lower as compared to other seasons and
atmospheric dispersion is typically at a minimum and therefore the pollutants will not be as widely
dispersed. Lower average mixing height in winter season results in less volume of troposphere
available for mixing and hence higher concentrations. Calm conditions in winter season result in
less dispersion of pollutants resulting in building up their levels. The monsoons results in large
amount of precipitation, high wind velocities and changes in general wind direction. The large
amounts of precipitation reduce atmospheric pollution via associated wet deposition processes.
Further wind velocities will allow for pollutant transport away from sources and increase mixing
processes, thereby resulting in lower levels.
4 Urban Transport: Emerging Businesses
i. Rail Based Metro Transportation Systems, Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Studies
ii. Findings related to alternative means of financing not related to traffic based
revenue
iii. Project Management Consultancy
iv. Bus Operation as an Operator
v. O&M and PMC for bus based urban transportation systems
vi. High Speed Rail
vii. Asset Management
4.1 PPP in Urban Transport
i. Given the large investment required for urban transportation projects and the scarce
government resources, public funds are grossly inadequate to meet the needs of urban
mobility.
ii. Involving private sector in infrastructure development in the country including urban
transportation
iii. Private sector is also viewed as a possible way of value addition in various aspects of
value chain of infrastructure development including innovation, managerial efficiency in
project management and O&M, technologically advanced solutions such as integrated
traffic management etc.
iv. PPPs are thus being seen as an important framework for improving Urban Transport
infrastructure in the country.
v. A number of PPP concessions have been awarded in national highways and ports
sectors. In the airports sector, private entities have developed metro airports at
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi and Mumbai through PPP concessions.

19. vi. In rail based mass transportation projects, after Delhi Airport Express, Gurgaon
rapid metro, Hyderabad Metro and Mumbai Metro Phase I and II have been
awarded on PPP basis.
vii. The country has now entered an inflexion point in PPP where it is moving from
asset creation to operation of projects.
viii. The shift is leading to a number of problems too as is evident from the pullout of
Reliance infrastructure-led concessionaire from the airport express line of Delhi
Metro.
ix. The failure of this showcase urban transport project has once again put focus on public-
private partnership (PPP) projects in India
4.2 Ideal Urban Transportation System
A big concern on top of urban transportation planner’s mind is how to speed up the traffic:
putting more buses on the road will jam the roads even worse and deteriorate the air; building
more subway is costly and time consuming. Well, here is an cheaper, greener and fast alternative to
lighten their mind up a bit: the STRADDLING BUS, first exhibited on the 13th Beijing International
High-tech Expo in May this year. In the near future, the model is to be put into pilot use in Beijing’s
Mentougou District.
Proposed by Shenzhen Hashi Future Parking Equipment Co., Ltd, the model looks like a
subway or light-rail train bestriding the road. It is 4-4.5 m high withtwo levels: passengers board
on the upper levelwhile other vehicles lowerthan 2 m can go through under. Powered by
electricity and solar energy, the bus can speed up to 60 km/h carrying 1200-1400 passengers at a
time withoutblocking other vehicles’ way. Also it costs about 500 million yuan (1 Chinese
Yuan equals 9.95 Indian Rupee) to build the bus and a 40-km-long path forit, only 10% of building
equivalent subway. It is said that the bus can reduce traffic jams by 20-30%.
Some of its images are as shown: