— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Effect of Concentration of Silver Nanoparticles on the Uptake of Silver from ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The bioavailability and uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated. Two species of insects, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two species of plants, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to a range of concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. Silver nanoparticles were charactrized by techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of silver in insects and plants exposed to silver nanoparticles was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggested an increase in the levels of silver in both insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. The translocation of silver to various parts of dicot plants such as stems and leaves was also observed. Such a result was not observed in the case of monocot plants. Results from this study suggests that silver nanoparticles would be available for uptake by insects and plants in terrestrial ecosystems.
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Soil solution changes affected by biosolids and aluminumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes the results of an incubation experiment investigating the effects of biosolids and water treatment residuals (WTRs) on soil solution chemistry when applied to Troy soils. Key findings include:
1) Soil solution pH and electrical conductivity increased significantly with higher WTR and biosolid application rates and longer incubation times, reflecting their liming effect and supply of elements.
2) Concentrations of nutrients and elements like calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus in the soil solution changed significantly over incubation time and with WTR/biosolid additions.
3) Trace elements like copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc also showed changes in soil solution concentration during incubation and with amendments.
The document summarizes a five-year field study on phytoremediation of mine tailings using Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments. The study assessed the effect of treatments including tilling, marble waste, pig slurry, and their combination on soil properties, metal bioavailability, and metal accumulation in A. halimus. After five years, A. halimus was the dominant species growing spontaneously in all plots. Application of marble waste increased soil pH and the bioavailability of some metals in soil. It also increased metal accumulation in leaves of A. halimus, indicating this species may uptake and translocate metals under saline conditions.
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Effect of Concentration of Silver Nanoparticles on the Uptake of Silver from ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The bioavailability and uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated. Two species of insects, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two species of plants, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to a range of concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. Silver nanoparticles were charactrized by techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The concentration of silver in insects and plants exposed to silver nanoparticles was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggested an increase in the levels of silver in both insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles in soil. The translocation of silver to various parts of dicot plants such as stems and leaves was also observed. Such a result was not observed in the case of monocot plants. Results from this study suggests that silver nanoparticles would be available for uptake by insects and plants in terrestrial ecosystems.
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Soil solution changes affected by biosolids and aluminumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes the results of an incubation experiment investigating the effects of biosolids and water treatment residuals (WTRs) on soil solution chemistry when applied to Troy soils. Key findings include:
1) Soil solution pH and electrical conductivity increased significantly with higher WTR and biosolid application rates and longer incubation times, reflecting their liming effect and supply of elements.
2) Concentrations of nutrients and elements like calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus in the soil solution changed significantly over incubation time and with WTR/biosolid additions.
3) Trace elements like copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc also showed changes in soil solution concentration during incubation and with amendments.
The document summarizes a five-year field study on phytoremediation of mine tailings using Atriplex halimus and organic/inorganic amendments. The study assessed the effect of treatments including tilling, marble waste, pig slurry, and their combination on soil properties, metal bioavailability, and metal accumulation in A. halimus. After five years, A. halimus was the dominant species growing spontaneously in all plots. Application of marble waste increased soil pH and the bioavailability of some metals in soil. It also increased metal accumulation in leaves of A. halimus, indicating this species may uptake and translocate metals under saline conditions.
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
Micro organisms living in zinc contaminated soil - a reviewIOSR Journals
This document reviews microorganisms living in zinc contaminated soil. It discusses how zinc contamination affects soil microbial communities and activities. Higher zinc concentrations can inhibit microbial growth and reduce enzyme activity. However, some microorganisms have adapted to survive in zinc polluted soils. The document also examines how certain microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Aspergillus can help remove heavy metals from contaminated soils and have potential applications in bioremediation.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Soil is a mixture of broken rocks and mineral which contain living organisms, in which microorganisms can transfer either by erosion or wind dispersal to other living things when come in close contact which can be as a source of contact to pathogenic microbes and can ponderous to health hazard of the community. This study investigates the microbial analysis and also to check the influence of soil with fallen rotten cocoa against soil without rotten cocoa on soil microbes in Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun state, Nigeria. Total bacterial and fungal counts were determined using pour plating method. Total bacterial count was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod 92 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without fallen rotten cocoa which is 86 ×105 cfu/ml and Total fungal count ranges was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod is 44 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without rotten cocoa pod which is 33 ×105 cfu/ml. The isolation and enumeration of microbial population was carried out using standard culture-based methods. Bacteria isolates such as Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogene., Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus sp, Erysipelothrix spp and the fungi isolate include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. All the microbes were present for the two samples except Micrococcus sp and Enterobacter aerogenes. The bacteria count were more alpine and higher in bacterial count than the fungal count. The presence of these microorganisms indicates a suitable soil for general plantation by the microbial degradative activities.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
1) Soil microbes play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles by driving processes like organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and methane/nitrous oxide emissions.
2) Changing environmental conditions due to climate change, like increased temperature and altered precipitation, can impact soil microbial communities and gene expression.
3) Horizontal gene transfer between soil microbes may be a natural adaptation strategy to environmental changes, allowing microbes to acquire new genes that help them survive. Studying this process of natural transformation could provide insights into molecular-level climate change adaptation.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Influence of long term Nitrogen and Potassium fertilization on the biochemist...researchagriculture
As the tea plantation in hilly tracts are located in slopes, the management of fertilizer regimes is somewhat challengeable due to leaching which in turn affect the quality of tea soil. In light of this fact the present study was focused to determine the quality of tea soil in terms of the evaluation of certain physical and biological characteristics as influenced by various dosage of fertilizer applications. The impact of long term nitrogen and potassium fertilization on biochemical characteristics and microbial activities in tea soil has been analyzed in the present study. Different sources and rates of nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea), and potassium (muriate of potash) were tested at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) and for two seasons (premonsoon and monsoon). The acidic tea soil was further acidified with nitrogen application and the extent of acidification varied with the fertilizer type and season. Soil respiration rates were higher in 0-10 cm soils and were positively related to soil nitrogen and potassium concentrations. Among the soil enzymes analyzed, urease activity exhibited different trends in the two soil depths at different seasons. Urease activity tended to increase with increasing potassium application rates, whereas higher cellulase activity was associated with lower nitrogen application rates. This study clearly indicates that the soil quality depends on the fertilizer application rates and season.
Article Citation:
Thenmozhi K, Manian S and Paulsamy S.
Influence of Long Term Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Biochemistry of Tea Soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 124-135.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0029.pdf
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
Micro organisms living in zinc contaminated soil - a reviewIOSR Journals
This document reviews microorganisms living in zinc contaminated soil. It discusses how zinc contamination affects soil microbial communities and activities. Higher zinc concentrations can inhibit microbial growth and reduce enzyme activity. However, some microorganisms have adapted to survive in zinc polluted soils. The document also examines how certain microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Aspergillus can help remove heavy metals from contaminated soils and have potential applications in bioremediation.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Impact of long term application of agrochemicals on the agro-ecology of the l...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the impact of long-term agrochemical use on soil and water quality in the lower Anambra River Basin in Nigeria. Samples were analyzed for heavy metal content and microbial load. Results found heavy metal levels in soil and runoff water exceeded standards for agriculture and domestic use. Microbial loads in soil samples were also reduced compared to standards. Long-term application of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides introduced heavy metals into the soil and water that harmed microbial life and contaminated the environment. Countermeasures like adding organic manure were recommended to remediate soils and improve quality.
Soil is a mixture of broken rocks and mineral which contain living organisms, in which microorganisms can transfer either by erosion or wind dispersal to other living things when come in close contact which can be as a source of contact to pathogenic microbes and can ponderous to health hazard of the community. This study investigates the microbial analysis and also to check the influence of soil with fallen rotten cocoa against soil without rotten cocoa on soil microbes in Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun state, Nigeria. Total bacterial and fungal counts were determined using pour plating method. Total bacterial count was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod 92 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without fallen rotten cocoa which is 86 ×105 cfu/ml and Total fungal count ranges was higher from soil with fallen rotten cocoa pod is 44 ×105 cfu/ml to soil without rotten cocoa pod which is 33 ×105 cfu/ml. The isolation and enumeration of microbial population was carried out using standard culture-based methods. Bacteria isolates such as Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Enterobacter aerogene., Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus sp, Erysipelothrix spp and the fungi isolate include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. All the microbes were present for the two samples except Micrococcus sp and Enterobacter aerogenes. The bacteria count were more alpine and higher in bacterial count than the fungal count. The presence of these microorganisms indicates a suitable soil for general plantation by the microbial degradative activities.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
1) Soil microbes play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles by driving processes like organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and methane/nitrous oxide emissions.
2) Changing environmental conditions due to climate change, like increased temperature and altered precipitation, can impact soil microbial communities and gene expression.
3) Horizontal gene transfer between soil microbes may be a natural adaptation strategy to environmental changes, allowing microbes to acquire new genes that help them survive. Studying this process of natural transformation could provide insights into molecular-level climate change adaptation.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Influence of long term Nitrogen and Potassium fertilization on the biochemist...researchagriculture
As the tea plantation in hilly tracts are located in slopes, the management of fertilizer regimes is somewhat challengeable due to leaching which in turn affect the quality of tea soil. In light of this fact the present study was focused to determine the quality of tea soil in terms of the evaluation of certain physical and biological characteristics as influenced by various dosage of fertilizer applications. The impact of long term nitrogen and potassium fertilization on biochemical characteristics and microbial activities in tea soil has been analyzed in the present study. Different sources and rates of nitrogen (ammonium sulphate and urea), and potassium (muriate of potash) were tested at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) and for two seasons (premonsoon and monsoon). The acidic tea soil was further acidified with nitrogen application and the extent of acidification varied with the fertilizer type and season. Soil respiration rates were higher in 0-10 cm soils and were positively related to soil nitrogen and potassium concentrations. Among the soil enzymes analyzed, urease activity exhibited different trends in the two soil depths at different seasons. Urease activity tended to increase with increasing potassium application rates, whereas higher cellulase activity was associated with lower nitrogen application rates. This study clearly indicates that the soil quality depends on the fertilizer application rates and season.
Article Citation:
Thenmozhi K, Manian S and Paulsamy S.
Influence of Long Term Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Biochemistry of Tea Soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 124-135.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0029.pdf
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Geotechnical evaluation of some soils from part of southwestern nigeria, usab...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using soils from southwestern Nigeria as liners in waste disposal landfills. Five soil samples were collected and tested to evaluate their geotechnical properties according to British standards. The results showed that the soils have low to medium plasticity, with clay content ranging from 42-82%. Maximum dry densities ranged from 1.46-1.96 g/cm3 under standard Proctor compaction and 1.57-2.09 g/cm3 under modified Proctor compaction. Permeability values were all below 2.99 x 10-9 m/s, meeting regulatory standards. Therefore, the soils were found to be suitable for use as landfill liners based on their geotechnical properties
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document assessed the effect of pH on soils used for agriculture in Kaduna, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 21 irrigated farmlands and one control site. Most samples had acidic pH levels, with the lowest at Nasarawa and Kawo (pH 5.8). Kurmin Mashi had the highest pH of 8.5. Statistical analysis found significant pH differences between sites. Sites with lowest pH included Kawo, Nasarawa, and the control, while the highest were Unguwan Dosa and Kurmin Mashi. The variation in soil pH was attributed to excessive fertilizer and chemical use as well as human activities like waste water irrigation.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the tolerance potential of different Aspergillus species to heavy metals. Soil samples were collected from agricultural areas irrigated with contaminated water near Kasur, Pakistan. Fungi were isolated from the soil and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The tolerance of these fungi was tested by measuring growth in the presence of varying concentrations of chromium and lead. Results showed variation in tolerance levels between fungal isolates, with some being tolerant, moderately tolerant, or sensitive. The soil was also analyzed to determine heavy metal contamination levels.
Variations in phosphatase activity of crude oil and used crankase oil pollute...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of crude oil and used engine oil pollution on phosphatase enzyme activity in agricultural soil. The researchers divided an area of farmland into plots that were polluted with different concentrations of the two oil types. Soil samples were taken from each plot weekly for 8 weeks and tested for alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that phosphatase activity generally decreased in the topsoil layers and was lowest in plots with the highest oil concentrations. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest after 7-8 weeks in plots with 6 liters of each oil type, while acid phosphatase was lowest after 5 weeks in the most polluted plots. This suggests that oil pollution impaired the soil
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of dif...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Fate of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on soils after the application of different treated sewage sludge in soils of the Pampas region. In: Sewage Treatment: Uses, Processes and Impact. Editors: Anna Stephens and Mark Fuller, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-60692-959-9. 95-123. 394p.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of nutrients on rice plants grown in sodic soils. The study was conducted over two years on a farmer's field in India. Soil tests found the soil to be low in organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese, and medium in potassium. Rice yields and plant nutrient concentrations increased with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese fertilizers. The highest yield increases came from nitrogen application, followed by phosphorus and potassium. Cumulatively, the added nutrients increased yields by over 80% compared to the control plot with no added nutrients. The soil was found to be deficient in all the nutrients tested. Satisfactory
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
Assessment of Heavy Metals Content in Surface and Sub Surface Soil Samples in...IRJET Journal
The study assessed heavy metal content in surface and subsurface soil samples from waste dumpsites in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Samples were collected from 5 dumpsites at depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Analysis found higher concentrations of iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, and chromium in surface soils compared to subsurface soils. Mean metal levels generally exceeded Indian standards. This indicates percolation of heavy metals into subsurface soils poses risks of groundwater contamination. There is no proper solid waste management in the area.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation wi...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2009. Plant absorption of trace elements in sludge amended soils and correlation with soil chemical speciation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166: 1459–1465. ISSN: 0304-3894 doi: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2008.12.075.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terrestrial System
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
Page | 52
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver
Nanoparticles in a Terrestrial System
Sara A. Pappas1
, Uday Turaga2
, Naveen Kumar3
, Seshadri Ramkumar4
,
Ronald J. Kendall5*
1,2,3,5
The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and
Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
4
The Nonwovens and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of
Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
Corresponding Author: Dr Ronald J Kendall
Address: Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health 1234 Davis Drive, Lubbock,
TX 79409 USA
Telephone: 806 885 0238
Abstract— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing
concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag
from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species,
Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing
concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron
microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used
in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test
samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange
capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant
species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver
nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other
plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in
soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Keywords— Silver nanoparticles, Acheta domesticus, Tenebrio molitor, Helianthus annus, Sorghum vulgare, inductively
coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, Soil organic matter, Humus.
I. INTRODUCTION
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are among the most commonly used metal nanoparticles today with an estimated global
market projected to be worth USD 2.45 billion by 2022 (https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-silver-
nanoparticles-market) [1]. The range of applications of Ag NPs includes consumer products such as detergents, textiles,
home appliances, nutritional supplements, etc (www.nanotechproject.org) [2]. Such widespread use of Ag NPs may
inadvertently facilitate their entry into various ecosystems. Predominantly, Ag NPs often find their way in to terrestrial
ecosystems through the application of sewage sludge to land [3-5].
Metals in soil are found to be present in eight different fractions: 1) free metal cations; 2) inorganic complexes; 3) organo-
metal complexes; 4) organo-complex chelates; 5) in association with high molecular weight organic materials; 6) bound as
diverse colloids; 7) adsorbed to colloids and 8) within the soil particles [6]. Spurgeon and Hopkin 1996 [7] observed that
metals in the first four fractions remain in soil solution and subsequent uptake [7]. The fate and toxicity of metal
nanoparticles in soil is governed by the physicochemical properties of both the metals and soil. The size and shape of
nanoparticles, the aqueous solubility and acid-base character of nanoparticles, and the presence of any surface coatings on
nanoparticles are some of the factors that influence their fate in a terrestrial system [8]. On the other hand, the many different
properties of soil such as pH, texture of the soil, cation exchange capacity and the soil organic matter (SOM) govern the
mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of metals in a terrestrial system [9,10].
Decomposing plant material predominantly serves as a source of organic matter in soil [11]. SOM is composed of humic
substances (often referred to as humus) and non-humic substances. Humus is comprised of humic and fulvic acid (Foth 1978,
cited in [12]). SOM plays a key role in determining the mobility, fate and toxicity of metals in terrestrial systems [11,12].
Complexation and adsorption are the phenomenon involved in the retention of metals by SOM [13]. Additionally, SOM
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
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influences many difference functional properties of soil that include: 1) water holding capacity; 2) aggregate stability; 3)
compaction characteristics and friability; 4) soil erodibility; 5) nutrient cycling; 6) buffering capacity to acidification and 7)
cation exchange capacity[14] . SOM and clay content of soil play a major role in decreasing the availability and subsequent
uptake of metals because of the negative charges and these negative charges are observed to be temporary in the case of
SOM (Wild 1993 cited in [7]). The negatively charged functional groups in SOM include phenols, carboxyl(-ate), and amino
groups. It was also observed that the negative functional groups increase in number during the process of humification of
organic matter (Foth 1978, cited in [12]). However, SOM is also known to chelate metals [15], a phenomenon that may
enhance their availability and uptake in soil.
This study attempted to measure the effects of Humus on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by insect and plant species in
a terrestrial system. The chelating ability of SOM may increase the bioavailability to plants; conversely, the increased S
content and CEC could decrease the overall bioavailability.
The interaction between nanoparticles and SOM was thoroughly reviewed by Grillo et al. 2015 [16]. The present study
investigated the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in a terrestrial system using two insect and two plant species. The insect species
used in the study include Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor. The plant species employed in the study include
Helianthus annuus (a dicot plant) and Sorghum vulgare (a monocot plant). All insect and plant species employed in the study
are native to the region where the soil was collected. Insects serve a crucial role in the food chain of insectivorous birds,
especially during the breeding season [17,18]. Similarly, plants serve as an important food source for grainivorous birds [19].
Results from this study would enable the understanding of the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by the insect and plant
species under consideration and their subsequent role in bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of Ag NPs.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Soil collection and preparation
All soil used during the insect and a plant exposure experiment was collected from the Colorado City, Texas at the following
coordinates: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 14 S 0319752 mE 3557792 mN. The soil was collected from the top 10
cm in to clean plastic containers and and transported back to The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) at
Texas Tech University (TTU) in Lubbock, TX. The soil was then processed for homogeneity. Large rocks, roots, living
organisms and other organic matter was removed, and large clumps of soil was crushed. This was followed by sifting the soil
through a 2 mm wire screen into another clean plastic storage container. All processed soil was covered and stored indoors
until further analysis.
2.2 Analysis of soil properties
The analysis of soil properties was performed at the Midwest Laboratories Inc. (Omaha, NE). The soil was characterized by
evaluating the soil texture, percent humic matter, percent organic matter, exchangeable cations (K+
, Mg2+
, Ca2+
), available
phosphorus (P), soil pH, percent base saturation of cations (K+
, Mg2+
, Ca2+
, H+
), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and S
content. The effect of increasing concentrations of humic acid on some important properties of soil was also investigated.
2.3 Characterization of Ag NPs
Ag NPs (30-50 nm) containing > 99.99% Ag were purchased from the US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. (Houston, TX).
Additionally, the Ag NPs were characterized by studying their size, shape and composition.
The size and shape of Ag NPs was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used. Sample preparation
included dispersing the Ag NP powder in ethanol (EtOH). The mixture was sonicated for 10 minutes before being drop cast
onto a carbon coated copper grid. Samples were air dried and analyzed on a Hitachi H-8100 TEM operated at 200 kV using a
tungsten filament side-mounted camera.
The size of Ag NPs was also confirmed using the technique of Dynamic light scattering (DLS). 10 ml of reagent grade
acetone (Fisher Chemical) was added to 10 mg of Ag NP powder and the mixture was sonicated until Ag NPs remained
suspended in solution. Samples were analyzed using a Nanotrac NPA252 Combination (Microtrac Inc. Montgomery, PA)
and Mictrotrac Flex Software (Version: 10.3.14).
The composition of Ag NPs was confirmed using the technique of Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD). A Rigaku Ultima III X-
Ray Diffractometer was used and samples were analyzed using a Cu Kα radiation as x-ray source. Parallel-beam geometry
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
Page | 54
with a step width of 0.03° and a count time of one second was used. The divergence, scattering, and receiving slits were set at
one. The diffraction patterns were compared and matched to the phases in the International Center for Diffraction Data
(ICDD) powder diffraction file (PDF) database.
2.4 Exposure of insects to increasing concentrations of Humus in soil
37.8 L terrariums were used to conduct the exposure studies of T. molitor and A. domesticus to increasing concentrations of
Humus in soil. The treatment groups include concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of Hapi-Gro Peat Humus (by
weight) in 2.5 kg of soil. The soil was then spiked with 62.5 mg of Ag NPs to obtain a final concentration of 25 ppm Ag NPs
in soil. Either 300 crickets or 400 large mealworms were added to each treated soil groups to conduct the exposure studies.
The exposure study was carried out over a period of 28 days and all insects were provided with fresh food and water for the
entire duration of study. After 28 days, insects were removed from individual terratiums in to glass jars. The jars were placed
in a -80°C freezer to ensure all insects are deceased. The insects were then freeze dried (FreeZone 2.5 Liter Freeze Dry
System, Labconco, and Corp. Kansas City, MO) for at least 48 hours to ensure the removal of all moisture. Freeze dried
insects were then crushed into a fine powder and stored in a freezer until further analysis.
2.5 Exposure of plants to increasing concentrations of Humus in soil
The plant exposure studies were performed in commercially available plastic nursery containers filled with approximately
two inches of pond pebbles to aid in adequate drainage. The preparation of soil with increasing concentrations of Humus and
the subsequent spiking of soil was performed in a similar fashion to that of the insect exposure studies. Seeds for two plant
species, H. annuus and S. vulgare were planted into the prepared nursery containers and were transported to the TTU
greenhouse. The plants remained in the greenhouse until they reached maturity, approximately three months for H. annuus
and six months for S. vulgare. While in the greenhouse, plants received shaded sunlight and were maintained at 60°F or
above. Once plants reached maturity, the entire plant was harvested. The roots were separated from the remainder of the plant
and rinsed using tap water for a full minute to remove all attached soil. The shoot system of the plant was separated into
leaves, stems, and seeds. The plant samples were stored in a freezer until further analysis.
2.6 Sample Digestions
A modified version of EPA Method 3050B was used to perform all sample digestions. No hydrochloric acid was used during
the process of sample digestions in order to prevent the formation of silver chloride.
2.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) Analysis
All samples were analyzed using a Teledyne Instruments (Hudson, New Hampshire) Prodigy High Dispersion ICP-OES. The
samples were analyzed for silver at three different wavelengths: 224.643, 328.068, and 338.289 nm. Ultimately, the data
from 338.289 was chosen for statistical analysis.
2.8 Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses was performed using MINITAB 17 software [20]. All samples were analyzed in relicates (n=2). A
two-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data for effect of insect species and percent humus content on the uptake of
AgNPs. A multi- way ANOVA was performed to examine the effect of plant type, percent humus, and plant tissues on the
uptake of Ag NPs. The post analysis comparison was performed with Tukey test. Any statistical significance was established
at an alpha level of 5% (p=0.05).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Soil Characterization
The control soil was found to be sandy loam in nature, with 54% sand, 36% silt, and 10% clay. Additional analyses revealed
that the soil contains 0.01% humic matter, 1.7% organic matters, and 9 ppm S. The pH of the control soil was slightly basic
(8.1 pH units) and the CEC of the soil was calculated to be 18.0 meq/100g.
The effect of increasing concentrations of humus in soil on the various properties of soil is summarized in TABLE 1. As is
evident from TABLE 1, increasing concentrations of humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the humic matter (%), sulfur
content (ppm), CEC (meq/100g), and the organic matter (%) of soil.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
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TABLE 1
EFFECT OF INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMUS ON PROPERTIES OF SOIL.
Treatment
Group
Humic Matter
(%)
Sulfur Content
(ppm)
CEC
(meq/100 g)
Organic Matter
(%)
0% Humic Content 0.01 9 19.8 1.7
1% Humic Content 0.01 17 18.2 1.6
5% Humic Content 0.03 36 19.0 1.9
10% Humic Content 0.07 82 21.4 2.5
15% Humic Content 0.07 101 20.7 2.6
20% Humic Content 0.11 127 23.1 2.9
3.2 Transmission electron microscopy analysis
The 30-50 nm uncoated silver nanoparticles were found to be heavily aggregated after being dispersed in EtOH. However,
the TEM was able to confirm the spherical shape of the nanoparticles (Figure 1). The average particle size of Ag NPs was
found to be 30-50 nm, with outliers on either side of the range.
3.3 Dynamic light scattering analysis
The size of Ag NPs used in the study is confirmed by DLS. It was observed that approximately 95% of the 30-50 nm Ag NPs
had a size between 30.70 to 52.90 nm (Figure 2). The average size of Ag NPs used in the present study was found to be 41.80
nm.
3.4 Powder X-Ray Diffraction analysis
The composition of Ag NPs used in the present study is confirmed using the technique of Powder X-ray diffraction (Figure
3). The diffraction patterns of Ag NPs obtained matched both those in the ICDD and those provided by the manufacturer.
FIGURE 1: REPRESENTATIVE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGE OF 30-50 nm Ag NPs USED IN
THE STUDY.
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FIGURE 2: REPRESENTATIVE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF 30-50 nm Ag NPs USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY
OBTAINED USING DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING.
FIGURE 3: REPRESENTATIVE DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF 30-50 nm Ag NPs USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY AS
DETERMINED BY POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION.
3.5 Effect of increasing concentrations of humus on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by insect and plant
species
Figure 4 summarizes the effect of increasing concentrations of humus in soil on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by A.
domesticus and T. molitor.
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% humus 201510510
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Conc.ofAginInsects(ug/g) A. domesticus
T. molitor
Insect type
Influence of humus on uptake of Ag from AgNPs in soil
Error Bars are 1SE from the Mean
FIGURE 4: INFLUENCE OF INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMUS ON THE UPTAKE OF Ag FROM Ag
NPs iN SOIL BY INSECT SPECIES (n=2).
The control samples from the insect species were found to contain no detectable concentration of silver. No apparent trend
was observed to decipher the effect of increasing concentrations of humus in soil on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by
the insect species. However, a decrease in the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil was observed in the case of A. domesticus,
especially at high concentrations of humus in soil. The uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by A. domesticus was observed to
be significantly lower when the soil had 20% humus compared to the remaining soil treatment groups. However, the overall
uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil was found to be higher in the case of T. molitor when compared to A. domesticus.
Figures 5 and 6 summarize the effect of increasing concentrations of humus in soil on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil
by H. annuus and S. vulgare, respectively.
% humus
201510510201510510201510510201510510
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conc.ofAginplanttissues(ug/g)
leaves
roots
seeds
stems
tissue
plant
Error Bars are 1SE from the Mean
Influence of humus on uptake of Ag from AgNPs in soil
FIGURE 5: INFLUENCE OF INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMUS ON THE UPTAKE OF Ag FROM Ag NPs
IN SOIL BY H. annuus (n=2).
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
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% humus 201510510201510510201510510201510510
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conc.ofAginplanttissues(ug/g)
leaves
roots
seeds
stems
tissue
plant
Influence of humus on uptake of Ag from AgNPs in soil
Error bars are 1SE from the Mean
FIGURE 6: INFLUENCE OF INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMUS ON THE UPTAKE OF Ag FROM Ag
NPs IN SOIL BY S. vulgare (n=2).
The blank samples from both the plant species used in the study were found to have no detectable levels of silver. In the case
of both the plants, the concentrations of Ag in the roots at all treatment levels was found to be significantly higher than the
concentrations of Ag in the remaining plant tissues (p<0.05). The translocation of Ag from the roots to other plant tissues like
leaves was observed in the case of H. annuus. Nevertheless, a general decrease in the levels of Ag in roots of both plants was
observed as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil.
Unintentional contamination of glassware during the process of sample digestions has compromised the use of all three
replicates for statistical analyses. Hence, only two replicates per sample were used in the present study. This explains the lack
of any definitive trend in the concentration of Ag in insects and plants as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in
soil. Regardless, a general decrease in the concentrations of Ag in both the plants and A. domesticus was observed as a
function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. The decrease in the uptake of Ag in the presence of increasing
concentrations of Humus in soil could be explained using TABLE 1. As is evident from TABLE 1, increasing the
concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the CEC and Sulfur content of soil. CEC of soil is defined as
the quantity of positively charged ions that could be help by the soil [21].It provides electrostatic binding sites for cations like
silver (Ag+) thus inhibiting their availability for uptake in a terrestrial ecosystem [22]. Hence, an increase in the CEC of soil
due to increasing concentrations of Humus (TABLE 1) in soil does result in a decrease in the availability of Ag for uptake by
plants and insect species in a terrestrial system.
Additionally, it is also evident from TABLE 1 that increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in
Sulfur content of soil. The increase in Sulfur content could be of significance especially in the case of Ag NPs. Silver has a
very high affinity for S and will form Ag2S which is highly insoluble (Ksp= 8.0 x 10-51
) . To be available to uptake by plants
and insect species in a terrestrial system, Ag ions ought to be in soil solution. However, Ag2S being highly soluble in water
renders Ag unavailable for uptake [23-29]. Finally, the presence of negatively charged functional groups in SOM (Foth
1978, cited in [12]) may also decrease the availability of Ag ions in a terrestrial system
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The effect of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter (Humus) on the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by two
insect and plant species was investigated. Ag NPs were thoroughly characterized using the techniques of transmission
electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. In general, it was observed that the
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-4, April- 2017]
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presence of Humus decreases the uptake of Ag from Ag NPs in soil by insect and plant species. Hence, it can be inferred that
the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil decreases the bioavailability of Ag from Ag NPs in a terrestrial
system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Sematech, TX for their financial contribution to this project. We also would like to thank Dr.
Melanie A Barnes, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Ms. Roya Baghi, Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, and Michael T Abel, Trace Analysis, Inc., Lubbock, Texas, for all their valuable
expertise, time and help with this project. Finally, we would like to extend our appreciation to the prospective Editors and
Reviewers.
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