This document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization, covering its geography, history, mythology, and famous figures. Geographically, Greece consisted of the Peloponnese region in the south and various islands, with the Aegean Sea surrounding it. Notable periods included the Minoan, Mycenaean, and Dark Ages, while myths involved figures like King Minos and the labyrinth housing the Minotaur. The Trojan War and works of Homer like the Iliad and Odyssey were also influential parts of Greek history and culture.

2. 
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3. 
GEOGRAPHY
HISTORIOGRAPHY
CONTRIBUTIONS
MYTHOLOGY
ARCHITECHTURE
FAMOUS GREEK PERSONALITIES
TOPICS
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5. 
In the south lay the Peloponnese,
itself consisting of the regions of
Laconia (southeast), Messenia
(southwest), Elis (west), Achaia
(north), Korinthia (northeast),
Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center).
GEOGRAPHY
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7. 
Mainland Greece to the north,
nowadays known as Central
Greece, consisted
of Aetolia and Acarnania in the
west, Locris, Doris, and Phocis in
the center, while in the east
lay Boeotia, Attica and Megaris.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 7

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9. 
Northeast lay Thessaly,
while Epirus lay to the
northwest.
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10. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 10

11. 
In the northeast corner was
Macedonia, originally
consisting Lower
Macedonia and its regions,
such as Elimeia, Pieria,
and Orestis.
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13. 
THRACE
Thrace is a historical and geographic area
in southeast Europe, centered on the
modern borders of Bulgaria, Greece,
and Turkey. As a geographical concept,
Thrace designates a region bounded by
the Balkan Mountains on the
north, Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean
Sea on the south, and by the Black Sea and
the Sea of Marmara on the east.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 13

14. 
Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon,
the Argead* kings of Macedon started to
expand into Upper Macedonia, lands
inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes
like the Lyncestae and the Elmiotae and to the
West, beyond the Axius river,
into Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonia,
and Almopia, regions settled by Thracian
tribes*.
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16. 
To the north of Macedonia lay
various non-Greek peoples such
as the Paeonians due north,
the Thracians to the northeast,
and the Illyrians, with whom the
Macedonians were frequently in
conflict, to the northwest.
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18. 
CYCLADES ISLANDS
IONIAN ISLANDS
DODECANESE ISLANDS
SPORADES ISLANDS
SARONIC ISLANDS
CRETE ISLANDS
GREEK ISLANDS
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20. 
The Balkan Peninsula, popularly
referred to as the Balkans, is a
geographical region of Southeast
Europe. The region takes its name
from the Balkan Mountains that
stretch from the east of Bulgaria to
the very east of Serbia.
BALKAN PENINSULA
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22. 
AEGEAN SEA
IONIAN SEA
SEA OF CRETE
MEDITERRAINIAN
SEA
SEA SURROUNDING
GREECE
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23. 
AEGEAN SEA
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24. 
IONIAN SEA
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25. 
CRETAN SEA
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26. 
MEDITERRAINIAN
SEA
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28. 
AETOLIAN
DORIAN
IONIAN
ACHEAN
FOUR GREEK ETHNIC
TRIBES
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29. 
Aetolia is a mountainous
region of Greece on the
north coast of the Gulf of
Corinth, forming the
eastern part of the
modern regional
unit of Aetolia-Acarnania.
AETOLIAN
Location: Western
Greece
Major
cities:
Thermon
Dialects: Doric
Key
periods:
Aetolian
League
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30. 
LOCRIS
MALIS
DOLOPES OF THESSALY
PHOCIS
ACARNANIA
AETOLIAN LEAGUE
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32. 
The Dorians were one of the four
major Greek ethnē into which
the Greeks, or Hellenes, of
the ancient period considered
themselves divided (along with
the Aeolians, Achaeans and
Ionians).
DORIAN
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33. 
LIST OF DORIAN
STATES
Doris (Asia Minor)
Doris (Greece)
Epidaurus
Gela
Halicarnassus
Histiaea
Ialyssos
Leucadia
Lindos
Macedon
Megara
Nisyros
Phaselis
Phthia
Potidaea
Rhodes
Sparta
Sicyon
Syracuse
Troezen
Acragas
Ambracia
Argos
Calydna
Cameiros
Cnidus
Corinth
Corcyra
Cos
Cythera3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 33

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35. 
The phalanx (usually 14ft.) is
a rectangular mass
military formation, usually composed
entirely of heavy infantry armed
with spears, pikes, sarissas, or
similar weapons.
PHALANX
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37. 
. Never a unified state, it
was named after the Ionian
tribe who, in the Archaic
Period (600–480 BC),
settled mainly the shores
and islands of the Aegean
Sea.
IONIAN
Location İzmir
Province,
Western Ana
tolia
State
existed
7th–6th
centuries BC
(as Ionian
League)
Language Ionic Greek
Biggest
city
Delos
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38. 
Ionian proper also included the
populations of Euboea,
the Cyclades and many colonies
founded by Ionian colonists.
 It consisted of the northernmost
territories of the Ionian League of
Greek settlements.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 38

39. 
 According to the foundation myth
formalized by Hesiod, their name
comes from Achaeus, the mythical
founder of the Achaean tribe, who
was supposedly one of the sons
of Xuthus, and brother of Ion, the
founder of the Ionian tribe.
ACHEAN
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41. 
The Minoan civilization was an
Aegean Bronze Age civilization
that arose on the island
of Crete and flourished from
approximately 2700 to 1450 BC.
The Minoan culture was
established by the 27th century BC.
Minoan Civilization
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43. 
Other major sites included Tiryns in
Argolis, Pylos in Messenia, Athens in
Attica, Thebes and Orchomenus in
Boeotia, and Iolkos in Thessaly,
while Crete and the site
of Knossos also became a part of the
Mycenaean world.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 43

44. 
In Greek
mythology, Minos was a king
of Crete, son
of Zeus and Europa. After his
death, Minos became a judge of
the dead in the underworld.
KING MINOS
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46. 
 Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven
young boys and seven young girls to be sent
to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by
the Minotaur.
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47. 
In Greek mythology,
the Labyrinth was an elaborate
structure designed and built by
the legendary
artificer Daedalus for
King Minos of Crete at Knossos.
LABYRINTH
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48. 
Its function was to hold the
Minotaur, a mythical creature
that was half man and half bull
. Daedalus had so cunningly
made the Labyrinth that he
could barely escape it after he
built it.
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51. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 51

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53. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 53

54. 
Sometimes in 1600s BC a huge
volcano erupted that created a
giant wave or Tsunami that
flooded much of Crete. The
eruption also threw up huge
clouds of ash ruining crops, and
burying almost all cities in Crete.
THE FALL OF
MINOANS
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55. 
The Minoan eruption of Thera was a
major catastrophic volcanic
eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity
Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a dense-rock
equivalent (DRE) of
60 km3 (14 cu mi), which is estimated
to have occurred in the mid second
millennium BCE.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 55

56. 
The eruption devastated the
island of Thera (also called
Santorini), including
the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri,
as well as communities and
agricultural areas on nearby
islands and on the coast of Crete.
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58. 
Mycenaean Greece refers to the
last phase of the Bronze
Age in Ancient Greece (ca. 1600–
1100 BC). It takes its name from
the archaeological site
of Mycenae in Argolis, Peloponne
se, southern Greece.
MYCENAEAN PERIOD
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59. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 59

60. 
This period of Greek history
is the historical setting of
much ancient Greek
literature and myth,
including
the epics of Homer.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 60

61. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 61

62. 
When Helen, the wife of
Menelaus, was abducted
by Paris of Troy, Agamemnon
commanded the united Greek
armed forces in the
ensuing Trojan War.
KING AGEMEMNON
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64. 
In Greek mythology, the Trojan
War was waged against the city
of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks)
after Paris of Troy
took Helen from her
husband Menelaus king
of Sparta.
TROJAN WAR
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65. 
The war is one of the most
important events in Greek
mythology and has been
narrated through many works
of Greek literature, most
notably through Homer's Iliad.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 65

66. 
The Trojan Horse is a tale
from the Trojan War about
the subterfuge that the
Greeks used to enter the city
of Troy and win the conflict.
TROJAN HORSE
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67. 
In the canonical version,
after a fruitless 10-year siege,
the Greeks constructed a
huge wooden horse, and hid
a select force of men inside.
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68. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 68

69. 
The Greeks pretended to sail away,
and the Trojans pulled the horse
into their city as a victory trophy.
That night the Greek force crept out
of the horse and opened the gates
for the rest of the Greek army,
which had sailed back under cover
of night.
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70. 
The Greeks entered and
destroyed the city of Troy,
decisively ending the war.
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71. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 71

72. 
From around 1200 BC, the palace
centers and outlying settlements of
the Mycenaean’s highly organized
culture began to be abandoned or
destroyed, and by 1050 BC, the
recognizable features of Mycenaean
culture had disappeared.
THE FALL OF
MYCENAEANS
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73. 
Many explanations attribute the fall of
the Mycenaean civilization to climatic or
environmental catastrophe combined
with an invasion by Dorians or by
the Sea Peoples or the widespread
availability of edged weapons of iron,
but no single explanation fits the
available archaeological evidence.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 73

74. 
The Greek Dark
Age or Ages and Geometric or Homeric
Age are terms which have regularly been
used to refer to the period of Greek
history from the presumed Dorian
Invasion and end of the Mycenaean
Civilization around 1100 BC, to the first
signs of the Greek polis in the
9th century BC.
DARK AGES (ca. 1100–
800 BC)
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75. 
In the Western Classical
Tradition, Homer is the
author of the Iliad and the
Odyssey, and is revered as
the greatest of Greek epic
poets.
HOMER
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77. 
The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic
poem in, traditionally attributed
to Homer. Set during the Trojan War,
the ten-year siege of the city
of Troy (*Ilium) by a coalition of Greek
states, it tells of the battles and events
during the weeks of a quarrel between
King Agamemnon and the
warrior Achilles.

ILLIAD
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79. 
The poem mainly centers on the
Greek hero Odysseus (known
as Ulysses in Roman myths) and
his journey home after the fall
of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten
years to reach Ithaca after the
ten-year Trojan War.
ODYSSEY
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80. 
In his absence, it is assumed he
has died, and his
wife Penelope and son
Telemachus must deal with a
group of unruly suitors, the
Mnesteres or Proci, who compete
for Penelope's hand in marriage.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 80

81. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 81

82. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 82

83. 
GREEK CITY-STATES
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84. 
They called themselves
“Hellas”.
They called their country
“Hellenas”.
They called their civilization
“Hellenic”.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 84
TERMINOLOGIES

85. 
Polis, plural poleis
literally means city in
Greek. It can also mean
citizenship and body of
citizens.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 85

86. 
In modern
historiography, polis is
normally used to indicate
the ancient Greek city-states,
like Classical Athens and its
contemporaries, and thus is
often translated as "city-state".3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 86

87. 
Agora: the social hub
and financial
marketplace, on and
around a centrally
located, large open space.
PARTS OF A POLIS
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89. 
Acropolis: the citadel,
inside which a temple had
replaced the
erstwhile Mycenaean anák
toron (palace)
or mégaron (hall).3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 89

90. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 90

91. 
Temples, altars, and sacred
precincts: one or more are dedicated
to the poliouchos, the patron deity of
the city; each polis kept its own
particular festivals and customs
(Political religion, as opposed to the
individualized religion of later
antiquity).
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92. 
Priests and priestesses, although
often drawn from certain families
by tradition, did not form a
separate collegiality or class; they
were ordinary citizens who on
certain occasions were called to
perform certain functions.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 92

93. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 93

94. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 94

95. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 95

96. 
Gymnasia is a place
where Greeks play javelin
throws and other physical
activities.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 96

97. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 97

98. 
Theatres is were
Greeks spend time
for entertainment.
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99. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 99

100. 
Walls is basically
used for protection
from invaders.
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101. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 101

102. 
GREEK COLONIES
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103. 
Byzantium was the ancient
Greek city on the site that later
became Constantinople (moder
n Istanbul). It was founded
by Greek colonists
from Megara in 657 BC.
BYZANTIUM
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104. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 104

105. 
Marseille is the second largest
city in France, after Paris, with
a population of 850,636
(January 2011) within its
administrative limits on a land
area of 241 km2 (93 sq mi).
MARSAILLE
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106. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 106

107. 
Naples is the capital of the
Italian region Campania and
the third-largest municipality
in Italy, after Rome and Milan.
As of 2012, around 960,000
people live within the city's
administrative limits
NAPLES
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108. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 108

109. 
ATHENS
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110. 
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
GOVERNMENTS IN
ATHENS
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111. 
In early Athens, kings ruled the
city states.
There were no written accounts
about who became one of the
monarchs, but written accounts
said that there are some monarch
that ruled Athens.
MONARCHY
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112. 
A group of rich landowners, or
aristocrats took power. they
dominated the Athenian society
andran the city’s economy.
They also served as judges and
generals.
OLIGARCHY
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113. 
A man named Draco created a
new set of laws for Athens.
These laws are very. For
example, minor crimes such as
loitering is already punishable
by death.
DRACO
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114. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 114

115. 
The people of athens thought
Draco’s laws were very harsh , so
in 590s BC, a man named Saolon
created a set of laws that were
much less harsh and gave more
rights for non-aristocrats.
SOLON
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116. 
Solon’s law state that all free
men living in Athens has the
rights to became a citizen,
people who could participate in
government.
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117. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 117

118. 
Because the athenians weren’t pleased
With the rule of the aristocrats, they
wanted a new form of government. In
546 BC, a noble man named
Pisistratus, over-threw the oligarchy.
Pisistratus is called a “Tyrant”, which
meant a leader who held power
through the use of force.
TYRANNY
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119. 
After Pisistratus died, his son took
over the power. Many aristocrats,
however became unhappy because
their power was gone. Some planned a
rival city-state to attack the Athens. As
a result of this invasion, tyrants lose
power and aristocrats returned to
power in Athens.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 119

120. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 120

121. 
It was a system of Direct Democracy, in
which participating citizens voted
directly on legislation and executive
bills. Participation was not open to all
residents: to vote one had to be an adult,
male citizen, and the number of these
"varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of
a total population of around 250,000 to
300,000."
DEMOCRACY
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122. 
 At times, the opinion of voters
could be strongly influenced by
the political satire of the comic
poets at the theatres.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 122

123. 
 He is credited with reforming the
constitution of ancient Athens and
setting it on a democratic footing
in 508/7 BC. For these
accomplishments, historians refer
to him as “The Father Of
Athenian Democracy”.
CLEISTHENES
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124. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 124

125. 
SPARTA
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 125

126. 
Sparta was officially ruled by
Two kings who jointly led the
army. But elected officers had
more power than the kings.
These officials ran the Sparta’s
day-to-day activities.
GOVERNMENT
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127. Spartans
Perioci
Helots
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128. 
These are usually warriors that
courageously defend there city-
state.
It also includes government
officials, judges,and kings.
SPARTANS
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129. 
They were the skilled artisans that
creates supplies for the city.
Spartan merchants and traders are
also a perioci.
They were also the only people
allowed to travel to other cities, which
the Spartans were not, unless given
permission.
PERIOCI
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 129

130. 
The helots were a subjugated
population group that formed the main
population of Sparta.
Their exact status was already disputed
in antiquity: according to Critias, they
were "slaves to the utmost", whereas
according to Pollux, they occupied a
status "between free men and slaves“.
HELOTS
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131. 
Lycurgus was the legendary
lawgiver of Sparta, who
established the military-
oriented reformation of Spartan
society in accordance with
the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi.
LYCURGUS
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132. 
All his reforms were
directed towards the three
Spartan Virtues: equality
(among citizens), military
fitness, and austerity.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 132

133. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 133

134. 
GRECO-PERSIAN
WARS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 134

135. 
Cyrus II of Persia (600 or
576 – 530 BC)[commonly
known as Cyrus the Great and
also known as Cyrus the Elder,
was the founder of
the Achaemenid Empire.
CYRUS THE GREAT
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 135

136. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 136

137. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 137

138. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 138

139. 
Darius I was the third king of the
Persian Achaemenid Empire. Also
called Darius the Great, he ruled
the empire at its peak, when it
included much of West Asia,
the Caucasus, Central Asia, parts
of the Balkans and large areas.
DARIUS THE GREAT
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140. 
A major event in Darius's life
was his expedition to
punish Athens and Eretria for
their aid in the Ionian Revolt,
and subjugate Greece.
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141. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 141

142. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 142

143. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 143

144. 
The Persian fleet next headed south
down the coast of Attica, landing at the
bay of Marathon, roughly 25 miles
(40 km) from Athens Under the guidance
of Miltiades, the general with the
greatest experience of fighting the
Persians, the Athenian army marched to
block the two exits from the plain of
Marathon.
BATTLE AT
MARATHON
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145. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 145

146. 
 He is known mostly for his role in
the Battle of Marathon; as well as his
rather tragic downfall afterwards. His
son Cimon was a
major Athenian figure of the 470s and
460s BCE. His daughter Elpinice is
remembered for her confrontations
with Pericles, as recorded by Plutarch.
MILTIADES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 146

147. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 147

148. 
Pheidippides or Philippides, hero
ofAncient Greece, is the central figure
in a story that was the inspiration for a
modern sporting event, the marathon.
He is said to have run from Marathon
to Athens in under 36 hours to deliver
news of a military victory against the
Persians.
PHILIPPIDES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 148

149. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 149

150. 
The Battle of Thermopylae was
fought between an alliance
of Greek city-states, led by King
Leonidas of Sparta, and the Persian
Empire of Xerxes I over the course
of three days, during the second
Persian invasion of Greece.
BATTLE AT
THERMOPHYLAE
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151. 
It took place simultaneously
with the naval Battle at
Artemisium, in August or
September 480 BC, at the
narrow coastal pass
of Thermopylae ('The Hot
Gates').
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 151

152. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 152

153. 
Then the Persians asked a
traitorous Greek soldier to
lead to another pass. A large
Persian force attacked the
Greek soldiers from behind.
Surrounded, brave Spartans
and their allies fought to their
death.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 153

154. 
After winning the battle,
the Persians swept to the
Athens, attacking and
burning the city.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 154

155. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 155

156. 
Xerxes I of Persia also known
as Xerxes the Great(519–465 BC),
was the fourth of the king of the
kings of the Achaemenid Empire.
Xerxes I is most likely the Persian
king identified as Ahasuerus in the
biblical book of Esther.
XERXES I
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 156

157. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 157

158. 
Leonidas II, was Agiad King of
Sparta from 254 to 235 BC. He was
raised at the Persian Court and
married a Persian woman. His
wife was actually a Seleucid,
possibly the daughter of Seleucus I
Nicator.
KING LEONIDAS II
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 158

159. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 159

160. 
Although heavily outnumbered, the Greek
Allies were persuaded by the Athenian
general Themistocles to bring the Persian
fleet to battle again, in the hope that a
victory would prevent naval operations
against the Peloponessus. As a result of
subterfuge on the part of Themistocles, the
Persian navy sailed into the Straits of
Salamis and tried to block both entrances.
BATTLE OF SALAMIS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 160

161. 
In the cramped conditions of the
Straits the great Persian numbers
were an active hindrance, as ships
struggled to maneuver and
became disorganized. Seizing the
opportunity, the Greek fleet
formed in line and scored a
decisive victory.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 161

162. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 162

163. 
 Elected archon in 493 BC, he
convinced the polis to increase the
naval power of Athens, a recurring
theme in his political career. During
the first Persian invasion of Greece, he
fought at the Battle of Marathon, and
was one of the 10 Athenian strategoi
(generals) in that battle.
THEMISTOCLES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 163

164. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 164

165. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 165

166. 
The Battle of Plataea was the final land
battle during the Second Persian
Invasion Of Greece. It took place in 479
BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia,
and was fought between an alliance of
the Greek city-states,
including Sparta, Athens, Corinth
and Megara, and the Persian
Empire of Xerxes I.
BATTLE OF PLATAEA
09/02/2014 Greek Civilization 166

167. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 167

168. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 168

169. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 169

170. 
Herodotus recounts that, on
the afternoon of the Battle of
Plataea, a rumour of their
victory at that battle reached
the Allies' navy, at that time off
the coast of Mount Mycale in
Ionia.
BATTLE AT MYCALE
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 170

171. 
Their morale boosted, the Allied
marines fought and won a decisive
victory at the Battle of Mycale that
same day, destroying the remnants
of the Persian fleet, crippling
Xerxes's sea power, and marking
the ascendancy of the Greek fleet.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 171

172. 
GOLDEN AGE
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 172

173. 
PHILOSOPHY
SOCRATES PLATO
ARISTOTLE
EPIC POEM
HOMER HESIOD
LYRIC POEM
PINDAR SAPPHO3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 173
LITERATURE

174. 
HISTORY
HERODOTUS THUCYDIDES
DRAMA
AESCHYLUS SOPHOCLES
EURIPIDES ARISTOPHANES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 174
LITERATURE

175. 
SCULPTOR
-PHIDIAS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 175
ARTS

176. 
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
GREEK
PHILOSOPHERS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 176

177. 
Greek philosopher. Considered
one of the founders of Western
philosophy, he strongly influenced
Plato, and Aristotle. He made his
most important contribution to
Western thought through his
method of inquiry.
SOCRATES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 177

178. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 178

179. 
Greek philosopher. Considered
one of the founders of Western
philosophy, he strongly influenced
Plato, and Aristotle. He made his
most important contribution to
Western thought through his
method of inquiry.
SOCRATES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 179

180. 
He is principally renowned for
his contribution to the field of
ethics. Socrates also made
important and lasting
contributions to the fields of
epistemology and logic, and the
influence of his ideas and
approach.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 180

181. 
Plato was a philosopher, as well as
mathematician, in Classical
Greece and an influential figure in
philosophy, central in Western
philosophy. He was Socrates' student,
and founded the Academy in Athens,
the first institution of higher learning
in the Western world.
PLATO
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 181

182. 
Plato's dialogues have been
used to teach a range of
subjects,
including Philosophy, Logic,
Ethics, Rhetoric, Religion
And Mathematics.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 182

183. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 183

184. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 184

185. 
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) was
a Greek philosopher and scientist born
in the Macedonian city of Stagirus, in
384 BCE.
 At eighteen, he joined Plato's
Academy in Athens and remained there
until the age of thirty-seven
(c. 347 BCE).
ARISTOTLE
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 185

186. 
His writings cover many subjects –
including Physics, Biology, Zoology, M
etaphysics, Logic,
Ethics, Aesthetics, Poetry, Theater,
Music, Rhetoric, Linguistics, Politics
And Government – and constitute the
first comprehensive system
of Western philosophy.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 186

187. 
Shortly after Plato died,
Aristotle left Athens and, at the
request of Philip of Macedon,
tutored Alexander the
Great between 356 and
323 BCE.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 187

188. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 188

189. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 189

190. 
HOMER
HESIOD
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 190
GREEK EPIC POETS

191. Hesiod was a Greek poet
generally thought by scholars to
have been active between 750 and
650 BC, around the same time
as Homer. His is the first European
poetry in which the poet regards
himself as a topic, an individual
with a distinctive role to play
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 191
HESIOD

192. 
 Modern scholars refer to him
as a major source on Greek
mythology, farming techniques
, first economist, archaic
Greek astronomy and
ancient time-keeping.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 192

193. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 193

194. 
THEOGENY
WORKS AND
DAYS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 194
WORKS

195. 
PINDAR
SAPPHO
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 195
GREEK LYRIC
POETS

196. 
Pindar was an Ancient
Greek lyric poet
from Thebes. Of
the canonical nine lyric
poets of ancient Greece, his
work is the best preserved.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 196
PINDAR

197. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 197

198. 
Sappho was a Greek lyric poet,
born on the island of Lesbos.
The Alexandrians included her in
the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth
was sometime between 630 and 612
BC, and it is said that she died
around 570 BC, but little is known
for certain about her life.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 198
SAPPHO

199. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 199

200. 
AESCHYLUS
SOPHOCLES
EURIPIDES
ARISTOPHANES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 200
DRAMA

201. 
Aeschylus was the first of the
three ancient Greek tragedians
whose plays can still be read or
performed, the others
being Sophocles and Euripides. He
is often described as the father of
tragedy.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 201
AESCHYLUS

202. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 202

203. 
The Persians
Seven against Thebes
The Suppliants
The Oresteia
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 203
SURVIVING PLAYS

204. 
Agamemnon
The Libation Bearers
The Eumenides
Prometheus Bound
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 204

205. 
Sophocles is one of three
ancient Greek tragedians whose
plays have survived. His first
plays were written later than
those of Aeschylus, and earlier
than or contemporary with
those of Euripides.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 205
SOPHOCLES

206. 
According to the Suda, a 10th-
century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote
123 plays during the course of his life,
but only seven have survived in a
complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The
Women of Trachis, Oedipus the
King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus
at Colonus.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 206

207. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 207

208. 
Euripides was one of the three
great tragedians of classical
Athens, the other two
being Aeschylus and Sophocles.
Some ancient scholars attributed
ninety-five plays to him but
according to the Suda it was
ninety-two at most.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 208
EURIPIDES

209. 
MEDEA
THE TROJAN
WOMEN
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 209
EURIPIDES’
WORKS

210. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 210

211. 
Aristophanes , son of
Philippus, of
the deme Cydathenaeum, was
a comic playwright of ancient
Athens. Eleven of his thirty
plays survive virtually
complete.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 211
ARISTOPHANES

212. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 212

213. 
HERODOTUS
THUCIDIDES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 213
GREEK
HISTORIOGRAPHERS

214. 
Herodotus was a Greek historian who
was born in Halicarnassus, Caria and
lived in the fifth century BC. Widely
referred to as "The Father Of History"
he was the first historian known to
collect his materials systematically and
critically, and then to arrange them into
a historiographic narrative.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 214
HERODUTUS

217. 
Thucydides was
an Athenian historian, political
philosopher and general.
His History of the Peloponnesian
War recounts the 5th century
BCwar between Sparta and Ath
ens to the year 411 BC.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 217
THUCYDIDES

218. 
Thucydides has been dubbed the
father of "scientific history"
because of his strict standards of
evidence-gathering and analysis in
terms of cause and effect without
reference to intervention by the
gods, as outlined in his
introduction to his work.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 218

219. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 219

220. 
PHYDIAS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 220
ARTS

221. 
Phidias or Pheidias was
a Greek sculptor, painter and architect,
who lived in the 5th century BC, and is
commonly regarded as one of the
greatest of all sculptors of Classical
Greece: Phidias‘ Statue of Zeus at
Olympia was one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 221
PHYDIAS

222. 
 Phidias designed the statues of the
goddess Athena on the Athenian
Acropolis, namely the Athena
Parthenos inside the Parthenon and
the Athena Promachos, a colossal bronze
statue of Athena which stood between
it and the Propylaea, a monumental
gateway that served as the entrance to
the Acropolis in Athens.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 222

223. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 223

224. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 224

225. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 225

226. 
THALES
PYTHAGORAS
HIPPOCRATES
GREEK
MATHEMATICIANS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 226

227. 
Thales of Miletus was a Pre
Socratic Greek Philosopher from
Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of
the Seven Sages of Greece. Many,
most notably Aristotle, regard him
as the first philosopher in the
Greek tradition.
THALES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 227

228. 
In mathematics, Thales
used geometry to solve problems such
as calculating the height of pyramids
and the distance of ships from the
shore. He is credited with the first use
of deductive reasoning applied to
geometry, by deriving four corollaries
to Thales' Theorem.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 228

229. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 229
Thales’
Theorem

230. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 230

231. 
Pythagoras of Samos was
an Ionian Greek philosopher, mat
hematician. Most of the
information about Pythagoras
was written down centuries after
he lived, so very little reliable
information is known about him.
PYTHAGORAS
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 231

232. 
a theorem in geometry that states
that in a right-angled triangle the
area of the square on the
hypotenuse (the side opposite the
right angle) is equal to the sum of
the areas of the squares of the
other two sides—that is, a2+b2=c2.
PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 232

233. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 233

234. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 234

235. 
Hippocrates of
Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was
an ancient Greek physician of
the Age of Pericles (Classical
Greece), and is considered one
of the most outstanding figures
in the history of medicine.
HIPPOCRATES
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 235

236. 
He is referred to as
the father of western
medicine in recognition of
his lasting contributions to
the field as the founder of
the Hippocratic School of
Medicine.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 236

237. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 237

238. 
PELLOPONESIAN
WAR
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 238

239. 
DELIAN
LEAGUE
PELOPONESIAN
LEAGUE3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 239
LEAGUES

240. 
The Delian League, founded in 478
BC, was an association of Greek city-
states, members numbering between
150 to 173, under the leadership
of Athens, whose purpose was to
continue fighting the Persian
Empire after the Greek victory in
the Battle of Plataea at the end of
the Second Persian invasion of Greece.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 240
DELIAN LEAGUE

241. 
By the end of the 7th century
BC, Sparta had become the most powerful
state in the Peloponnese, and was the
political and
military hegemon over Argos, the next
most powerful state. Sparta acquired two
powerful allies, Corinth and Elis, by
ridding Corinth of tyranny, and helping
Elis secure control of the Olympic Games.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 241
PELOPONNESIAN
LEAGUE

242. 
The Spartan strategy during
the first war, known as the
Archidamian War (431-421
BC) after Sparta's
kingArchidamus II, was to
invade the land surrounding
Athens.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 242
ARCHIDAMIAN WAR

243. While this invasion deprived
Athenians of the productive land
around their city, Athens itself was
able to maintain access to the sea,
and did not suffer much. Many of
the citizens of Attica abandoned
their farms and moved inside
the long walls, which connected
Athens to its port of Piraeus.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 243

244. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 244

245. 
The Lacedaemonians were not content
with simply sending aid to Sicily; they
also resolved to take the war to the
Athenians. On the advice of
Alcibiades, they fortified Decelea, near
Athens, and prevented the Athenians
from making use of their land year
round.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 245
SECOND WAR

246. 
The fortification of Decelea
prevented the shipment of
supplies overland to Athens,
and forced all supplies to be
brought in by sea at increased
expense.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 246

247. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 247

248. 
For a short period of time, Athens
was ruled by the 'Thirty Tyrants'
and democracy was suspended.
This was a reactionary regime set
up by Sparta. The oligarchs were
overthrown and a democracy was
restored by Thrasybulus in 403 BC.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 248
AFTERMATH

249. 
Although the power of Athens
was broken, it made something
of a recovery as a result of
the Corinthian War and
continued to play an active role
in Greek politics.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 249

250. 
Sparta was later humbled by
Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in
371 BC, but the rivalry of Athens
and Sparta was brought to an end
a few decades later when Philip II
of Macedon conquered all of
Greece except Sparta.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 250

251. 
HELLENISTIC
GREECE
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 251

252. 
Philip II of Macedon was a
king (basileus) of the Greek
kingdom of Macedon from 359
BC until his assassination in 336
BC. He was the father
of Alexander the
Great and Philip III.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 252
PHILIP II

253. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 253

254. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 254

255. 
Alexander III of Macedon was a
King (Basileus) of theAncient
Greek Kingdom of Macedon,
member of the Argead dynasty.
Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander
succeeded his father, Philip II, to
the throne at the age of twenty.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 255
ALEXANDER THE
GREAT

256. 
 He spent most of his ruling years on an
unprecedented military campaign through
Asia and northeast Africa, until by the age
of thirty he had created one of the largest
empires of the ancient world, stretching
from Greece to Egypt and into present-
day Pakistan. He was undefeated in battle
and is considered one of history's most
successful military commanders.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 256

257. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 257

258. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 258

259. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 259

260. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 260

261. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 261

262. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 262

263. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 263

264. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 264

265. 
On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC,
Alexander died in the palace
of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon,
at age 32. There are two different
versions of Alexander’s death and
details of the death differ slightly
in each.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 265
ALEXANDER’S DEATH

266. 
Plutarch's account is that roughly 14 days
before his death, Alexander entertained
admiral Nearchus, and spent the night and
next day drinking with Medius of
Larissa. He developed a fever, which
worsened until he was unable to speak. The
common soldiers, anxious about his health,
were granted the right to file past him as he
silently waved at them.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 266

267. 
In the second account, Diodorus
recounts that Alexander was
struck with pain after downing a
large bowl of unmixed wine in
honour of Heracles, followed by 11
days of weakness; he did not
develop a fever and died after
some agony.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 267

268. 
The Hellenistic period is the period
of ancient Greek and
eastern Mediterranean history between
the death of Alexander the Great in 323
BC and the emergence of the Roman
Empire as signified by the Battle of
Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent
conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt in 30 BC.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 268
HELLENISTIC PERIOD

269. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 269

270. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 270

271. 
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was
a Hellenistic kingdom in Egypt. It
was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty
that Ptolemy I Soter founded after
the death of Alexander the Great in
323 BC—which ended with the
death of Cleopatra VII and
the Roman conquest in 30 BC.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 271
PTOLEMAIC
KINGDOM

272. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 272

273. 
Ptolemy I Soter I also known
as Ptolemy Lagides was a
Greek Macedonian general
under Alexander the Great, who
became ruler of Egypt (323–283 BC)
and founder of both the Ptolemaic
Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
In 305/4 BC he demanded the title of
pharaoh.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 273
PTOLEMY I SOTER

274. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 274

275. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 275

276. 
The Seleucid Empire , also
known as Seleucia or Syria, was
a Hellenistic state ruled by the
Seleucid dynasty founded
by Seleucus I Nicator following
the division of the empire
created byAlexander the Great.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 276
SELEUCID EMPIRE

277. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 277

278. 
Seleucus I Nicator (c. 358 BC – 281
BC) was one of the Diadochi, having
previously served as an infantry
general under Alexander the Great, he
eventually assumed the title
of basileus and established
the Seleucid Empire over much of
Alexander's near eastern territories.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 278
SELEUCUS I
NICATOR

279. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 279

280. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 280

281. 
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 281
CULTURE

282. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 282

283. 
The Library of Alexandria in
the Ptolemaic Kingdom, here
shown in an artist's impression,
was the largest and most
significant library of the ancient
world.Artistic Rendering of
the Library of Alexandria, based
on some archaeological evidence.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 283

284. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 284

285. 
The Lighthouse in Ptolemaic A
lexandria, as imagined here,
was one of the tallest man-
made structures on Earth for
many centuries, and was
regarded as one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 285

286. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 286

287. 
The Colossus of Rhodes, as
imagined here, depicted the
Greek Titan Helios and is
considered one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World.
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 287

289. 
 Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of
reason and inquiry. It had an important influence on
modern philosophy, as well as modern science. The
influence from ancient Greek and Hellenistic
philosophers was expanded to medieval Muslim
philosophers and scientists, to the European
Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the modern
natural sciences and technology.
 Three renowned philosophers of the Ancient Greece
are: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
PHILOSOPHY
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 289

290. 
Probably the greatest contribution of
the Ancient Greece
Greece, and especially Athens, is the
cradle of democracy in the western
civilization. Democracy were to
diminish the role of aristocracy,
eliminate financial differences and mix
the society.
DEMOCRACY
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 290

291. 
 One of the most influential philosophers in Western
thought. He wrote several dozen philosophical
dialogues —arguments in the form of
conversations— and a few letters. Though the early
dialogues deal mainly with methods of acquiring
knowledge, and most of the last ones with justice
and practical ethics, his most famous works
expressed a synoptic view of ethics, metaphysics,
reason, knowledge, and human life. One can view
Plato, with qualification, as an idealist and a
rationalist.
Plato
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 291

292. 
 Aristotle set the stage for what would eventually
develop into the scientific method centuries later.
The works of Aristotle that still exist today appear in
treatise form. The most important
include Physics, Metaphysics,(Nicomachean)Ethics, Pol
itics, De Anima (On the Soul), Poetics, and many
others. Aristotle was a great thinker and
philosopher, and his philosophy was crucial in
governing intellectual thought in the Western world.
Aristotle
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 292

293. 
Greece has importantly influenced
the Western science in many ways.
The Ancient Greeks especially
contributed many things to the
scientific world, from medicine to
astronomy.
SCIENCE
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 293

294. 
 Ηe brought Phoenician navigational techniques into
Miletus. Thales is also said to have tried to revise the
calendar. He also brought Babylonian mathematical
knowledge to Greece and used geometry to solve
problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and
the distance of ships from the shore. He studied
astronomy in Babylonia, and after his return to Miletus
gained great fame by predicting an eclipse of the sun He
was first noted as an inventor and an engineer. Thales
was also interested in heavenly bodies. He is credited
with the discovery of the electrical properties of amber (or
“electron” from which also the name electricity was
derived).
Thales of Milenus
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 294

295. 
Greek philosopher and mathematician. He
studied astronomy, logistics and geometry.
Pythagoras also investigated the ratios of
lengths corresponding to musical harmonies,
and developed methods of geometric proof.
His greatest discovery came in the branch of
Mathematics known as Trigonometry, the
Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagoras
3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 295

296. 
Greek materialist philosopher, a
student of Leucippus and co-originator
of the belief that all matter is made up
of various imperishable, indivisible
elements which he called atoma or
"indivisible units", from which we get
the English word atom.
Democritus
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297. 
Also known as the "Father of Geometry", was
a Greek mathematician of the Hellenistic
period who was active in Alexandria, almost
certainly during the reign of Ptolemy I.
HisElements, a reorganized compilation of
geometrical proofs including new proofs and
a much earlier essay on the foundations of
arithmetic, is the most successful textbook in
the history of mathematics.
Euclid
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298. 
Greek mathematician, physicist,
engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He
is regarded as one of the leading
scientists in classical antiquity. Among
his advances in physics are the
foundations of hydrostatics and the
explanation of the principle of the
lever.
Archimedes
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299. 
 The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous
influence on the culture of many countries from
ancient times until the present. There are three
scholarly distinctions of Greek art that correspond
roughly with historical periods of the same names.
These are the Archaic (700 - 480 BC), the Classical
(480 - 323 BC) and the Hellenistic (323 – 31 BC)
periods.
 Some examples are: coins, pottery, sculptures, etc.
ART
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300. 
The greatest festival of athletics in the world
dates back to an ancient Greek festival at
Olympia, in honor of the god Zeus. Athletes
gathered from all over the Greek world to
compete for honors. Events in the original
Olympic games included throwing the discus
and the javelin, which are still practiced
today.
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OLYMPIC GAMES

301. 
Theater was a huge part of ancient Greek
culture, with theaters in every town and
competitions to find the best playwrights and
actors. The word theater comes from the
Greek "Theatron," which described the
seating section of the outdoor arenas where
people watched plays. Comedies, tragedies
and satirical plays were all invented by the
Greeks.
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THEATER

302. 
 Before there was trials by jury, there was trial by
combat where the gods will decide the faith of the
accused by letting the accused choose a champion
and the council choose their own. They say if the
accused was accused wrongly, Ares will bestow the
blessing of Ares to the champion of the accused.
Ancient Athenians invented trial by jury. Jurors had
to be citizens of at least 30 years of age. A jury could
consist of up to 500 people to ensure that it was
impossible to bribe the majority.
TRIAL BY JURY
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303. 
The concept of citizenship was
developed by the ancient Athenians.
Citizens were the group from which the
government were selected. They
completed a compulsory period of
military service and took part in jury
service. To become a citizen, a man had
to have been born to Athenian parents.
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CITIZENSHIP

304. 3/29/2015 Greek Civilization 304

305. 
 Before the gods rules the Ancient Greece, there was
the titans led by a titan called Kronos. Kronos liked
to eat his children. So, one day, three of his sons
tricked him into eating them and before they reached
Kronos’ stomach, they slashed through their father’s
belly. Thus, started the Golden Age of the Gods. The
three brothers; Hades of the Underworld, Zeus of the Sky
and Poseidon of the Ocean later became the most
powerful gods.
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THE REGIME OF THE
GODS

306. 
 Of all the gods and goddesses, there are twelve who
are more powerful than the others (except Hades).
They were known as The Twelve Olympians.
 TRIVIA: There used to be 6 men and 6 women
olympians. Then came Dionysus, to keep the balance
of powers among the olympians, Zeus decided to
remove Hestia among the Olympians believing her
power isn’t very much needed. Although the power
of the gods are still balanced, 7 male gods and 5
female meant the balance tipped to the male in terms
of humanity.
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THE OLYMPIANS

307. 
King of the gods and ruler of Mount
Olympus; god of the sky, and thunder.
Youngest child of the Titans Kronos and
Rhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt,
eagle, oak tree, scepter, and scales. Brother
and husband of Hera, although he had many
lovers. Brother of Poseidon and Hades.
Owns the lightning bolt. His symbol of power.
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Zeus

308. 
 Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and
family. Symbols include the peacock, pomegranate,
crown, cuckoo, lion, and cow. Youngest daughter of
Kronos and Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the
goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get
revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children.
 Often jealous, for example: according to the
mythology, Paris chose Aphrodite instead of Hera
and Athena, thus Hera cursed Paris that he will both
start a war and he will end it.
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Hera

309. 
 God of the seas, earthquakes, and tidal
wave. Symbols include the horse, bull,
dolphin, and trident. Middle son of Kronos
and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades.
Married to the Nereid Amphitrite,
although, like most male Greek Gods, he
had many lovers.
 Owns the trident. His symbol of power.
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Poseidon

310. 
 Goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, defense, and strategic
warfare. Symbols include the owl and the olive tree.
Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from
her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor after
he swallowed her mother.
 Zeus loved Metis but there’s a prophecy that said that the
two will bore two children; one smarter than Zeus and
Metis (the smartest being then) combined and one greater
than Zeus. Fearing this, Zeus turned Metis into a fly then
ate her. Then Athena sprang out of Zeus’ head and the
second children was never born.
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Athena

311. 
 Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of
fire and the forge. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe,
donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Son of Hera,
either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite,
though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely
ever licentious.
 Zeus threw Hephaestus out of Mount Olympus after
seeing that he’s too ugly. But, after learning that
Hephaestus was a great smith, Zeus sent Dionysus to
intoxicate Hephaestus and lure him back to Olympus
to be the gods’ craftsman.
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Hephaestus

312. 
Goddess of fertility,
agriculture, nature, and the
seasons. Symbols include the
poppy, wheat, torch, and pig.
Middle daughter of Kronos and
Rhea.
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Demeter

313. 
 God of light, healing, plague and darkness, the arts, music,
poetry, prophecy, archery, the sun and manly youth. Son of
Zeus and Leto. Symbols include the sun, lyre, bow and
arrow, raven, dolphin, wolf, swan, and mouse. Twin brother
of Artemis.
 He wasn’t really supposed to be the god of music but when
Hermes (a baby at that time) stole a cattle given to him by
Hera, he cried so loud that Hermes was afraid that Zeus
might wake up. So to make up, he gave Apollo a harp.
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Apollo

314. 
Goddess of the hunt, virginity, childbirth,
archery, the moon, and all animals. Symbols
include the moon, deer, hound, she-bear,
snake, cypress tree, and bow and arrow.
Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of
Apollo.
She became the god of virginity after her one
true love, Orion, was accidentally killed by
either her or Gaea. (not all accounts agree)
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Artemis

315. 
God of war, violence, and
bloodshed. Symbols include the
boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear,
and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera.
Except for Aphrodite, all the other
gods despised Ares.
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Ares

316. 
Goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Symbols
include the dove, bird, apple, bee,
swan, myrtle, and rose. Daughter of Zeus
and the Oceanid Dione.
Married to Hephaestus, although she had
many adulterous affairs, most notably with
Ares.
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Aphrodite

317. 
Messenger of the gods; god of commerce,
thieves, and games. Symbols include
the caduceus (staff entwined with two
snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and
tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the
lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The
second-youngest Olympian, just older than
Dionysus.
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Hermes

318. 
God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy.
Patron god of the art of theatre. Symbols
include the grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger,
panther, leopard, dolphin, goat and
pinecone. Son of Zeus and the mortal Theban
princess Semele. Married to the Cretan
princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian, as
well as the only one to have a mortal mother.
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Dionysus

319. 
Known as the 13th olympian.
Goddess of the hearth and of the right
ordering of domesticity and the family; she
was born into the first Olympian generation
and was one of the original twelve
Olympians.
Also the eldest of the Olympians.
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Hestia

320. 
 God of the Underworld, dead and the riches under
the Earth ("Pluto" translates to "The Rich One"); he
was born into the first Olympian generation, the
elder brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, and Demeter,
and younger brother of Hestia, but as he lives in the
Underworld rather than on Mount Olympus.
 Kidnapped Persephone, a minor goddess. Made her
the queen of the underworld.
 Owns the Helm of Darkness. His symbol of power.
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Hades

321. 
The god of nature, the wild, shepherds and
flocks, mountains, hunting, the forest, and
rustic music, as well as the companion of the
nymphs. The root of the word 'panic' comes
from the god Pan.
Once said that if he (Pan) had not gone
missing, he would have been the 12th
olympian instead of Hestia or Dionysus.
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Pan

322. 
THE OLYMPIANS
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323. 
THE FAMILY LINE
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