This document discusses various dental products used to treat common dental problems. It begins by defining dental caries, plaque, calculus and gingivitis. It then describes different categories of dental products - anticaries agents like fluorides and sodium fluoride, dentifrices/cleaning agents like calcium carbonate, desensitizing agents like zinc chloride, and cements and fillers. Specific dental products are then discussed in more detail, including their composition, properties, uses, and mechanisms of action. The role of fluoride and phosphate in preventing dental caries is also explained. In summary, the document provides an overview of common dental issues and the products used to treat or prevent them.

1. Dental Products
Prof. Sonali R. Pawar
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
caries
Dental
Product

2. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Caries
Dental
Product Dental Products:
 Dentifrices
 Role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries
 Desensitizing agents
 Calcium carbonate
 Sodium Fluoride
 Zinc Eugenol Cement
Dental Anatomy

3. Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Caries
Dental
Products Introduction:
Common Dental Problems:
• Dental Caries: formed by growth and implantation of cariogenic microorganisms.
• Causes:
• Bacteria–produce acids (lactic acid ) that demineralize enamel & Food with high
concentration of sugar. Treatment: Products with fluorides(NaF) & to alleviate the pain – Oral
analgesics e.g., Acetaminophen
• Plaque and Calculus:
-Plaque: sticky substance formed by the attachment of bacteria to the pellicle which is this,
cellular glycoprotein.
-Calculus: Calcium salts ppt from saliva & it formes when plaque is not treated within 24 hr.
Treatment:
• Soft, rounded, nylon bristles toothbrushes.
• Dentifrices: Toothpastes (Na bicarbonate, Ca carbonate, Dicalcium phosphate & Fluoride)
• Desensitizing agents: with 5% potassium nitrate compounds used to reduce the
sensitivity of teeth to hot/heat & cold

4. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Caries
Dental
Product
Gingivitis: Inflammation microoganisims. of gingiva caused by
Treatment: eugenol or benzocaine (anesthetics),Mouthwahes, Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Lesions: Occur on nonkeratinized mucosal mouth surface
Treatment: 7 – 14 days – heal, Protectants, local anesthetics, wound-cleansing agents.
DENTAL PRODUCTS
• Maintain the Dental hygiene and to prevent the decay of tooth.
• Products used to treat/prevent various common dental problems.
• Classification:
1. Anticaries Agents: Fluorides, Sodium Flouride (NaF), Phosphate
2. Dentifrices/ cleaning and polishing agents: Fluorides, Calcium carbonate
3. Desensitizing agents: Stronium chloride, zinc oxide, eugenol
4. Cement and filters

5. Content
Introduction
Definition
ANTICARIES AGENT
• Agent used to prevent the tooth decay (caries) – it get deposited on teeth.
• It is toxic in 5 – 10mg/kg. Acute toxicity causes nausea, vomiting
and diarrhea. (Max. Conc. in toothpaste is 250mg/container.)
Administration: Oral (Fluoridation of public water (0.5 to 1 ppm)) & Topical. E.g., Sodium Fluoride (NaF)
Fluorides
 Dental caries/tooth decay is caused by acid produced by the action of microorganism or carbohydrate
 It involves decalcification of the tooth accomplished by foul odour.
 It prevented by maintaining the oral an dental hygiene with the help of dentifrices.

6. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Role of fluoride and phosphate
Fluoride is the ionic form of the element fluorine.
Fluoride is a mineral found throughout the earth's crust and widely distributed in nature.
Found in soils rich in fluorspar, cryolite, and other minerals.
Small amounts: fruits, vegetables, cereals.
Rich amounts: Sea foods and tea leaves.
Teeth and skeleton have the highest concentrations of fluoride. –
Due to the affinity of fluoride to calcium.
Fluoride content of teeth increases rapidly during early mineralization periods and continues
to increase with age, but at as lower rate.
Use: Fluoride helps to prevent cavities
Cavities are holes (or structural damage) in the teeth
Cause: Commonly Tooth decay
Prevention of cavities by Fluoride:
Two different ways:
 Fluoride concentrates in the growing bones and developing teeth of children, helping to
harden the enamel on baby and adult teeth before they emerge.
 Fluoride helps to harden the enamel on adult teeth that have already emerged.

7. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Application Types of Fluorides:
Topically (On the surface).
 Systematically (Throughout the body).
 Toothpaste.
 Mouth rinses.
 Professionally applied gels, foams, rinses.
 Our own saliva.
Toothpaste :- Brushing.
Mouth Rinses :- Gargling.
Foams :- Professionally used & are put into a mouth guard.
Gels :- Can be painted on or applied via a mouth guard.

8. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by
excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development.
Due to Inappropriate use of fluoride containing dental product
Fluoride prevents demineralization.
Fluoride enhances remineralization.
Fluoride alters the action of plaque bacteria.
Fluoride aids in posteruptive maturation of enamel.
Fluoride reduces enamel solubility.
 Fluoride alters the action of plaque bacteria: At low pH, fluoride combines
with hydrogen ions and diffuses into oral bacteria as hydrogen fluoride (HF)
 Inside the cell HF dissociates, acidifying the cell and releasing fluoride ions
 Fluoride ions inhibit glycolysis
 As fluoride is trapped inside the cell this becomes a cumulative process

9. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
2.Role of Phosphate:
Inorganic phosphate salts have been found to be useful in reducing dental caries
phosphate ions are required for stronger bone as well as for healthy teeth the
phosphate is normally given in deficiencies phosphate salts both in soluble and
insoluble forms are obtained from normal diets role of phosphate as cleaning
agent is also important.

10. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Cavity Pics.
8

11. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
SODIUM FLUORIDE (B.P..U.S.P)
Chemical formula: NaF
Molecular Weight: 41.99 g/mole
Category: Anticaries agent
It contains not less than 98.5 per cent and not more than 100.5 per cent of NaF Calculated with
reference to the dried substance.
Preparation:
I it can be prepared by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate. Sodium fluoride
Being not very soluble precipitates out.
2HF + Na2co3 2NaF + H2o + co2
The precipitate is contaminated with fluorosilicate and the acid salt it is made alkaline to
Phenolphthalein with sodium carbonate and then heated to neutralize the acid salt and
Decompose the fluorosilicate.
Na2SiF6 + 2H2O 2NaF + 4HF + SiO2
It is prepared by double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium carbonates where in
Insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
CaF2 + Na2CO3 2NaF + CaCO3

12. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Properties:
1.It occur as colourless, odourless ,crystals or as white powder.
2. it is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. On acidification of salt, hydrofluoric acid is
produced this is weak acid and poisonous.
Identification tests:
Sodium fluoride is an ionic salt and gives reactions for fluoride ion and sodium ion.
Test for purity:
It has to be tested for acidity or alkalinity clarity and colour of solution chloride sulphate and
loss on drying .
Storage: it is stored in tightly closed container.
USES:
1: It is for topical use only
2: It is used for preventing dental caries.
Usual dose .2.2mg (equivalent to 1 mg of fluoride ) once a day.
Caution .
When sodium fluoride is consumed in larger dose it results in mottling of teeth. gastric
disturbances etc. . Still larger doses of NaF may lead to systemic toxicities effecting central
nervous system cardiovascular and respiratory system

13. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Desensitizing Agents

14. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
STANNOUS FLUORIDE
Chemical formula: SnF2
Molecular weight: 156.7 g/mole
Category: Anticaries agent .
It contains not less than 71.2 per cent of stannous (Sn2+) ions and not less than 22.3
per cant and not more than 22.5 par cent of fluoride , calculated with reference to the
dried substance
Prepration: Stannous fluoride is prepared by heating stannous oxide with gaseous
hydrofluoric acid in the absence of oxygen
SnO + 2HF SnF2 + H2O
Properties:
1. it is a white crystalline powder and has unpleasant astringent salty taste.
2. it is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol and organic solvent.
3. the stannous fluoride solution should be freshly prepared because the aqueous
solution of stannous fluoride deteriorates rapidly on standing due to oxidation of
stannous cation to stannic to form causing turbidity.

15. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Identification Tests: It gives reactions for fluoride and stannous.
Test for purity: it has to be tested for pH, loss on drying and water insoluble
substances.
pH: a freshly prepared 0.4% solution has pH between 2.8 and 3.5
Loss on drying: when it is dried at 1050c for 4 hours , the loss should not be
more than 0.5% of its weight.
Storage: It stored in tightly closed container.
Uses: It is used to prevent dental caries similar to sodium fluoride. A freshly
prepared 8%solution is used at 6 to 12 month intervals. It has an unpleasant taste
and may cause discolouration of teeth on over usage

16. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Cleaning Agents or Dentifrices:
 Dentifrices or cleaning agents are the inorganic substance which is used for
cleaning of teeth and adjacent gums .
 It can apply with finger or preferably with tooth brush.
 These agents are abrasive in nature.
 The cleaning action depends on abrasive property and rubbing force used.
 Dentifrices are applied as powder or pastes.
 These agents are responsible for physically removing plaque and debris.
 Dentifrices contain agents for cleaning tooth surface and providing polishing
effect on the cleaned tooth.
 Examples for dentifrices include calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate,
sodium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium mate manohydrogen
phosphate.
 Pumice is too abrasive for daily use in dentifrice .

17. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
CALCIUM CARBONATE (I.P. B.P, U.S.P.)
Chemical formula: CaCO3
Molecular weight: 100.1 gm/mole
Category: Dentifrices or cleaning agent/ Antacid
Synonym: precipitated chalk.
It is having not less than 98.0% and not more than 100.5% of CaCO3, Which is calculated
with reference to the sample dried at 105 c .
Occurrence: it is available in different forms in nature such as limestone, calcite,
Dolomite, and in shell of sea animals.
Preparation:
1. it can be prepared by reacting a solution of sodium of sodium carbonate and calcium
chloride in presence of high temperature i.e. double decomposition reaction. The precipitate
obtained is filtered.
Na2Ca3 + CaCI2 caCO3 +NaCI
2. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water (aqueous calcium hydroxide),milky
white precipitate of calcium carbonate is obtained.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O

18. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Properties:
1.It occurs as fine ,white microcrystalline powder.
2.It is odourless and tasteless.
3.It is soluble almost in water and alcohol. The water solubility can be increased in the
presence of carbon dioxide and ammonium salts.
Identification: It gives the reaction of calcium and carbonate.
Tests for purity: It has to be tested for AI, Fe , phosphate , heavy metal chloride, sulphate
, barium soluble alkali, and loss on drying and insoluble matter in HCI.
Assay: It can be assayed by the complexometric titration method.
Accurately weighed (1.0 g) sample is moisten with sufficient quantity of water and
sufficient. HCI is added to get a solution. The volume is made up to 250 ml with water . To
50 ml of this solution, add 100 ml of water and 15 ml of 1 N NaOH solution .After addition
of 40 mg murexide indicator and 3.0 ml of naphthol green, titrate with 0.05 M disodium
EDTA until deep blue colour appears.
Factor: Each ml 0.05 M disodium EDTA is equivalent to 0.005005 g of CaCO3

19. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride

20. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Storage: It is stored in tightly closed container.
Uses: 1. It is internally used as an antacid and it finds use externally as a dentifrice
because it is having mild abrasive quality.
Desensitizing Agents
• Usually teeth are somewhat sensitive to heat and cold.
• Especially during teeth During teeth decay or toothache .
• The perception of heat and cold has been felt strongly.
• Desensitizing agents are used in dental preparation so as to reduce sensitivity of
teeth to heat and cold .
• The exact mechanism is not known.
• They act probably like local anesthetic.
• Examples: Zinc chloride , strontium chloride.

21. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
ZINC CHLORIDE (U.S.P.)
Chemical Formula: ZnCI2
Molecular Weight: 136.29 gm/mole
Category: Desensitizing agent
It contains not less than 95 per cent and not more than 100.5 per cent of ZnCl2
Preparation:
1. It prepared by heating metallic of granulated zinc with hydrochloric acid. When
Evolution of hydrogen ceases, the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
Zn + 2HCI ZnCI2 + H2
2.It can also be prepared by treating zinc carbonate or zinc oxide with appropriate
Amount of hydrochloric acid.
ZnCO3 + HCI ZnCI2 + H2O +CO2
Properties:
1. It occurs as white crystalline granules or powder.
2. It is odourless and deliquescent.
3. It is soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and glycerine.

22. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Identification Tests:
It gives reactions for zinc and chloride.
Tests for properties:
It has to be tested for ammonium salt, alkalis and alkaline earth, oxychloride, sulphate,
and heavy metals.
Storage: As is deliquescent and absence carbon dioxide . It should be stored in tightly
closed container.
Uses: It is used as desensitizer in dental preparation. Act as powerful astringent mild
antiseptic.

23. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Cements and Fillers
 Cements:
 Dental cements are used to temporarily cover or protect the area that has
undergone operation as in dental surgery.
 The cementing material is applied as a paste, which gets hardened in a short
while, forming a protective layer.
 After healing of operated tissue the hardened cement can be removed by the
dentist.
 The temporary cement is also medicated usually with eugenol which is
antiseptic and local anesthetic.
 Fillers:
 The consistency of the cement can be controlled by additives.
 A cement of suitable consistency finds use as temporary filers for cavities
 Most often noble metal and their alloys are used as permanent filling materials.

24. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
 Material prepared by combination of zinc oxide and eugenol containing in oil of clove.
 Used as filling or cement material in dentistry when decay is very deep and closed to
the nerve or pulp chamber.
 Sever chronic tooth sensitivity or actual toothache and can only be treated with the
removal of the nerve called root canal therapy.
 The placement of zinc eugenol cement temporary for a few to several days prior to
the placement of the final filling usually prevent the sensitivity or toothache.
 It is used I the management of dental caries as temporary filling.
 it is also used as an antimicrobial agent.
 Chemical composition of zinc eugenol cement:
 ZnO-69.0%
 White rosine-29.3%
 Zinc acetate-1%
 Zinc Stearate- 0.7%
 Liquide eugenol-85%

25. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
 70-85% of eugenol is used because it produced less burning sensation for patients when
it comes in contact with soft tissues.
 Rosin is added to the paste because it facilitates the speed of reaction and yield smooth
and more homogeneous product.
Classification of Zinc Eugenol Cement (ZOE).:
1. Type I ZOE : For temporary cementation
2. Type II ZOE : For permeant cementation
3. Type III ZOE : Temporary filling and thermal base
4. Type IV ZOE : cavity liners
ZOE cement available as powder and liquid or paste
USES of ZOE:
 Used for temporary and permanent cementation
 It is used for temporary filling
 Used as pulp capping agent and cavity liners
 Used for root canal restorations.

26. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
• ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT (Zinc eugenolate/ ZOE)
• Introduced in 1858, is used as a Protective,
sedative lining in deep carious cavities for
• Temporary Filling
• Temporary Cementing
• Pulp capping
• Root canal filling
• Surgical packing
• Available in powder & liquid form