Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes sustained fever and toxic symptoms that worsen over 3-4 weeks if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures early in infection. Treatment aims to control symptoms, replace fluids, and use antibiotics like levofloxacin for 14 days. Complications can include intestinal bleeding or perforation if left untreated, but prognosis is good with timely antibiotic treatment. Prevention focuses on water sanitation and vaccination in endemic areas.

1. General description of infectious diseases with fecal-oral mechanism of trans mission . Typhoid fever . Paratyphoid A and B . Sorokhan MD, PhD Bukovinian State Medical University Department of the infection diseases and epidemiology

16. Complaints As bacteremia develops, the incubation period ends. Patients often experience chills, diaphoresis, anorexia, dry cough, a dull frontal headache, and myalgias before the onset of a high fever. About 20-40% of patients present with abdominal pain. The incidence of constipation versus diarrhea varies geographically, perhaps because of local differences in diet or S . typhi strains or genetic variation. Unusual modes of onset include isolated severe headaches that may mimic meningitis. S . typhi infection may cause an acute lobar pneumonia. In the early stages of the disease, rigors are rare unless the person also has malaria. This is not an unusual pairing of diseases. Patients may present with arthritis only, urinary symptoms, severe jaundice, or fever.

19. Physical exam Rose spots on the chest of a patient with typhoid fever due to the bacterium Salmonella typhi . Rose spots constitute a subtle, extremely sparse (often <5 spots), salmon-colored, blanching, truncal, maculopapular rash with 1- to 4-cm lesions that generally resolve within 2-5 days.

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