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WeST – Web Science & Technologies
                 University of Koblenz Landau, Germany




How to do things with triples?

           Steffen Staab
What is a triple?




http://dbtune.org/musicbrainz/resource/artist/d87e52c5-bb8d-4da8-b941-9f4928627dc8



                                              foaf:name

                                      ABBA




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
What is Linked Data? The LOD Cloud




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
What is Linked Data? Linked Data Principles1. URIs as
                                           identifiers


                        2. http
                        lookup




                                                 4. relations, also
                                                to other locations
WeST – Web Science &
                       3. RDF
                         Steffen Staab
Technologies           (triples)
                         staab@uni-koblenz.de
What is Linked Data good for?

 Data integration is easy
   Migrating different data sources to linked data is (relatively)
    easy

 Serendipitous use
    Discover new information by following data links

 Data repurposing
   Querying and aggregating data can give new insights

 ...


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Issue: From Data to Understanding




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
LENA – A Fresnel application




                                   Fresnel Vocab by [Pietriga et al. ISWC-2006]
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time

Shameless self-promotion: Semaplorer




                       Billion Triples Challenge 1. Prize
                       2008




                                               [Schenk et al., JoWS 2009]
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time

Shameless self-promotion: LISA




                                              1. Prize
                                              German
                                              Linked Open Gov Data
                                              Competition 2012


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
What‘s between the two?




One App at a Time                             Generic Frameworks
+ Great to use                                + Can be applied on all data
+ Like DB application                         - Data remains hard to
- Brittle                                       understand
- Not really extensible                       - No process support
                                              - Noone wants to use them

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
What may be a theory for doing things with triples?

     PRAGMATICS


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Austin: How to do things with words

Core Hypothesis by Austin:
Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can
change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
                            Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Why Do We Understand the Text Web?




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Austin: How to do things with words

 Phonic act / graphic act:
  ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.

 Locutionary act:
  temperature(Milwaukee,100)
                                              Grice‘s
                                              maxims




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Grice‘s Maxims / Cooperative Principle

Interacting agents mutually assume that:
 Quantity:
     Be as informative as you possibly can,
     give as much information as needed, not more.
 Quality:
                                                 Criteria are
     Be truthful
                                             competing and
 Pertinence:
                                               overlapping.
     be relevant,
     say things pertinent to the discussion
 Manner:
     be clear, brief, orderly as one can
     avoid obscurity and ambiguity

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Austin: How to do things with words

 Phonic act / graphic act:
  ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.

 Locutionary act:
  temperature(Milwaukee,100)
                                              Grice‘s
                                              maxims
 Illocutionary act:
  Warn the conference attendees

 Perlocutionary act:
  Attendees stay in the shadow, etc…


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Austin: How to do things with words

Core Hypothesis by Austin:
Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can
change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
                            Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09



Hypothesis of this talk:
Linked data is facts, but the idea of linked data is also
             re-purposing,
             ⟹ re-presenting,
             ⟹ re-narrating,
to achieve an understandable dialogue

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Semantic Web / Linked Data

 Phonic act / graphic act:
  ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.
  - various syntaxes -
 Locutionary act:
  temperature(Milwaukee,100)
  - RDF/OWL interpretation –




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Data is not Text

Quantity:
 One triple vs big data
➯ What is the right amount?

Pertinence:
 Pertinence to dialogue
➯ Does the discussion/interaction determine data selection?

Manner:
 Data is not sequential
➯ No implicit ordering contained in the data
  (e.g. birthdata before date of death)
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Semantic Web / Linked Data

 Phonic act / graphic act: Lead question:
  ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. Semantic Web
                            Does the
  - various syntaxes -      have a pragmatics layer?
 Locutionary act:          How would this look like?
  temperature(Milwaukee,100)            Quantity
  - RDF/OWL interpretation –            Quality
                                        Pertinence
                                        Manner

                                                    Generic
                                              applications easily
                                                violate Grice‘s
                                                   maxims!

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
CONCEPTUAL
     NAVIGATION MODEL

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)




                                              What does it mean to
                                              click here?
                                              Semantics is clear,
                                              but Pragmatics?

                                                  Context +
                                              Grice‘s Pertinence!

  [Bomfim & Schwabe, 2011]

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)

  Input: LOD + Navigation Model + other stuff

  Navigation Model
    A Context is a set of resources that share similar
     navigation opportunities.
           • Context:Navigation ⇔Class:Structure+Behavior
       Navigation Metamodel




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)

                                               foaf:Document

              AllDocuments                     DocumentsAlpha


           DocumentsByPerson                        byPerson


                                                                 Hitting a link of type
                                                foaf:Person      „Organization“
                                                 byDocument      means different
                AllPersons                       PersonsAlpha
                                                                 things in different
                                                                 contexts!
                                             swc:AcademicEvent
                                                                 Here is one!
                                               byOrganiza on

           EventsByUserProgram                 byUserProgram

                AllEvents                         EventsAlpha


WeST – Web Science &             Steffen Staab
Technologies                     staab@uni-koblenz.de
PROGRAMMING WITH LINKED
DATA
 =
INTERACTING WITH LINKED DATA

                       [Schegelmann et al 2012]
WeST – Web Science &    Steffen Staab
Technologies            staab@uni-koblenz.de
Mapping Linked Data and OO Programming

Linked Data                                   Object orientation
 Meaning/Semantics                            Meaning/Semantics
     Concept                                    Classes
     Properties                                 Attributes/Methods
     Instances                                  Objects
                                               Pragmatics
                                                 Classes
                                                   • Visible and used by
                                                     whom?
                                                   • Orchestration of method
                                                     calls


                                                Responsibility-driven
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Why is Linked Data Programming Tricky?
Developing Core Ontologies
 Software: Core Ontology of Software (COS)
 Services: Core Ontology of Software Components (COSC)
 Multimedia: Core Ontology of Multimedia (COMM)
 Events: Core Ontology of Events (F)
 Desktop: Core Semantic Inf. Mgmt. Ontology (COSIMO)

Main Criteria:
 Reusability 
 Plugability 

Main Drawback: Programmability 

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
What Jeopardizes Programmability?
Challenges on (RDF) knowledge representation
 N-ary relations (denormalization)
 Aspect on relationships („Tim has high temp, but falling“)
 Roles as additional objects
  (lifetime different from rigid object)
 Different roles being played in different contexts
  (descriptions and situations)


             Solution [Schegelmann et al 2012]:
              –Different ontology patterns to the rescue
              –Easy to use APIs
                        http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Pattern for Image Tagging




                                  [Scherp&Saathoff, WWW-2010]
                                  [Troncy et al 2007]
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Ontology API Model for Image Tagging




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Automatically Generated Ontology API




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Comparing the two structures




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
OntoMDE Workflow




                 Model of Ontologies (MoOn)
                       Adding declarative layer:
                       Structuring the ontologies into
                       semantic units
                 Ontology API Model (OAM)
                       Adding declarative layer:
                       Structuring pragmatic units specifying
                       how entities are to be used together


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
RANKING


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
More data here …



  Which links to follow?
  Where to go next?
  What information is there?
  What are the „good“ links …
  … leading to „good“ resources?


                                              More data here …
WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Relevance Ranking for Linked Data




                             Apply Web Ranking,
                           e.g. HITS, PageRank, …


         Who is loved/hated most?

                             TripleRank


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Linked Data as Tensor




                               Transformation
                                to 3-D-Tensor




                                                Then:
    [Franz et al, 2009]                         PARAFAC analysis
    [Nickel et al, 2012]

WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Evaluation



   16 test persons
   Faceted browsing scenario
   What are the most
    interesting, most related,
    most useful resources
    (objects)?
   10 queries




WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Evaluation: Results

       1387 answers, overall inter-rater agreement: 0.7
        (0 ≤ agreement ≤ 1)
8            TR
            7.594

                                                                                         TR
7
                                                                                         BL


6



5



4
          Doubled recall   BL
                          3.948
                                                  TR


3
          without loss of precision!             3.251

                                                                      TR
                                                                     2.413
                                                              BL
2
                                                             1.626                BL
                                                                                 1.207
1



0
               Total Results                         Positives           Negatives

    WeST – Web Science &          Steffen Staab
    Technologies                  staab@uni-koblenz.de
CONCLUSION


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Metamodels
                                              Patterns
  Pragmatics                                  Rankings
                                              ...


  Semantics



  Syntax


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Issue: From Data to Understanding
                                                   Cognition
                                                  Storytelling
                                                  Pragmatics
                                               Ontology Patterns
                                              Conceptual Modeling
                                                 Metamodels
                                                       ...




                                                  Quantity
                                                  Pertinence
                                                  Manner


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Hypertext Community

Linking people
                                              Linking resources



                           Make linked data
                           understandable!




 Linking data                                   Linking stories


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
THANK YOU!


WeST – Web Science &   Steffen Staab
Technologies           staab@uni-koblenz.de
Literature
J. L. Austin. How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, 1962/1975.
M. H. de S. Bomfim, Daniel Schwabe. Design and Implementation of Linked Data Applications
Using SHDM and Synth. Int. Conf. Web Engineering 2011, pp. 121-136.
T. Franz, A. Schultz, S. Sizov, S. Staab: TripleRank: Ranking Semantic Web Data by Tensor
Decomposition. International Semantic Web Conference 2009: 213-228
Chierchia, Gennaro.; McConnell-Ginet, Sally: Meaning and Grammar : An Introduction to
Semantics. MIT Press, 1990.
Maximilian Nickel, Volker Tresp, Hans-Peter Kriegel: Factorizing YAGO: scalable machine
learning for linked data. WWW 2012: 271-280
E. Pietriga, C. Bizer, D. Karger, R. Lee: Fresnel: A Browser-Independent Presentation Vocabulary
for RDF. International Semantic Web Conference 2006, Springer 158-171.
S. Schenk, C. Saathoff, S. Staab, A. Scherp. SemaPlorer – Interactive Semantic Exploration of
Data and Media based on a Federated Cloud Infrastructure. In Journal of Web Semantics,
Elsevier, 7(4), 2009.
C. Saathoff, A. Scherp: Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the
multimedia metadata ontology. WWW 2010: 831-840
R. Troncy, O. Celma, S. Little, R. García and C. Tsinaraki. MPEG-7 based Multimedia
Ontologies: Interoperability Support or Interoperability Issue? In Workshop on Multimedia
Annotation and Retrieval enabled by Shared Ontologies (MAReSO'07), Genova, Italy, December
5, 2007. http://www.eurecom.fr/~troncy/Publications/Troncy-mareso07.pdf

 WeST – Web Science &       Steffen Staab
 Technologies               staab@uni-koblenz.de

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How to Do Things with Triples

  • 1. WeST – Web Science & Technologies University of Koblenz Landau, Germany How to do things with triples? Steffen Staab
  • 2. What is a triple? http://dbtune.org/musicbrainz/resource/artist/d87e52c5-bb8d-4da8-b941-9f4928627dc8 foaf:name ABBA WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 3. What is Linked Data? The LOD Cloud WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 4. What is Linked Data? Linked Data Principles1. URIs as identifiers 2. http lookup 4. relations, also to other locations WeST – Web Science & 3. RDF Steffen Staab Technologies (triples) staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 5. What is Linked Data good for?  Data integration is easy  Migrating different data sources to linked data is (relatively) easy  Serendipitous use  Discover new information by following data links  Data repurposing  Querying and aggregating data can give new insights  ... WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 6. Issue: From Data to Understanding WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 7. LENA – A Fresnel application Fresnel Vocab by [Pietriga et al. ISWC-2006] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 8. State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time Shameless self-promotion: Semaplorer Billion Triples Challenge 1. Prize 2008 [Schenk et al., JoWS 2009] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 9. State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time Shameless self-promotion: LISA 1. Prize German Linked Open Gov Data Competition 2012 WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 10. What‘s between the two? One App at a Time Generic Frameworks + Great to use + Can be applied on all data + Like DB application - Data remains hard to - Brittle understand - Not really extensible - No process support - Noone wants to use them WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 11. What may be a theory for doing things with triples? PRAGMATICS WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 12. Austin: How to do things with words Core Hypothesis by Austin: Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09 WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 13. Why Do We Understand the Text Web? WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 14. Austin: How to do things with words  Phonic act / graphic act: ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.  Locutionary act: temperature(Milwaukee,100) Grice‘s maxims WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 15. Grice‘s Maxims / Cooperative Principle Interacting agents mutually assume that:  Quantity:  Be as informative as you possibly can,  give as much information as needed, not more.  Quality: Criteria are  Be truthful competing and  Pertinence: overlapping.  be relevant,  say things pertinent to the discussion  Manner:  be clear, brief, orderly as one can  avoid obscurity and ambiguity WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 16. Austin: How to do things with words  Phonic act / graphic act: ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.  Locutionary act: temperature(Milwaukee,100) Grice‘s maxims  Illocutionary act: Warn the conference attendees  Perlocutionary act: Attendees stay in the shadow, etc… WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 17. Austin: How to do things with words Core Hypothesis by Austin: Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09 Hypothesis of this talk: Linked data is facts, but the idea of linked data is also re-purposing, ⟹ re-presenting, ⟹ re-narrating, to achieve an understandable dialogue WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 18. Semantic Web / Linked Data  Phonic act / graphic act: ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. - various syntaxes -  Locutionary act: temperature(Milwaukee,100) - RDF/OWL interpretation – WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 19. Data is not Text Quantity:  One triple vs big data ➯ What is the right amount? Pertinence:  Pertinence to dialogue ➯ Does the discussion/interaction determine data selection? Manner:  Data is not sequential ➯ No implicit ordering contained in the data (e.g. birthdata before date of death) WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 20. Semantic Web / Linked Data  Phonic act / graphic act: Lead question: ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. Semantic Web Does the - various syntaxes - have a pragmatics layer?  Locutionary act: How would this look like? temperature(Milwaukee,100)  Quantity - RDF/OWL interpretation –  Quality  Pertinence  Manner Generic applications easily violate Grice‘s maxims! WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 21. CONCEPTUAL NAVIGATION MODEL WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 22. Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe) What does it mean to click here? Semantics is clear, but Pragmatics? Context + Grice‘s Pertinence! [Bomfim & Schwabe, 2011] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 23. Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)  Input: LOD + Navigation Model + other stuff  Navigation Model  A Context is a set of resources that share similar navigation opportunities. • Context:Navigation ⇔Class:Structure+Behavior  Navigation Metamodel WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 24. Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe) foaf:Document AllDocuments DocumentsAlpha DocumentsByPerson byPerson Hitting a link of type foaf:Person „Organization“ byDocument means different AllPersons PersonsAlpha things in different contexts! swc:AcademicEvent Here is one! byOrganiza on EventsByUserProgram byUserProgram AllEvents EventsAlpha WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 25. PROGRAMMING WITH LINKED DATA = INTERACTING WITH LINKED DATA [Schegelmann et al 2012] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 26. Mapping Linked Data and OO Programming Linked Data Object orientation  Meaning/Semantics  Meaning/Semantics  Concept  Classes  Properties  Attributes/Methods  Instances  Objects  Pragmatics  Classes • Visible and used by whom? • Orchestration of method calls Responsibility-driven WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 27. Why is Linked Data Programming Tricky? Developing Core Ontologies  Software: Core Ontology of Software (COS)  Services: Core Ontology of Software Components (COSC)  Multimedia: Core Ontology of Multimedia (COMM)  Events: Core Ontology of Events (F)  Desktop: Core Semantic Inf. Mgmt. Ontology (COSIMO) Main Criteria:  Reusability   Plugability  Main Drawback: Programmability  WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 28. What Jeopardizes Programmability? Challenges on (RDF) knowledge representation  N-ary relations (denormalization)  Aspect on relationships („Tim has high temp, but falling“)  Roles as additional objects (lifetime different from rigid object)  Different roles being played in different contexts (descriptions and situations)  Solution [Schegelmann et al 2012]: –Different ontology patterns to the rescue –Easy to use APIs http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/ WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 29. Pattern for Image Tagging [Scherp&Saathoff, WWW-2010] [Troncy et al 2007] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 30. Ontology API Model for Image Tagging WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 31. Automatically Generated Ontology API WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 32. Comparing the two structures WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 33. OntoMDE Workflow Model of Ontologies (MoOn) Adding declarative layer: Structuring the ontologies into semantic units Ontology API Model (OAM) Adding declarative layer: Structuring pragmatic units specifying how entities are to be used together WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 34. RANKING WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 35. More data here … Which links to follow? Where to go next? What information is there? What are the „good“ links … … leading to „good“ resources? More data here … WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 36. Relevance Ranking for Linked Data Apply Web Ranking, e.g. HITS, PageRank, … Who is loved/hated most? TripleRank WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 37. Linked Data as Tensor Transformation to 3-D-Tensor Then: [Franz et al, 2009] PARAFAC analysis [Nickel et al, 2012] WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 38. Evaluation  16 test persons  Faceted browsing scenario  What are the most interesting, most related, most useful resources (objects)?  10 queries WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 39. Evaluation: Results  1387 answers, overall inter-rater agreement: 0.7 (0 ≤ agreement ≤ 1) 8 TR 7.594 TR 7 BL 6 5 4 Doubled recall BL 3.948 TR 3 without loss of precision! 3.251 TR 2.413 BL 2 1.626 BL 1.207 1 0 Total Results Positives Negatives WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 40. CONCLUSION WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 41. Metamodels Patterns Pragmatics Rankings ... Semantics Syntax WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 42. Issue: From Data to Understanding Cognition Storytelling Pragmatics Ontology Patterns Conceptual Modeling Metamodels ... Quantity Pertinence Manner WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 43. Hypertext Community Linking people Linking resources Make linked data understandable! Linking data Linking stories WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 44. THANK YOU! WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de
  • 45. Literature J. L. Austin. How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, 1962/1975. M. H. de S. Bomfim, Daniel Schwabe. Design and Implementation of Linked Data Applications Using SHDM and Synth. Int. Conf. Web Engineering 2011, pp. 121-136. T. Franz, A. Schultz, S. Sizov, S. Staab: TripleRank: Ranking Semantic Web Data by Tensor Decomposition. International Semantic Web Conference 2009: 213-228 Chierchia, Gennaro.; McConnell-Ginet, Sally: Meaning and Grammar : An Introduction to Semantics. MIT Press, 1990. Maximilian Nickel, Volker Tresp, Hans-Peter Kriegel: Factorizing YAGO: scalable machine learning for linked data. WWW 2012: 271-280 E. Pietriga, C. Bizer, D. Karger, R. Lee: Fresnel: A Browser-Independent Presentation Vocabulary for RDF. International Semantic Web Conference 2006, Springer 158-171. S. Schenk, C. Saathoff, S. Staab, A. Scherp. SemaPlorer – Interactive Semantic Exploration of Data and Media based on a Federated Cloud Infrastructure. In Journal of Web Semantics, Elsevier, 7(4), 2009. C. Saathoff, A. Scherp: Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the multimedia metadata ontology. WWW 2010: 831-840 R. Troncy, O. Celma, S. Little, R. García and C. Tsinaraki. MPEG-7 based Multimedia Ontologies: Interoperability Support or Interoperability Issue? In Workshop on Multimedia Annotation and Retrieval enabled by Shared Ontologies (MAReSO'07), Genova, Italy, December 5, 2007. http://www.eurecom.fr/~troncy/Publications/Troncy-mareso07.pdf WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de