Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine
semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases
of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several
different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards
critical future work.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
Survey on Semantic Web Services and its Composition AlgorithmEditor IJMTER
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a collection of services. The
correspondence of these services takes place with one another. In SOA, Web Services are the
most important & promising part. Web services, adopted by Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA), are loosely coupled reusable software components that semantically encapsulate
discrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over the internet.
Web Service Composition plays an important role in SOA. Web Service Composition may be
dynamic or static. A composition process requires an algorithm to perform composition task.
Now-a-days various approaches for composition algorithm are used as required by research
task. In this study, we have done a survey on various web service composition algorithms.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) based techniques for selecting web services for service composition. It begins by providing background on service-oriented computing and defining service composition. The document then reviews three approaches to web service selection: functional, non-functional, and user-based. It focuses on non-functional (QoS-based) service selection, describing the specifications of QoS-based service selection techniques, including QoS modeling, categorization, user preferences, evaluation criteria, and aggregating evaluation results. The document aims to evaluate various QoS-based service selection techniques and identify criteria for comparing them.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of existing approaches for web service composition. It begins with an introduction and background on key concepts related to web services and composition such as ontologies, semantic web architecture, semantic annotations, reasoners, matching, and quality of service. It then discusses current methods for web service composition, distinguishing between manual/static composition done at design time versus automatic/dynamic composition done at runtime. The document categorizes and compares different composition approaches and aims to help focus future research efforts.
Project - UG - BTech IT - Cluster based Approach for Service Discovery using ...Yogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
This is my UG Final Year Project - BTech Information Technology.
This document provides an overview of current challenges in automatic planning for web service composition. It defines key concepts like web services, web service composition, and discusses the need for automated composition. The document also presents formal models and definitions for the web service composition problem and classifications. It explores automatic planning techniques used in papers surveyed, including OWL-S based composition and planning as a state transition system. The document concludes with a discussion of approaches to validate automated web service composition.
This document discusses web service composition, which involves combining existing web services to create new processes. It covers both syntactic composition methods like orchestration and choreography, as well as semantic composition using ontologies. Specific composition languages and standards discussed include BPEL, WS-CDL, OWL-S, and WSMO. The goal of semantic composition is to automate service discovery, invocation, and interoperation by describing services in a machine-understandable way.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
Survey on Semantic Web Services and its Composition AlgorithmEditor IJMTER
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a collection of services. The
correspondence of these services takes place with one another. In SOA, Web Services are the
most important & promising part. Web services, adopted by Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA), are loosely coupled reusable software components that semantically encapsulate
discrete functionality and are distributed and programmatically accessible over the internet.
Web Service Composition plays an important role in SOA. Web Service Composition may be
dynamic or static. A composition process requires an algorithm to perform composition task.
Now-a-days various approaches for composition algorithm are used as required by research
task. In this study, we have done a survey on various web service composition algorithms.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) based techniques for selecting web services for service composition. It begins by providing background on service-oriented computing and defining service composition. The document then reviews three approaches to web service selection: functional, non-functional, and user-based. It focuses on non-functional (QoS-based) service selection, describing the specifications of QoS-based service selection techniques, including QoS modeling, categorization, user preferences, evaluation criteria, and aggregating evaluation results. The document aims to evaluate various QoS-based service selection techniques and identify criteria for comparing them.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of existing approaches for web service composition. It begins with an introduction and background on key concepts related to web services and composition such as ontologies, semantic web architecture, semantic annotations, reasoners, matching, and quality of service. It then discusses current methods for web service composition, distinguishing between manual/static composition done at design time versus automatic/dynamic composition done at runtime. The document categorizes and compares different composition approaches and aims to help focus future research efforts.
Project - UG - BTech IT - Cluster based Approach for Service Discovery using ...Yogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
This is my UG Final Year Project - BTech Information Technology.
This document provides an overview of current challenges in automatic planning for web service composition. It defines key concepts like web services, web service composition, and discusses the need for automated composition. The document also presents formal models and definitions for the web service composition problem and classifications. It explores automatic planning techniques used in papers surveyed, including OWL-S based composition and planning as a state transition system. The document concludes with a discussion of approaches to validate automated web service composition.
This document discusses web service composition, which involves combining existing web services to create new processes. It covers both syntactic composition methods like orchestration and choreography, as well as semantic composition using ontologies. Specific composition languages and standards discussed include BPEL, WS-CDL, OWL-S, and WSMO. The goal of semantic composition is to automate service discovery, invocation, and interoperation by describing services in a machine-understandable way.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
This document presents an approach for composing semantic web services using agents in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It proposes an ontology-based framework where JADE agents can link web services and agents to enable semantic web applications. The approach involves three phases - service registration, construction of a service graph by matching input/output parameters, and service discovery and composition. It describes using three sample agents (TrainNameService, TrainNumberService, CompositeTrainService) to demonstrate how the composition works. The composed web services are then shown to work properly when accessed over the MANET architecture. The approach aims to automate web service composition by semantically matching parameters.
Web service discovery methods and techniques a reviewijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
Concepts and Derivatives of Web ServicesIOSR Journals
This document discusses concepts and derivatives of web services. It begins by defining web services as self-describing and modular components that can be advertised, published, located and discovered through standards like SOAP, UDDI and WSDL. It then discusses the history of web services and important quality of service (QoS) requirements like performance, reliability, availability and security. The document outlines the typical lifecycle of a web service including publication, discovery and invocation. It compares web services to traditional web applications and discusses web services from the perspectives of both users and providers in considering QoS.
The document proposes integrating the IRS-II (Internet Reasoning Service) semantic web services framework with the WSPAB (Web Service Personal Address Book) approach. This would solve limitations of each approach. WSPAB allows classification and selection of services but lacks semantic capabilities. IRS-II allows semantic description and execution of services but lacks user-specific information. The integration would leverage IRS-II's semantic abilities with WSPAB's user profiles to provide personalized, semantically enriched service discovery and selection. The document outlines the components and functioning of each approach, and how their integration could provide users with semantic, personalized web services matching their needs.
Efficient retrieval of web services using prioritization and clusteringAlexander Decker
This document discusses efficient retrieval of web services using prioritization and clustering. It proposes determining dominance relationships among service advertisements that considers multiple parameter degree of match (PDM) criteria. It introduces methods for prioritizing and clustering web services based on similarity measures and efficient algorithms like Transaction Knowledge Data Discovery (TKDD). The implementation retrieves web service description files, captures input/output parameters, compares them using similarity measures like Cosine and Jaccard, computes dominance scores, and prioritizes and clusters the retrieved web services.
A review on framework and quality of service based web services discoveryMustafa Algaet
In consequence these services are nowadays accessible to the final clients. In the last few years, more
and more Web Services providing the same functionalities are available in the environment. In order to
select the best service adapted to client’s requests, we need some method capable to evaluate and
compare different services providing the same functionalities. In this context, Quality of service can be defined as the capability to respond to the requirements (constraints) of a client and to fulfill these
needs with the best criteria (preferences) established by the client. It is calculated based on the non-
functional properties of the service. This paper provides an overview of a research progress in Quality
of Service Based Web Services Discovery; it also highlights the issues that need to be investigated in
Quality of Service Based Web Services
QOS OF WEB SERVICE: SURVEY ON PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITYcsandit
In today’s scenario, most of the organizations provide the services through the web. This makes
the web service an important research area. In addition, early design and building web services,
it is necessary to concentrate on the quality of web services. Performance is an important
quality attributes that to be considered during the designing of web services. The expected
performance can be achieved by proper scheduling of resources and scalability of the system.
Scalability is a desirable attribute of a process computer system or network. Poor scalability
can result in lacking system performance. Hence, in this paper, we have reviewed the literature
available for the quality attributes of performance and scalability and identified the issues that
affect the quality attributes related to Web Services.
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
This document discusses stateful web services and techniques for managing state in stateless web services. It begins with definitions of key concepts like web services, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and ebXML. It then discusses the need for state management in situations that require establishing sessions between clients and services. Various techniques for managing state are described, including storing state in memory or in a database, with databases allowing state to be shared across servers but imposing more load. The document provides background on stateful web services and best practices for managing state in stateless environments.
The document describes a conceptual model for services in the PLASTIC project. It builds on previous work modeling mobile distributed computing platforms. The conceptual model represents components, services, and their relationships using a UML-like notation. It extends an existing SeCSE conceptual model by introducing new concepts like context, location, adaptation, and relationships between services and software components. The goal is to develop a common vocabulary that all project partners can use to facilitate communication and modeling tasks.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document describes SWORD, a toolkit for composing web services. SWORD represents each service as a rule specifying its inputs and outputs. When a user wants to create a composite service, SWORD uses a rule engine to determine if it can be realized by composing existing services. If so, SWORD generates a composition plan specifying the sequence of services to invoke. SWORD has been implemented in a prototype and can compose information-providing services like those providing data about people, movies, etc. without requiring emerging standards like WSDL or SOAP.
Real time database compression optimization using iterative length compressio...csandit
The document summarizes a research paper on optimizing real-time database compression using an Iterative Length Compression (ILC) algorithm. The proposed ILC algorithm aims to compress real-time databases more effectively to reduce storage requirements, costs, and increase backup speed compared to conventional compression methods. Experimental results on a 1GB sample database show the ILC approach achieves a compression ratio of 2.76 and 64% space savings, outperforming other compression algorithms in terms of compression ratio, space savings, and processing time for compression and decompression.
Citation semantic based approaches to identify article qualitycsandit
Analyzing the structure of research articles and the relationship between the articles has always
been important in bibliometrics research area. One of the methods for analyzing articles is by
its citation. Normally researchers rank the article based on the citation count. But this quantity
based evaluation is not sufficient due to various citation types like Random citation, Guest
citation. Our paper aims in providing a new method to rate a research paper based on its
citation quality. In order to find the citation quality, three different semantic related processes
are used: Citation classification, Citation Sentiment Analysis, Content Relevancy. This work
analyzes some challenges found in citing a research paper. We have proposed methods to figure
out the valid citations for research paper and thereby found quality of the research paper
Automatic short mail construction to enhance email storagecsandit
Short Texts play a significant role in reviews, blogs, social networking sites etc. The
replacement of featured text by short text can greatly reduce the text size, thereby allowing more
information to be communicated. Emails apparently do not have large number of short texts.
This paper proposes a novel idea for automatic construction of Short Text Dictionary (STD)
that maps the large texts into their short texts thereby curtailing the storage space efficiently. An
algorithm has been proposed to convert the featured word into a new Short Word.
Normalisation in Sentimental Analysis involves pre-processing of short texts. This constructed
dictionary with transliterated word processing can thus be used as a pre-processing tool.
Automatic identification of silence, unvoiced and voiced chunks in speechcsandit
The objective of this work is to automatically segment the speech signal into silence, voiced and
unvoiced regions which are very beneficial in increasing the accuracy and performance of
recognition systems. Proposed algorithm is based on three important characteristics of speech
signal namely Zero Crossing Rate, Short Time Energy and Fundamental Frequency. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using the data collected from four different
speakers and an overall accuracy of 96.61 % is achieved.
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
This document presents an approach for composing semantic web services using agents in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It proposes an ontology-based framework where JADE agents can link web services and agents to enable semantic web applications. The approach involves three phases - service registration, construction of a service graph by matching input/output parameters, and service discovery and composition. It describes using three sample agents (TrainNameService, TrainNumberService, CompositeTrainService) to demonstrate how the composition works. The composed web services are then shown to work properly when accessed over the MANET architecture. The approach aims to automate web service composition by semantically matching parameters.
Web service discovery methods and techniques a reviewijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
Concepts and Derivatives of Web ServicesIOSR Journals
This document discusses concepts and derivatives of web services. It begins by defining web services as self-describing and modular components that can be advertised, published, located and discovered through standards like SOAP, UDDI and WSDL. It then discusses the history of web services and important quality of service (QoS) requirements like performance, reliability, availability and security. The document outlines the typical lifecycle of a web service including publication, discovery and invocation. It compares web services to traditional web applications and discusses web services from the perspectives of both users and providers in considering QoS.
The document proposes integrating the IRS-II (Internet Reasoning Service) semantic web services framework with the WSPAB (Web Service Personal Address Book) approach. This would solve limitations of each approach. WSPAB allows classification and selection of services but lacks semantic capabilities. IRS-II allows semantic description and execution of services but lacks user-specific information. The integration would leverage IRS-II's semantic abilities with WSPAB's user profiles to provide personalized, semantically enriched service discovery and selection. The document outlines the components and functioning of each approach, and how their integration could provide users with semantic, personalized web services matching their needs.
Efficient retrieval of web services using prioritization and clusteringAlexander Decker
This document discusses efficient retrieval of web services using prioritization and clustering. It proposes determining dominance relationships among service advertisements that considers multiple parameter degree of match (PDM) criteria. It introduces methods for prioritizing and clustering web services based on similarity measures and efficient algorithms like Transaction Knowledge Data Discovery (TKDD). The implementation retrieves web service description files, captures input/output parameters, compares them using similarity measures like Cosine and Jaccard, computes dominance scores, and prioritizes and clusters the retrieved web services.
A review on framework and quality of service based web services discoveryMustafa Algaet
In consequence these services are nowadays accessible to the final clients. In the last few years, more
and more Web Services providing the same functionalities are available in the environment. In order to
select the best service adapted to client’s requests, we need some method capable to evaluate and
compare different services providing the same functionalities. In this context, Quality of service can be defined as the capability to respond to the requirements (constraints) of a client and to fulfill these
needs with the best criteria (preferences) established by the client. It is calculated based on the non-
functional properties of the service. This paper provides an overview of a research progress in Quality
of Service Based Web Services Discovery; it also highlights the issues that need to be investigated in
Quality of Service Based Web Services
QOS OF WEB SERVICE: SURVEY ON PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITYcsandit
In today’s scenario, most of the organizations provide the services through the web. This makes
the web service an important research area. In addition, early design and building web services,
it is necessary to concentrate on the quality of web services. Performance is an important
quality attributes that to be considered during the designing of web services. The expected
performance can be achieved by proper scheduling of resources and scalability of the system.
Scalability is a desirable attribute of a process computer system or network. Poor scalability
can result in lacking system performance. Hence, in this paper, we have reviewed the literature
available for the quality attributes of performance and scalability and identified the issues that
affect the quality attributes related to Web Services.
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
This document discusses stateful web services and techniques for managing state in stateless web services. It begins with definitions of key concepts like web services, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and ebXML. It then discusses the need for state management in situations that require establishing sessions between clients and services. Various techniques for managing state are described, including storing state in memory or in a database, with databases allowing state to be shared across servers but imposing more load. The document provides background on stateful web services and best practices for managing state in stateless environments.
The document describes a conceptual model for services in the PLASTIC project. It builds on previous work modeling mobile distributed computing platforms. The conceptual model represents components, services, and their relationships using a UML-like notation. It extends an existing SeCSE conceptual model by introducing new concepts like context, location, adaptation, and relationships between services and software components. The goal is to develop a common vocabulary that all project partners can use to facilitate communication and modeling tasks.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document describes SWORD, a toolkit for composing web services. SWORD represents each service as a rule specifying its inputs and outputs. When a user wants to create a composite service, SWORD uses a rule engine to determine if it can be realized by composing existing services. If so, SWORD generates a composition plan specifying the sequence of services to invoke. SWORD has been implemented in a prototype and can compose information-providing services like those providing data about people, movies, etc. without requiring emerging standards like WSDL or SOAP.
Real time database compression optimization using iterative length compressio...csandit
The document summarizes a research paper on optimizing real-time database compression using an Iterative Length Compression (ILC) algorithm. The proposed ILC algorithm aims to compress real-time databases more effectively to reduce storage requirements, costs, and increase backup speed compared to conventional compression methods. Experimental results on a 1GB sample database show the ILC approach achieves a compression ratio of 2.76 and 64% space savings, outperforming other compression algorithms in terms of compression ratio, space savings, and processing time for compression and decompression.
Citation semantic based approaches to identify article qualitycsandit
Analyzing the structure of research articles and the relationship between the articles has always
been important in bibliometrics research area. One of the methods for analyzing articles is by
its citation. Normally researchers rank the article based on the citation count. But this quantity
based evaluation is not sufficient due to various citation types like Random citation, Guest
citation. Our paper aims in providing a new method to rate a research paper based on its
citation quality. In order to find the citation quality, three different semantic related processes
are used: Citation classification, Citation Sentiment Analysis, Content Relevancy. This work
analyzes some challenges found in citing a research paper. We have proposed methods to figure
out the valid citations for research paper and thereby found quality of the research paper
Automatic short mail construction to enhance email storagecsandit
Short Texts play a significant role in reviews, blogs, social networking sites etc. The
replacement of featured text by short text can greatly reduce the text size, thereby allowing more
information to be communicated. Emails apparently do not have large number of short texts.
This paper proposes a novel idea for automatic construction of Short Text Dictionary (STD)
that maps the large texts into their short texts thereby curtailing the storage space efficiently. An
algorithm has been proposed to convert the featured word into a new Short Word.
Normalisation in Sentimental Analysis involves pre-processing of short texts. This constructed
dictionary with transliterated word processing can thus be used as a pre-processing tool.
Automatic identification of silence, unvoiced and voiced chunks in speechcsandit
The objective of this work is to automatically segment the speech signal into silence, voiced and
unvoiced regions which are very beneficial in increasing the accuracy and performance of
recognition systems. Proposed algorithm is based on three important characteristics of speech
signal namely Zero Crossing Rate, Short Time Energy and Fundamental Frequency. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using the data collected from four different
speakers and an overall accuracy of 96.61 % is achieved.
This study examines how the transcription factor FKH-8 and monoamine oxidase (MAO) genes regulate dopamine metabolism and signaling in C. elegans. The researcher aims to determine if FKH-8 regulates the MAO genes and tests the effects of MAO deletions alone and in fkh-8 mutants. C. elegans is a good model for these studies as its dopamine system is similar to humans and it has advantages like a short life cycle and transparency. Understanding how FKH-8 and MAOs control dopamine signaling could provide insights into neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
La financiación de exportaciones e importaciones es fundamental para el éxito comercial de las empresas. Estas financiaciones incluyen la prefinanciación de exportaciones, la financiación de exportaciones una vez fabricados los bienes, y mecanismos como el factoring y el forfaiting. Estas herramientas permiten a las empresas acceder a fondos para operar y vender sus productos de forma competitiva en los mercados internacionales.
Vodafone is the largest mobile telecommunications company in the world based on revenue. It has operations in 25 countries across 5 continents serving over 200 million customers worldwide. The document provides an overview of major telecom companies operating in India including state-owned companies (BSNL and MTNL), private Indian companies (Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices), and foreign invested companies (Bharti Tele-Ventures, Hutchison-Essar). It discusses the size and growth of the Indian telecom market as well as the services offered by these major players.
The document contains a quiz with multiple choice questions about events and interactions from Jesus' life and ministry as recounted in the Bible. The questions ask about:
1) A leper asking Jesus to heal him
2) A centurion asking Jesus to heal his servant
3) Peter's mother-in-law being sick with a fever when Jesus entered Peter's house
Web services have shown the potential to have a significant impact on the business, however, also shown
problems like automatic service discovery or service interoperability issue. Because of today’s wide
variety of services offered to perform a specific task, it is essential that users are guided in the eventual
selection of appropriate services. In this paper we present an extensive study of different selection
techniques towards advanced personalization of Web service selection. We propose the customization of
the user profile to support different steps of interaction with services and propose techniques to
personalize each subsequent step. Our main contribution is an algorithm featuring the expansion of
service requests by user-defined demands and wishes. Services not matching a user specification are
discarded on the fly and equally useful results of alternative services can be compared with respect to
user provided preferences. We also present a case study to evaluate our personalization techniques.
QOS OF WEB SERVICE: SURVEY ON PERFORMANCE AND SCALABILITYcscpconf
In today’s scenario, most of the organizations provide the services through the web. This makes the web service an important research area. In addition, early design and building web services, it is necessary to concentrate on the quality of web services. Performance is an important quality attributes that to be considered during the designing of web services. The expected
performance can be achieved by proper scheduling of resources and scalability of the system. Scalability is a desirable attribute of a process computer system or network. Poor scalability
can result in lacking system performance. Hence, in this paper, we have reviewed the literature available for the quality attributes of performance and scalability and identified the issues that
affect the quality attributes related to Web Services
Enhancement in Web Service ArchitectureIJERA Editor
Web services provide a standard means of interoperating between different software applications, running on a
variety of platforms and/or frameworks. Web services are increasingly used to integrate and build business
application on the internet. Failure of web services is not acceptable in many situations such as online banking,
so fault tolerance is a key challenge of web services. This paper elaborates the concept of web service
architecture and its enhancement. Traditional web service architecture lacks facilities to support fault tolerance.
To better cope with the fundamental issues of the traditional client-server based web service architecture, peer to
peer web service architecture have been introduced. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the architecture,
construction methods and steps of web services and possible weaknesses in scalability and fault tolerance in
traditional client server architecture and a solution for that, peer to peer web service technology has evolved.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
The document provides a comparative study of web service composition processes and methods. It summarizes the key phases of composition as planning, discovery, selection, and execution. For the planning phase, it describes various approaches including workflow-based, AI planning based on state space, logic, graph models, and satisfiability. AI planning methods are further broken down into state-space based planning using forward/backward search, logic-based planning using rules and constraints, graph-based planning using directed graphs, and planning as satisfiability using reasoning algorithms. The document aims to classify existing solutions for each composition phase to better understand their capabilities and limitations.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
Service composition is the process of constructing new services by combining several existing ones. It considered as one of the complex challenges in distributed and dynamic environment. The composition process includes, in general, the searching for existing services in a specific domain, and selecting the appropriate service, then coordinating composition flow and invoking services. Over the past years, the problem of web service composition has been studied intensively by researchers. Therefore, a significant amount of solutions and new methods to tackle this problem are presented. In this paper, our objective is to investigate algorithms and methodologies to provide a classification of existing methods in each composition phase. Moreover, we aim at conducting a comparative study to discover the main features and limitation in each phase in order to assist future research in this area.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
Service-Finder presentation at ESTC2008servicefinder
The document discusses the Service-Finder project, which aims to realize web service discovery at web scale. Service-Finder will create a semantic search engine for web services by aggregating information from various sources and automatically generating semantic service descriptions. It will provide an easy-to-use web portal for users to search for and browse web services. The project expects to overcome limitations of previous approaches like UDDI and revolutionize the market for discovering public web services.
Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approachesijtsrd
A Web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data between applications and systems. Web Service discovery, selection and composition are the important tasks of the any automated business processes. In a web service composition set of web services are collectively executed to achieve the objectives. This study reveals the existing approaches used for web service composition in both syntactic and semantic environments. We have reviewed more than 40 articles in this domain and concluded with merits and demerits of the methodologies applied for the implementation of the web service composition. Michael Raj TF, | Siva Prakasam. P"Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd115.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/115/semantic-web-a-study-on-web-service-composition-approaches/michael-raj-tf-
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of web service composition methods and techniques. It begins with an abstract that discusses the increasing need for web service composition as more services become available online. The document then reviews several key concepts related to web service composition, such as ontologies, semantic annotations, quality of service measures, and description languages. It categorizes composition approaches as either syntactic or semantic-based. Syntactic composition relies on syntax alone while semantic composition leverages semantic descriptions. The document discusses various composition methods including manual/static composition, automatic/dynamic composition, and semi-automatic/dynamic or static composition. It provides examples of techniques used for each method. Overall, the document aims to help researchers focus their efforts on developing lasting solutions for
WEB SERVICES DISCOVERY AND RECOMMENDATION BASED ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced. Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
Evaluation of a Framework for Integrated Web ServicesIRJET Journal
This document proposes and evaluates a framework for integrating web services. It begins by discussing how users appreciate simple, on-demand access to affordable software services without needing to install or update applications themselves. The document then presents an argument for a web-based architecture that allows users to access and purchase a wide range of software applications as needed. It evaluates this framework through user surveys and examples of simulation software services to demonstrate how the integrated framework can be implemented. The surveys found that the framework reduced costs, simplified processes, and improved the user experience by combining various online components and software services.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to
exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them.
There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
Cluster based approach for Service Discovery using Pattern RecognitionYogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
RECOMMENDATION FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION BY MINING USAGE LOGSIJDKP
Web service composition has been one of the most researched topics of the past decade. Novel methods of
web service composition are being proposed in the literature include Semantics-based composition, WSDLbased
composition. Although these methods provide promising results for composition, search and
discovery of web service based on QoS parameter of network and semantics or ontology associated with
WSDL, they do not address composition based on usage of web service. Web Service usage logs capture
time series data of web service invocation by business objects, which innately captures patterns or
workflows associated with business operations. Web service composition based on such patterns and
workflows can greatly streamline the business operations. In this research work, we try to explore and
implement methods of mining web service usage logs. Main objectives include Identifying usage
association of services. Linking one service invocation with other, Evaluation of the causal relationship
between associations of services.
A Novel Framework for Reliable and Fault Tolerant Web ServicesAbhishek Kumar
This document proposes a novel framework for providing reliable and fault tolerant web services. The framework uses replication and a replication manager to select a primary web service from among multiple replicas. When the primary web service fails or becomes unavailable, the replication manager switches to a new primary by updating the WSDL registration to ensure uninterrupted service for consumers. The replication manager continuously monitors the web services and can trigger recovery, reconfiguration or restart processes to maintain reliability. The proposed approach aims to achieve high performance and reliability for web services.
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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2. 152 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Web service discovery is an important aspect of the web service framework but the current
method for discovery is matching the service request parameters to the designer defined keywords
in service descriptions. This has serious limitations due to natural language descriptions, which
may or may not be available. In real UDDI registries, service publishers leaving the WSDL
service description elements blank is a common occurrence. Since keyword matching based
approach depends on service publishers to provide a well-written WSDL service description for
each Web service they publish, this is also its most serious flaw. Semantically enhancing Web
service descriptions with ontologies help overcome this drawback. Since ontologies and web
services are developed independently the service request and advertisement can be annotated with
multiple ontologies, thus facilitating better efficiency.
Implementing the business logic of certain client requests may involve the invocation of
operations offered by other web services. A service implemented by combining the functionality
provided by other web services is a composite service and the process of developing a composite
web service is referred to as Service Composition. Protocols and languages used to address
issues of service compositions must be supported by web services composition middleware. It is
impossible for a single service to perform the complex tasks required by user requests; hence
service composition is unavoidable and likely.
This paper provides an overview of the concepts and most recent technology developments in the
area of semantic web services and is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces Semantic Web
Services, and Section 3 focuses on the process of Service Discovery, Selection and Invocation.
Section 4 presents most recent developments in Service Composition of available semantic web
services based on business requirement. In section 5, we discuss Service Execution and
integration issues. Section 6 highlights the inherent challenges in this area, followed by
Conclusion and References.
2. SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES
The earlier web service technology stack provides only a syntax based operation thus limiting the
actual Web service usage to a certain extent. The emerging concept of Semantic Web Services
aims to provide a technology to allow for the inclusion of semantics as envisioned by the concept
of the Semantic Web. Using the AI concept of ontologies as the underlying data model and other
semantic description frameworks like rules and deductive reasoning, the process can be
automated for service discovery, selection, composition, and execution [2].
Semantic Web Services (SWS), like traditional web services, are the server components of
a client–server system that enable machine-to-machine interaction on the Web. They use markup,
which makes business data machine-readable in a complete and refined way. Semantic Web
services define a standard way for semantic data interchange, due to which data from different
sources and services can be combined or reused.
Semantics in a web service is necessary in order to handle the difficulties faced in seamless
integration because of the diverse terminology used in different related services. Hence semantics
plays an important role in the life cycle of a web service. Fig 1 depicts the role of semantics in the
various stages of the web service lifecycle.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 153
Figure 1. Semantics in the lifecycle of a Web service [3]
3. SWS DISCOVERY, SELECTION AND MATCHMAKING
The complexity of web services vary in function from simple applications such as weather
reports, currency convertors, credit checking, credit card payment, etc to complex business
applications like those of Online Book stores, insurance brokering system, online travel planners
etc. Currently, three methods of web service discovery have been identified - availability of web
services in centralized repositories such as UDDIs (Universal Description, Discovery and
Integration), in specialized Web portals over the internet (e.g. Xmethods [4], webservicex [5],
webservicelist [6] etc), and by customized searches using a search engine. Discovery of web
services is an important issue from user’s perspective, since it is the first step in service
consumption.
Various standards such as WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI have been developed to support discovery
of web services. UDDI is a centralized repository that constitutes metadata about web services
and advertises requirements to service providers. Each business registered with UDDI categorises
all of its web services according to a defined list of service types called taxonomies [7]. The
UDDI search is based on metadata of services like service name, providers name and t-Model
name. Hence UDDI bridges the gap between service providers and consumers, helps in discovery
and invoking of services through a public or private dynamic brokerage system [8]. It also
provides search facilities to users in order to invoke published services, based on keyword
matching. Therefore, these standards are purely syntactic in nature, resulting in an inefficient
search mechanism.
An alternative mechanism to discover web services is through web crawling. The discovery
mechanism of web service access points is no longer available through public service registries
(i.e. UDDI) [9] Currently, web services are more geared towards B2B integration and for
communication between trusted partners, for which a private/shared registry is more suited than a
4. 154 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
public registry. Also, problems like centralized node failures and bottleneck issues in registries
faced while using a centralized repository like the UDDI make searching of web services through
web crawling more attractive. Web search engines can be effectively and efficiently used as an
alternative to web service registries as proposed by Al-Masri et al [10]. Other approaches are
crawling of web services based on service descriptions and using ontologies in the discovery
process [11].
Service discovery can help identify a suitable service at a semantic level. For example, it can help
identify a room or flight availability service that satisfies most of the general parameters in the
users’ request. However, in order for the application on the requester’s side to invoke the chosen
service automatically, a mechanism that provides a detailed matching may be required to identify
the actual interfaces of the required services [12]. Web service invocation involves creating these
interface mappings from the request service to the chosen service. The vision of semantic web
services for service invocation is that tools built using semantics can help reduce the burden of
manually writing interface mappings as is the case with traditional web services.
4. SWS COMPOSITION
The basic web services infrastructure is adequate enough to implement simple interactions
between a client and a web service. However, in a real world scenario, the implementation of a
web service’s business logic involves the invocation of other web services, thus requiring a
combination of the functionalities of several web services. This is termed as a composite service
[13]. The process of developing a composite service in turn is called service composition. A
service composition has to define the order in which it invokes components. In most cases, the
invocation order may be sequential, but can also include further processing based on some
precondition as required by the business logic. In some cases, this order may also be random if
specific ordering is irrelevant to implement the business logic in question.
When composing web services, the business logic of the client is implemented by several
services. This is similar to workflow management, since the application logic there is also
realized by composing autonomous legacy applications. This allows us to define increasingly
complex applications as required by continuously evolving end-user requirements and business
logic [14]. As different composed services work together, the output data of one may be the input
for another. For example, retrieving the order details of a customer requires an order id. Once the
order is retrieved, it has to be passed on to the service component that handles the billing and
shipping.
Composition approaches can be categorized as manual, semi-automatic, and automatic. In manual
composition, if some user task requires a composition of Web services that must interoperate,
then the user must choose the relevant Web services, manually specify the composition, make
certain that any software for interoperation is custom-created, and provide the input at required
stages (for example, selecting a hotel from among several options). Manual Web service
composition from scratch can be difficult and time consuming. Therefore the emphasis is on new
functionalities that support dynamic and automated tasks such as discovery, selection and
composition.
With semantic markup of Web services, the information essential for selecting, composing, and
providing the services is provided at the sites where the service descriptions are made available.
With automated composition, the end user or application developer specifies a goal (a business
goal expressed in a description language or mathematical notation) and an “intelligent”
composition engine selects adequate services and offers the composition transparently to the user
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 155
[14]. The main challenges are in identifying and selecting candidate services, composing them as
required by the business logic, and analyzing the extent to which they match a request.
Composition strategies can be broadly classified into uninformed, heuristic, evolutionary and QoS
based approaches. We present a few –
4.1 Uninformed Approach
Uninformed approach is the most general and straight forward approach to WS composition.
Uninformed search algorithms do not make use of any information. There are many ways to
develop algorithms based on such approach. One such composition algorithm based on iterative
deepening depth-first search [15]. In this algorithm, for each service s in the set of all services S, a
requirement set is defined and tested against to determine the suitability for selection for
composition. This is continued till S becomes an empty set Ø, we have now found a valid
composition and can return it, else the search terminates. As this is based on the exhaustive search
strategy, this method is slow and memory consuming for bigger repositories since it does not
utilize any additional information about the search space. It is well suited for smaller repositories
when the composition problem requires an exhaustive search.
4.2 Heuristic approach
Use of additional information about the search space can increase the efficiency remarkably. In an
informed search, a heuristic c helps to decide which nodes are expanded next. If the heuristic is
good, such algorithms may dramatically outperform uninformed approach. A greedy algorithm
can be defined that internally sorts the list of currently known candidate compositions in
descending order according to a heuristic in form of a comparator function c. One such efficient
function combines the size of the set unsatisfied parameters, the composition length and the
number of satisfied parameters [16].
In order to select the best one if several choices are available, we compare the number of required
parameters. If a composition has no unsatisfied concepts, it is a valid solution. If both candidates,
S1 and S2 are valid, the solution involving fewer services wins. Only if both of them have the
same number of satisfied parameters, we again compare the required concepts. If their numbers
are also equal, preference is given to the one with the shorter composition. This approach is fast
but not accurate. Superior performance could be measured by utilizing problem specific
information encapsulated in a fine tuned heuristic function.
4.3 Evolutionary Approach
This approach defines meta-heuristic optimization algorithms that use biology-inspired
mechanisms like natural selection, mutation, survival of the fittest etc [17]. Once a proper genome
that correctly represents the service sequences is defined, standard creation, mutation, and
crossover operators can be applied for better performance. The two factors that need to be
considered here are the composition size and the number of unsatisfied parameters. It has been
found that the Evolutionary approach is slower but always finds the correct composition to all
requests.
4.4 QoS Based Approach
Considering Quality of Service parameters in SWS composition is a non-functional aspect of a
composition algorithm. The defined QoS parameter set represents a name/value pair of some
required QoS characteristics such as performance, cost, or reliability. Use of QoS parameters in
6. 156 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
composition enables QoS-aware SWS selection and composition, thus addressing the quality
based user requirements. However, it requires dynamic composition as all parameters needs to be
updated regularly, which is an additional overhead, but provides a better selection of services.
Since a composed service uses other services to form itself, its quality also depends on the quality
of the services it is composed from [18].
Several composition strategies use the QoS based approach. Approaches using Causal Link
Matrices use functional as well as non-functional properties to find the best composition [19]. The
CLMs contribute to the automated process of Web service composition by classifying Web
services according to a formal link called “causal link”, which is similar to a logical dependency
among input and output parameters of different Web services.
5. SWS INVOCATION AND INTEGRATION
Service execution comprises of all the activities that need to be carried out at runtime to invoke
one or several Web services in a coordinated manner. These activities include commencement,
control and verifications of service invocations. Since each service affects the outcome simply by
implementing its functionality, it is essential to the service user that the service provider warrants
that certain properties for execution are guaranteed [20]. Two of the most important properties are
guaranteed termination and dependability. This is imperative since sustaining a consistent state
before and after execution even in the presence of failures is essential. Those aspects are very
important since execution is in distributed environments where more than one software entity
might be involved, and in the execution of composite services.
The distributed approach for service execution di ers from the centralized approach, in the sense
that at runtime execution is not limited to being handled by just one execution agent but might
involve several distinct agents. This fundamental expansion results in several advantages but
brings in new characteristics that need to be tackled in order to retain reliable execution. Semantic
Web services offer the promise of automating the task of integration, which could potentially save
development time and reduce implementation costs. However, these claims are yet to be verified
in rigorous benchmarking exercises by applying the technology to real-world scenarios.
6. RESEARCH CHALLENGES
Semantic Web services pledge the automation of core Web service life cycle tasks. They are
predicted to aide in seamless interoperation between systems, so that manual effort is reduced.
Nevertheless, Semantic Web services have not yet been adopted by the industry. There may be
several reasons for this. One of the major challenges for the Semantic Web in general and for
Semantic Web Services in particular is the unavailability of semantically annotated content for
use. Currently, there is little Semantic Web content available. The task of annotating all web data
is currently quite daunting, due to which current efforts in moving towards semantically enriched
applications has been limited to a few domains where research is more active. Existing web
content like static HTML pages, XML documents, multimedia etc should be upgraded to
semantic Web content [21]. Since current Web services are mostly WSDL specifications, SWS
can be derived from them by having the ability to automatically convert WSDLs into their
semantic counterparts like SAWSDL or OWL-S.
Also the current web service scenario is predominantly WSDL based, and public UDDIs to
discover these published services are not available. The only way now is to crawl the Web for
WSDL specifications and metadata about services and use these to our ends. This introduces
other potentially huge challenges – reducing the result set sufficiently to identify the specific
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 157
domain, arriving at the ontology specific for that domain (which may or may not be available)
and also finding the other constituents of the requirement in case composition is needed [22].
7. CONCLUSIONS
With the explosion in information sharing through the World Wide Web, the proposed Semantic
Web concepts have captured the interest of many researchers. Web service composition is an
important technology in domain of Web service which needs automation in service discovery and
selection of a candidate set, composition of selected candidate services and execution of the
composed service. To turn the Web into the Semantic Web will require a move beyond the data-
centric approach of annotating information on Web pages to annotating exposed functionality in
Semantic Web services technologies.
REFERENCES
[1] Tim Berners Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web”, Scientific American Article
May 17, 2001
[2] McIlraith, S.A.; Son, T.C.; Honglei Zeng; , "Semantic Web services," Intelligent Systems, IEEE ,
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[3] Cardoso J., “Semantic Web Services: theory, tools and applications., 2007, IGI Global
[4] XMethods, http://www.xmethods.net, May 2013.
[5] Remote Methods: Home of Web Services. http://www.remotemethods.com, May 2013
[6] Web Service List, http://www.webservicelist.com, May 2013.
[7] Vitezslav Nezval and Francois Bartolo, “A Model for Easy Public Searching of Web Services”,
IceND 2011, pp. 209-222, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.
[8] Celik D, Elgi A, “A Semantic Search Agent Approach: finding appropriate semantic web services
based on user requested term(s)”, ITI 3rd International Conference on Information and
Communications Technology, 2005.
[9] Chen Wu and Elizabeth Chang, “Searching services “on the Web”: A public Web services
discovery approach”, Third International IEEE. Conference on Signal-Image Technologies and
Internet-Based System, 2008.
[10] Eyhab Al-Masri and Qusay H.Mahmoud, “Investigating Web Services on the World Wide Web”,
WWW 2008, April 21–25, 2008, Beijing, China. ACM
[11] E. Al-Masri, and Q. H. Mahmoud, “WSCE: A crawler engine for large-scale discovery of web
services,” ICWS pp. 1104-1111, 2007.
[12] Akkiraju, R., Goodwin, R., Doshi, P. and Roeder, S.: A method for semantically enhancing the
service discovery capabilities of UDDI. Proceedings of the IJCAI-03 Workshop on Information
Integration on the Web, pages 87-92, 2003.
[13] Alonso, G. and Casati, F. “Web services and service-oriented architectures", Proceedings of the 21st
International conference on Data Engineering, 2005. ICDE 2005.
[14] Rosenberg, F., Celikovic, P., Michlmayr, A., Leitner, P., Dustdar, S., “An End-to-End Approach for
QoS-Aware Service Composition.”, Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed
Object Computing Conference (EDOC'09), Auckland.
[15] Weise, T. et.al., Third International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services,
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[16] Bleul, Weise and Geihs., "The Web Service Challenge - A review on Semantic Web Service
Composition", EASST,2009, Volume 17, ISSN 1863-2122
[17] Fischer et.al., "An Evolutionary Algorithm for Automatic Composition of Information-gathering Web
Services in Mashups", 7th IEEE European Conference on Web Services, ECWS 2009
[18] Hai Yan et.al., "A novel semantic Web service composition algorithm based on QoS ontology".,
International Conference On Computer and Communication Technologies in Agriculture Engineering
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[20] António Luís Lopes, Luís Miguel Botelho "Executing Semantic Web Services with a Context-aware
Service Execution Agent", LNCS 4504: Service-oriented Computing: Agents, Semantics and
Engineering, , 2007, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
[21] J de Bruijn, D. Fensel, M. Kerrigan, U. Keller, H. Lausen, and J. Scicluna., “Modeling Semantic Web
Services”, Springer, 2011.
[22] Daniel Bachlechner and Kerstin Fink, “Semantic Web Service Research: Current Challenges and
Proximate Achievements” IJCSA, Vol. 5, Issue no. 3, pp. 117-140
Authors
Sowmya Kamath S is currently pursuing her doctoral degree under the guidance of Prof.
Ananathanarayana V.S in the area of Semantic Web Services at the Dept of Information
Technology, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal. Her research
interests include the Semantic Web, Distributed Computing and Web Technologies.
Prof. Ananathanarayana V.S. obtained his doctorate degree from the Indian Institute of
Sciences (IISc), Bangalore, India. He is also a Doctoral Fellow of the University of
Newfoundland, Canada in the area of Web Services. He is currently Head of the
Department of Dept of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India. His areas of interests include Databases;
Multidatabase based mining and Distributed Computing. He has authored/co-authored
more than 200 scholarly articles in international conferences and journals of repute.