whey wastewater treatment

1. CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUITE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH
Environmental Science Department
Anaerobic,Aerobic and Anoxic treatment of Whey wastewater
presented by
SULAIMAN ISHAQ MUKTAR (20142930)
supervisor
Asst. Prof. Dr.Emrah A. ERKURT
BY

2. outline
• Introduction
• Aims and objectives
• Justification
• Materials and methods
• Results
• Discussions
• Conclusions
• Reference

3. INTRODUCTION
• Anaerobic digestion (AD), defined as the biological modification of organic compounds into
variety of end products, including methane about 50-75%, carbon dioxide (25-50%), hydrogen
(5-10%), and nitrogen (1-2%) (Maghanaki et al., 2013) by a group of microorganisms with no air
(Siles et al., 2010).
• Aerobic treatment: uses the supply of oxygen usually through aeration pumps that helps aerobic
microorganism.
• Anoxic treatment :this is also a process of removing contaminants from wastewater.

4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
• The aim of this research is to determine;
• Waste reduction and treatability of Whey in AD, Aerobic and Anoxic set up
OBJECTIVES
• Collection and Analysis of whey from Mera dairy company.
• Reduction of pollutants in anaerobic digestion.
• Reduction of remanence of pollutants in anoxic and aerobic set up.
• Monitor certain parameter for waste reduction.

5. Justification
• Agro-industries such as olive oil mills, cheese factories and dairy farms contribute to the
local economy of Mediterranean countries.
• Agro-industries are major contributors to the worldwide industrial pollution problem.
Therefore, agro-industries more than any other industrial sector require a dynamic and
comprehensive waste management systems.
• Industries processing agricultural raw materials such as various fruits, vegetables, meat,
milk etc.. generate millions of tons of wastes and large amounts of by-products, which
are totally unexploited and the absence of environmental management is significantly
dangerous for the environment

6. • Whey with high carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents is an important source of environmental pollution
(Grba et al., 2002), hence, waste of whey represents a significant loss of resources and causes serious
pollution problems
• whey is a heavy organic pollutant with a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 40 000 to 60 000 ppm
and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 50 000 to 80 000 ppm (Ben-Hassan and Ghaly, 1994).
• Disposing of whey provides no valuable product, and is costly and labour demanding for the cheese
manufactures, who generally bears all the direct costs of handling and transport. Whey problem must be
considered as a resource and not only as a waste effluent, in view of its large potential as a source of added
value products (Pedro et al., 2010).
• In 2008, Minerva dairy Factory agreed to pay more than $6,000 in restitution after it accidentally released
acid whey into Sandy Creek, Ohio, which temporarily depleted oxygen levels and killed more than 5,400
fish along a 1.5 mile stretch downstream

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Procedures were used according to various environmental as well as
environmental related fields.
• Standard methods textbook (2005).
• APHA(1998).

8. MateRials
• Whey wastewater (Mera dairy company, north Cyprus).
• Fresh cow dung (as inoculum from a dairy farm in haspolat,north Cyprus)
• Equipment
Erlenmeyer flask,beakers,graduated cylinders,volumetric flasks,evapourating dishes,oven,muffle
furnance,analytical balance,filter papers including 0.45micrometer filter,COD bottles, tubes siringes(for
taking samples),pH. Meter (mettler toledo),vehicle tyre tube,pump,diffuser,5l container(for anaerobic),3850ml
container(for anoxic reactor),3000ml container(for aerobic reactor).
• Chemicals
The chemicals were purchased from sigma Aldrich (glucose,K2Cr2O7,H2SO4,Ag2so4,HgSO4,ammonium
persulfate, potassium antimonyl tatrate solution, ascorbic acid solution, phenolphthalein indicator, sodium
hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.

9. METHODS
• TSS,VSS,pH,COD was determined according to APHA methods.
• TOC,TN (toc analysis machine).
• COD
Determine calibration curve for glucose, dry dichromate(105c,2hrs)+dil.H2O+H2SO4:a reagent
Ag2so4/H2SO4,in every COD 1.5ml(a),3.5(b)+0.075HgSO4 +2.5ml sample+heat(150c,2hrs).
Cool, then read with spectrophotometer (wavelength of 620nm)
COD obtained wrt the calibration curve eqn.
• Total phosphorus(TP)
Obtain a standard phosphorous curve

10. METHODS CONTINUE
H2SO4, 5N(10mL),potassium antimonyl tatrate soln(1mL),ammoniummolybdate
soln(3mL)=combine reagent
Combine reagent (0.8ml)+5ml of whey ww +1 drop phenolphthalein.
Absorbance is taken after 30mins wrt blank.
Taking of the sample 5mL,after pH adjustment
On day of anaerobic digestion there was taken of 2.5L and it was divided in
two giving as aerobic (using pump) and anoxic

11. ANAEROBIC SET UP

12. ANAEROBIC SET UP

13. DRAWING OF THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

14. RESULTS
• CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEY WASTEWATER
Parameters Units Value
COD mg/L 65,225.92
TOC mg/L 33,880
TS mg/L 49,654
TVS mg/L 44,756
TSS mg/L 30,083
Ash % 9.864
TP mg/L 466
TN mg/L 2738

15. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION( COD AND BIOGAS)

16. ANAEROBIC (TN)

17. ANAEROBIC (TOC)

18. ANAEROBIC (TP)

19. AEROBIC (COD)

20. AEROBIC (TOC)

21. AEROBIC(TN)

22. AEROBIC (TP)

23. ANOXIC (COD)

24. ANOXIC (TOC)

25. ANOXIC (TN)

26. ANOXIC (TP)

27. ANAEROBIC DISCUSSION
• pH generally affects the anaerobic system , Grady et al. (1999) gave the pH as 6.8-7.4
• The AD reactor had pH 6.8-7..2 (with pH adjustment using NaOH and H2SO4, .
• The highest methane content of the gas was measured as 341.2ml, the reason why low biogas was recorded
could be that lactose in whey is a swiftly degradable carbohydrates and is fragmented speedy into short chain
fatty acids which includes acetic, propionic, butyric and further acids under anaerobic situations
• During the anaerobic treatment the cod removal efficiency occurred between the 10% - 90% as determined
by % (Nuri et al 2009),in conventional (single phase) anaerobic treatment of whey,
• The COD removals were 61.75%,71.89% and 64.52,in 1st
,2nd
and 3rd
cycles, this shows that the whey needs
further treatment.
• TP removal efficiency of 65.85% and 91.53%.The 91.53% archived in the reactor was lower than the 97%
reported by Hakannson et al.,(1977)

28. AEROBIC DISCUSSION
• The COD removal efficiency of the aerobic reactor is 68.29% and 95.47% in the first and second circle
respectively, was higher than the 89% COD removal reported by fang (1991).
• Moreover, result was close to the one reported by Frigon et al. (2009), whilst treating a reconstituted
whey wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor with COD elimination of 98% and the residual COD of 33
mg/L.
• . Recent study conducted on high-strength revealed complete elimination of anaerobic cycle in the
presence of electron acceptors (nitrate and oxygen)as observed and about 98% complete nitrate removal
was observed as reported by Jyotsnarani et al. (2016) which is almost similar with the result obtained in
this study.
• In the aerobic treatment the TP final value of 19.8 mg/L in the system was lower than at the begging
which shows that the aerobic reactor has a TP removal efficiency of 65.85% and 91.53% in the first and
second circle Respectively,the 91.53% archived in the reactor was lower than the 97% reported by

29. ANOXIC DISCUSSION
• The anoxic COD(59.74% and 94.97%),TN(66.7%),TP(56.2% and 71.38%),in the first and second cycles
• The results further shows recent study conducted on high-strength revealed complete elimination of
anaerobic cycle in the presence of electron acceptors (nitrate and oxygen)as observed and about 98%
complete nitrate removal was observed as reported by Jyotsnarani et al. (2016) which is almost similar with
the result obtained in this study.

30. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• The use of anaerobic treatment for whey wastewater was successful in the reduction of pollutants concentration,
however, there was strong odor in the reactor and pollutant residuals which is an indication that the wastewater
needs further treatment.
• For the decrease of electricity utilization in aerobic treatment, there is need for physio-chemical remedy
procedures which can be merged with aerobic treatment as the primary decontamination of whey wastewater. An
anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic combination treatment gives better results for the treatment of whey waste water.
• Biological phosphorus elimination in aerobic stage can be effectively functional to whey wastewaters treatment
because of high residual TP.
• In conclusion finally, alternating aerobic anaerobic with a settling anoxic stage reduce the overall waste load of the
waste water and alternating the phases is primordial for nutrients removal.
• It is recommended that more pilot study involving whey wastewater should be conducted so as to improve the
treatability of the wastewater as well as the proper design to the reactors in order to improve the efficiency removal
of the pollutants

31. THANK YOUTHANK YOU

32. REFERENCES
• Ben-Hassan, R.M. and Ghaly, A.E. 1994. Continuous propagation of Kluyveromyces fragilis I cheese whey for pollution potential production. Appl.
Bioche. Bioteychnology 47: 89-105.
• Grba, S., Tomas, V.S., Stanzer, D., Vahcic, N. and Skrlin, A. 2002. Selection of yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus for alcohol and biomass
production on whey. Chem.Biochem.Eng.Q. 16: 13-16
• Gustaf Alm, Göran Eriksson, Hans Ljunggren, Inger Palmstierna and Nils Tiberg (1991) Kompostboken. LTs förlag, Sverige ISBN: 91-36-03092-9
• Kujewa K, Zeeman G. (2005). Anaerobic treatment of concentrated wastewater in DESAR concept. STOWA,the Netherlands
• Lucas Seghezzo and Adriaan Mels (2005). Hydrolysis and biodegradability tests – Laboratory guidelines to perform hydrolysis and anaerobic
biodegradability tests. Lettinga Associates Foundation
• Pedro, M.R., Guimaraes, J., Teixeira, A. and Domingues, L. 2010. Fermentation of lactose to bio-ethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for
the valorisation of cheese whey. Biotechnology Advances 28: 375-384
• Seghezzo Lucas (2004). Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions, Ph.D thesis,Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
ISBN: 90-8504-029-9
• Svärd Å. (2003). Anaerobic digestion of urban organic waste –Evaluation of potentials, licentiate thesis, Lund University, Sweden. ISBN: 1650-5050
• John Gelegenisa,, Dimitris Georgakakisb,Irini Angelidakic, Vassilis Mavrisa 2007. Optimization of biogas production by co-digesting whey with diluted
poultry manure. Renewable Energy 32.pp 2147–2160
• Jyotsnarani Jena, Ravindra Kumar, Md Saifuddin, Anshuman Dixit, Trupti Das (2016). Anoxic–aerobic SBR system for nitrate, phosphate and COD
removal from high-strength wastewater and diversity study of microbial communities. Biochemical Engineering Journal 105 80–89