6. PARANASAL SINUSES:-
Air-filled cavities located within specific
facial and skull bones are known as
paranasal sinuses. Humans have four
paired paranasal sinuses, frontal,paired paranasal sinuses, frontal,
maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid, all
extending from the respiratory area of
the nasal cavity and named after the
bones they are found in.
17. C/M.:-
FEVER, RED COLOURED PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE
SORE THROAT, MALAISE, DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
COUGH
D/E.:-
H.C. & P.E.
BLOOD STUDIES
CULTURE OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUCOSA
18. MANAGEMENT:-
• ANTIBIOTICS (PENICILLIN, CLARITHROMYCIN AND
AZITHROMYCIN)
• ANTIVIRAL (ACYCLOVIR)
• ANTIPYRETIC (PARACETAMOL)
q SOFT & LIQUID DIET
q HOT WATER GARGLINGq HOT WATER GARGLING
q MOUTH CARE
19. EPISTAXIS:- EPISTAXIS IS THE COMMON
OCCURRENCE OF BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. IT S
USUALLY NOTICED WHEN BLOOD DRAINS OUT
THROUGH THE NOSTRILS.
20. CAUSES:-
- TRAUMA
- BLOW ON NOSE
- IRRITATION
- FOREIGN BODIES
- HYPERTENSION- HYPERTENSION
- RHINITIS
- VIGRANT SNEEZING
- HIGH ALTITUDE
- EXTREME COLD OR HOT TEMPERATURE
21.
22. TYPES:- 1) ANTERIOR EPISTAXIS- ITS BLEEDING
OCCURE IN ANTERIOR PART. ITS COMMON TYPE.
KISSELBACH’S PLEXUS (LITTLE’S AREA).
30. DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
ITS COMMON PHYSICAL DISORDER OF THE NOSE
CHARACTERISED BY DISPLACEMENT OF NOSE.
THIS CONDITION DEVELOP WHEN THE THIN WALL
(NASAL SEPTUM) INSIDE THE NOSE IS DISPLACED TO ANY
ONE SIDE.
THIS DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM WILL MAKE ONE NASAL
PASSAGE SMALLER.PASSAGE SMALLER.
CAUSES:-
-IMPACT TRAUMA
- BLOW ON NOSE
-CONGENITAL
-TRAUMA OR INJURY
35. PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS (QUINSY) / PTA
ITS DEFINED AS A COLLECTION OF PUS OR
PURULENT EXUDATE BETWEEN THE TONSILAR
CAPSULE & THE SURROUNDING TISSUES.
ITS COMPLICATION OF TONSILLITIS.
CAUSES:-CAUSES:-
BACTERIAL INFECTION (STREPTOCOCCUS
MOSTLY)
VIRAL INFECTION
37. C/M.:-
→SORE THROAT
→SWELLING OF THE SOFT PALATE
→ENLARGEMENT OF NECK LYMPH GLANDS
→DYSPHAGIA
→FEVER
→NECK MUSCLE PAIN→NECK MUSCLE PAIN
→TRISMUS (INABILITY/DIFFICULTY IN OPENING
MOUTH)
→HOT POTATO / MUFFED VOICE
→(SOUNDS LIKE TALKING WITH HOT FOOD IN
THEIR MOUTH)
64. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS:-
- SMOKING CIGARETTES
- AIR POLLUTANTS
- ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
- FAMILY HISTORY
- SECONDARY TO FREQUENT UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTIONTRACT INFECTION
65. EMPHYSEMA:- ITS DISEASE IN WHICH DAMAGE
OCCURS TO AIR SACS(ALVEOLI). EMPHYSEMA
AFFECTS THE WALLS OF THE MILLIONS OF TINY
AIR SACS WHICH BECOME INFLAMMED & LOOSE
ELASTICITY.
66. • Centriacinar Emphysema: Involves primarily
the respiratory bronchiole (proximal and central part
of the acinus is expanded)
• The distal acinus or alveoli are unchanged.
• Occurs more commonly in the upper lobes.
• Most common type.
• Seen in cigarette smokers
67. • Panacinar Emphysema: Involves entire respiratory
acinus, from respiratory bronchiole to alveoli is
expanded.
• Occurs more commonly in the lower lobes,
especially basal segments, and anterior margins
of the lungs.
• It is the type seen in alpha 1 - antitrypsin
deficiency
68. • Distal acinar (Paraseptal emphysema):The distal
respiratory acinus, including alveolar duct and
alveoli, is expanded.
• Occurs primarily adjacent to the pleura and
connective tissue septa, especially in the upper
lobes.
69. • The walls of acinus are destroyed when there is an
imbalance between proteases and anti-proteases in
the lung.
• Protease is an enzyme like elastase, which can digest
connective tissue elements. Proteases are found
throughout the body, especially in neutrophils and
macrophages.
• To counterbalance the destructive effects of
proteases, nature provides inhibitors such as alpha-proteases, nature provides inhibitors such as alpha-
antitrypsin.
• Smoking increases the level of lung proteases while
impairing the action of anti-proteases. Patients with
panacinar emphysema may lack alpha-antitrypsin.
70. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
INCREASES THE LEVEL OF LUNG PROTEASES
IMPAIRING THE FUNCTION OF ALPHA-1 ANTI-
TRYPSIN
DESTRUCTION OF ELASTIC TISSUE OF ALVEOLARDESTRUCTION OF ELASTIC TISSUE OF ALVEOLAR
WALL
LOOSENING OF ELASTICITY NATURE OF ALVEOLI
83. A PLEURAL EFFUSION IS EXCESS FLUID THAT
ACCUMULATES IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY.
[PLEURAL CAVITY- THE FLUID-FILLED SPACE THAT
SURROUNDS THE LUNGS.]
TYPES :-
1. TRANSUDATIVE P.E.
WHEN FLUID LEAKS FROMBLOOD VESSELS INTO THEWHEN FLUID LEAKS FROMBLOOD VESSELS INTO THE
PLEURAL SPACE.
2. EXUDATIVE P.E.
CAUSED BY INFLAMMATION OF PLEURAL SPACE BY
LUNG DISEASE.
85. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
STIMULATION OF MAST CELLS IN THE LUNGS
RELEASE OF HISTAMINES
INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
INCREASED BLOOD FLOW
INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
FLUID SHIFT TO PLEURAL SPACE
TRANSUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSION
86. C/M:-
- CHEST PAIN
- COUGHING
- BREATHING DIFFICULTY
- SHORTNESS OF BREATH
- CHEST HEAVINESS
- FEVER
- ORTHOPNEA (PERSON MUST SIT OR STAND TO
BREATH COMFORTABLY)BREATH COMFORTABLY)
D/E :-
- H.C. & P.E.
- CHEST X-RAY
- CT SCAN
- THORACENTHESIS
87. MANAGEMENT:- AIMS OF TREATMENTS ARE
- REMOVE THE FLUID
- PREVENT FURTHER FLUID BUILD UP
- TREATING UNDERLYING CAUSES
THORACENTHESIS
ANTIBIOTICS
CATHETER INSERTION / DRAINAGE TUBE
