Food contamination can occur through physical, biological, or chemical means. Physical contamination involves foreign objects like hair, glass, or pests contaminating food. Biological contamination involves microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Chemical contamination can result from cleaning agents, pesticides on produce, or pest control chemicals. Food contamination poses serious health risks and can have severe consequences for consumers and food businesses. Proper sanitation, pest control, and separation of chemicals and food are key to preventing contamination.

1. Types of food contamination: Learn how food
contamination occurs
If you are going to work in the food industry, food contamination is something you should have
very good knowledge over. The safety of your food’s consumer will be at your hand. And since
everyone eats food, food contamination can be a serious issue for anyone!
Now, the questions you need to ask as a beginner are – how does food contamination occur?
What are the types of food contamination? Does it happen often?
To satisfy your quest, we have pinned down all the basic things you should know about food
contamination. After going through this piece of writing, you won’t become an expert, but have a
moderate idea over food contamination and its consequences.
So, let’s dive down!
Table of Contents
• What is Food Contamination?
• Physical Contamination
o Hair
o Glass or metal
o Pests
o Jewellery

2. o Dirt
o Fingernails
• Biological Contamination
o Some examples of such contaminating elements are
• Chemical Contamination
o Chemical cleaning agent
o Unwashed vegetables and fruits
o Pest control products
• Allergens
o Here is a list of Allergens
• What consequences can food contamination have?
• Does Contaminated Food Always Smell?
• Final Words
o Read more on our blog
What is Food Contamination?
In simple words, food contamination is the contamination of the food we consume. It can happen
in any possible way. Food contamination occurs when the food comes in touch with another
corrupting substance, such as physical, biological, chemical etc.
Food contamination is a grave issue for anyone working in the food industry, for the consumers
too. Therefore, even if you don’t work in the food industry, you should be well aware of the ins
and outs of food contamination.
When manufacturers find a certain batch of their food contaminated, terror is what comes first to
their minds, starting from the factory floor employees to the management of the company. Food
that’s been corrupted by anything – from listeria or salmonella to a little broken piece of glass or
metal – can cause serious harm to the health of the consumer, or even death!
Now, there are a few types of food contamination. The most common are physical
contamination, biological contamination, chemical contamination, cross contamination and
allergenic contamination. If your food gets contaminated, it has quite surely got contaminated by
any of the mentioned means.
Now, let’s have a clear understanding of each of these types of contamination in the writing
down below.
Physical Contamination
Physical contamination of food is one of the most common food contamination scenarios. This
type of contamination refers to the food that has been corrupted by any physical object at some
stage of the food preparation or production. These objects can cause serious harm to the
consumer and make him or her ill.
This type of contamination has an endless list of objects; literally anything can get into the food
and contaminate it. Here are a few examples and tips on how to avoid physical contamination in
food:

3. Hair
Manufacturers must ensure that all the food floor workers wear heirnet. If the hairs are long, they
should be neatly tied to the back.
Glass or metal
Broken glass from water glasses, cracked light bulbs, or smashed windows are serious
substances that have a high risk of contaminating food. Sometimes the objects can be too little to
be seen by bare eyes, and that’s when the problem occurs. To avoid this, be sure to wipe off
every last fragment of glass and dispose of it. You should also halt the production line and wait
until you are completely sure that the place is hundred percent clean of any glass object.
Metal objects can make its way into food as well. It happens mostly from broken machinery.
What you can do to avoid this is implementing a strong Equipment Maintenance Plan to your
production place. The best thing you can do is installing an x-ray detector, so that any such
hazards can be identified and taken care of.
Pests
Everybody hates animal droppings in his or her food. Again, pests are one of the most disturbing
sources of contamination. Insects like rats, mice, cockroaches often produce fur, saliva, urine or
faeces that get mixed into the food. Even often, they themselves make their way into the food. So
make sure to keep your production area thoroughly cleaned and take pest control measures.
Jewellery
Jewellery or any broken part of it can be a huge disturbance to the consumers. If consumers find
such kind of objects in their food, they will lose trust in you and stop buying your products. To
avoid this, you can rule out wearing jewellery in the production place – be it for religious
purposes or decorative.
Dirt
Detecting the dirt can be a challenge because the dirt particles are tiny and often unseeable by
bare eyes. It can make its way into food if the equipment is unwashed. So make sure to wash
every equipment before they enter the production lines.
Fingernails
Fingernails are dirty, and since they are little objects, they can come in touch with the food
without being noticed. To avoid such instances, you can do spot-checks to make sure all the
employees have their nails cut short and clean. Also, forbid the use of fake nails or nail varnish
as they can fall off easily and get mixed with the food.
Biological Contamination
Biological contamination of food can occur in many different ways, and there are a number of
elements that can make it happen. The bacteria and other harmful microorganisms can come in
contact with food and cause food spoilage, food poisoning, or enormous wastage.
Such biological hazards are commonly microorganisms like viruses, moulds, yeasts, parasites,
and bacteria (the most common one).
Some examples of such contaminating elements are
• E-coli

4. • Salmonella
• Clostridium botulinum or Clostridium perfringens
• Norovirus
• Campylobacter
Such disease-causing elements can easily reach your food and make them contaminated, even to
the point where the food may cause death.
The problem with such microorganisms is that they cannot be seen with your eyes, and thus, may
go unnoticed. The viruses and bacterias can reach all over your food and may not even show any
signs.
Therefore, the only way to prevent your food from being contaminated by biological hazards, is
to enact a vigorous processing and storing strategy. You can have multiple steps of killing
processes in place, for instance, pasteurisation or juices and milk or the use of vacuum sealing to
eliminate the growth of bacteria.
Chemical Contamination
Chemical elements contaminate food and in most cases, the results are severe. Therefore, you
have to be extra careful about whether or not any harmful chemical object is present within the
area of your production and distribution.
Few of the common chemical contaminants are:
Chemical cleaning agent
Yes, your production line has to be regularly cleaned. Therefore, you certainly cannot avoid the
use of cleaning chemicals (such as detergents, sanitizers) in your production area and to your
machinery. However, you have to make sure that the chemicals don’t make their way into the
food.
Rinse your machinery thoroughly after using chemical products on them in the cleaning process
and make sure the equipment is maintained well enough. Never keep your food ingredients and
cleaning products in the same place, or they might come in contact.
Unwashed vegetables and fruits
Fruits and vegetables are often susceptible to fungicides and pesticides. And when such poisoned
food comes into contact with other food, it can contaminate the whole bunch of that as well.
Therefore, it is important to clean the vegetables and fruits on a regular basis. Also make sure to
preserve them in a good place.
Pest control products
As mentioned before, pests are a big problem for food. So, you cannot avoid using pest control
products; but that comes with another problem as well.
If the pest control products get mixed with your food by any chance, it may bring havoc. Pest
controlling chemicals are heavily dangerous. They must be stored in a different place from the
food or any of the equipment. Also, never use pest control chemicals inside or near your
production line. Use them in the surrounding areas so that the pests cannot come in and the
chemicals don’t affect the food as well.
Allergens

5. According to the UK Food Standard Agency, there are 14 major allergens that can contaminate
the food.
Here is a list of Allergens
• Celery
• Cereals containing gluten (such as oats and barley)
• Crustaceans (such as crabs, prawns and lobsters)
• Fish
• Eggs
• Milk
• Lupin
• Molluscs (such as oysters and mussels)
• Peanuts
• Mustard
• Soybeans
• Sesame
• Tree nuts (such as hazelnuts, almonds, brazil nuts, walnuts, cashews, macadamia nuts
pecans and pistachios)
• Sulphites and sulphur dioxides (if the concentration exceeds ten parts per million)
There are a few ways you can follow to eliminate the risk of allergens contaminating your food.
Firstly, make sure that the suppliers of allergenic ingredients label the products correctly and
separately store them. The units containing these allergens must be sealed tightly. Because even
the slightest amount of allergen can cause havoc – from making the consumer ill to killing him.
On top of that, keep all the employees educated about the importance of avoiding cross-contact
of these elements. Assign them in separate locations to minimize the risk of cross-contamination,
especially in the time of staff changeovers.
What consequences can food contamination have?
Food contamination can have consequences in all different senses. When consumers of the food
get ill or injured, or die from having it, the repercussions are potentially enormous for the
companies that are involved.
In the worst case scenario, the company may go out of the business, having all of its employees
losing their jobs. Even if the company manages to get through the conundrum, chances are
people will lose trust in the company and quit buying their products. With the reputation gone,
the company will face a financial crisis. And nobody wants that!
That is why, it is of paramount importance to make sure the food is being safely produced and
distributed.
Does Contaminated Food Always Smell?
No, contaminated food doesn’t always smell. A food can smell and taste just as fine but still be
contaminated. However, in many cases, contaminated food will smell bad and give you a direct
hint that it’s not safe.
Foods like fish, red meat, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables, chickens etc will most likely smell
when they are out of date. Smelling and telling in such a case is useful but you cannot always tell
if the food is contaminated by just sniffing on it.

6. Therefore, you better take useful methods to check if the food is contaminated.
Final Words
Food contamination is a serious issue for everyone, and it cannot be overlooked by a food
manufacturer. If you are working in the food industry, it is your duty to ensure the ultimate
safety in the food you are producing.
Take all the necessary precautions and measures to keep your food hundred percent clean, and
your customers will keep loving it. The more you add value to your customers, the more value
they provide to you!
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