Triangulation research is all about the integration of data, method, investigators, and settings. there is a description of various types of triangulation and their impact on the validity of the results. there is a slight introduction to meta-analysis and systematic review.
This document discusses the key aspects of qualitative research design. It explains that qualitative research relies on data from interviews, observations, and documents rather than testing hypotheses. The goal is to understand people's behaviors and meanings rather than measuring things. Some common qualitative designs mentioned are grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and content analysis. Sample sizes are small and purposeful rather than random. Data collection methods include interviews, observations, and documents. Analysis uses an inductive approach to identify themes. Researchers are the main instrument and context is important for understanding findings.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Observation, Visual data, and Using documents in Qualitative ResearchMonji Ghanem
Using documents in qualitative research provides rich data sources but also challenges. Documents include solicited or unsolicited written works that require considering authorship, purpose, and context of production. Selection considers authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaning. Analysis examines more than just text by investigating who produced the document, for what reason, and under what conditions. Limitations include inaccessible documents and interpreting codes or damaged text. Videos also provide nonverbal data but require addressing complexity, technology, transcription, and legal issues in analysis. Photographs capture details but risk losing context through framing and selection.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Explanatory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document discusses explanatory research and provides examples. Explanatory research aims to explain why events occur and test theories. It allows testing of specific theories and amendments to previous theories. One example tests a theory about reducing campus crime by limiting library access. Another analyzes the correlation between a region's migrant population share and support for anti-immigration initiatives in a Swiss referendum to see if attitudes towards migration relate to exposure to migrants. The research questions examine relationships between variables to help explain phenomena.
This document provides an overview of mixed-methods research. It defines mixed-methods research as involving both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study to provide a more complete understanding than either method alone. It discusses the history and examples of mixed-methods research in education. Key aspects covered include different research designs like exploratory, explanatory, and triangulation; sampling strategies; steps in conducting mixed-methods research; and evaluating and ensuring ethics in mixed-methods studies. The document aims to explain what mixed-methods research entails at a high-level.
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
Triangulation research is all about the integration of data, method, investigators, and settings. there is a description of various types of triangulation and their impact on the validity of the results. there is a slight introduction to meta-analysis and systematic review.
This document discusses the key aspects of qualitative research design. It explains that qualitative research relies on data from interviews, observations, and documents rather than testing hypotheses. The goal is to understand people's behaviors and meanings rather than measuring things. Some common qualitative designs mentioned are grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and content analysis. Sample sizes are small and purposeful rather than random. Data collection methods include interviews, observations, and documents. Analysis uses an inductive approach to identify themes. Researchers are the main instrument and context is important for understanding findings.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
Observation, Visual data, and Using documents in Qualitative ResearchMonji Ghanem
Using documents in qualitative research provides rich data sources but also challenges. Documents include solicited or unsolicited written works that require considering authorship, purpose, and context of production. Selection considers authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaning. Analysis examines more than just text by investigating who produced the document, for what reason, and under what conditions. Limitations include inaccessible documents and interpreting codes or damaged text. Videos also provide nonverbal data but require addressing complexity, technology, transcription, and legal issues in analysis. Photographs capture details but risk losing context through framing and selection.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Explanatory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
This document discusses explanatory research and provides examples. Explanatory research aims to explain why events occur and test theories. It allows testing of specific theories and amendments to previous theories. One example tests a theory about reducing campus crime by limiting library access. Another analyzes the correlation between a region's migrant population share and support for anti-immigration initiatives in a Swiss referendum to see if attitudes towards migration relate to exposure to migrants. The research questions examine relationships between variables to help explain phenomena.
This document provides an overview of mixed-methods research. It defines mixed-methods research as involving both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study to provide a more complete understanding than either method alone. It discusses the history and examples of mixed-methods research in education. Key aspects covered include different research designs like exploratory, explanatory, and triangulation; sampling strategies; steps in conducting mixed-methods research; and evaluating and ensuring ethics in mixed-methods studies. The document aims to explain what mixed-methods research entails at a high-level.
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
This document discusses different types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory design is used to investigate a new area and form hypotheses. Descriptive design aims to describe a problem and its solutions. Methods include surveys, observations, and case studies. Explanatory design identifies causal links between variables through methods like literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and case analysis. The document emphasizes that research design provides a logical plan for conducting a study to maximize valid answers to research questions through the appropriate use of exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory approaches.
Qualitative research focuses on interpreting people's experiences and the world they live in. There are several main types of qualitative research including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, and historical research. Qualitative data is typically collected through interactive interviews, written descriptions, and observation. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. Triangulation involves collecting different types of data from multiple sources to enhance validity. Common challenges include small sample sizes and potential for bias.
This document discusses and provides examples of 6 qualitative research methods: phenomenological research, ethnographic research, grounded theory, case study research, historical research, and action research. Phenomenological research aims to understand experiences from participants' perspectives. Ethnographic research involves observing and describing cultural groups. Grounded theory develops theories grounded in collected data. Case study provides an in-depth analysis of people, places, or institutions. Historical research evaluates past data to understand the present. Action research aims to solve practical problems through collaborative change and evaluation.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses mixed method research design. It defines mixed methods research as collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data within a single or series of studies. It outlines the basic characteristics of mixed methods research, including collecting both types of data, considering priority and sequence, and matching analysis to design. The document then discusses various aspects of mixed methods research such as when to conduct it, reasons for using it, types of designs, steps to carry out a mixed methods study, and criteria for evaluating it. It also notes some strengths as being able to describe findings easily but some weaknesses as taking more time.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Structured observation involves directly observing a phenomenon and systematically recording observations. The researcher decides behaviors to observe in advance and creates an observation checklist or coding system. They tally behaviors and can sample events or time periods. It produces quantitative data. Tools like checklists are used to record notes about what is observed. Some advantages are obtaining unbiased, accurate data on currently occurring behaviors. Disadvantages include it being expensive and not allowing evaluation of past data.
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
This document discusses narrative research, which involves collecting and analyzing stories from individuals about their lived experiences. Narrative research aims to understand how people make meaning of their experiences through stories. It developed as a way to understand human experiences across disciplines. Key aspects include gathering individual stories through methods like interviews and documents, reorganizing the stories chronologically, identifying themes across stories, and collaborating closely with participants. The document provides examples of narrative research types and outlines important considerations like authenticity, accuracy, and ensuring participants are comfortable sharing stories.
Ethics in Social Research
Overview:
1.We will be introducing the concept of ethics in social research.
2.We'll start by highlighting the meaning and importance of ethics.
3.Then, we will cover the various types of ethical guidelines which should be used in practice during social research.
4.We'll covering up with some examples of how ethics have (and sometimes haven't) been sufficiently implemented in social research.
what is social research?
meaning of ethics in social research
various types of ethics in social research
importance of ethics in social research
examples of ethics in social research.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
1. The document defines research methods as strategies used to collect and analyze data to better understand a topic or uncover new information.
2. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis while qualitative research uses narrative descriptions.
3. The main purposes of research are exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research explores new areas, descriptive research expands knowledge on current issues, and explanatory research examines the impact of changes.
4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed, including interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies for qualitative and surveys, descriptive, and correlational research for quantitative.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research. It discusses two paradigms of research methodologies - logical positivism and phenomenological inquiry. Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Common qualitative research approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research, phenomenological research, and narrative research. Data collection methods may include observations, interviews, focus groups, surveys, and secondary research. Analysis involves preparing, exploring, coding, and identifying themes in the data. Qualitative research has advantages like flexibility, studying natural settings, and generating meaningful insights, but also disadvantages such as unreliability, subjectivity, and limited generalizability.
This document discusses different types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory design is used to investigate a new area and form hypotheses. Descriptive design aims to describe a problem and its solutions. Methods include surveys, observations, and case studies. Explanatory design identifies causal links between variables through methods like literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and case analysis. The document emphasizes that research design provides a logical plan for conducting a study to maximize valid answers to research questions through the appropriate use of exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory approaches.
Qualitative research focuses on interpreting people's experiences and the world they live in. There are several main types of qualitative research including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, and historical research. Qualitative data is typically collected through interactive interviews, written descriptions, and observation. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. Triangulation involves collecting different types of data from multiple sources to enhance validity. Common challenges include small sample sizes and potential for bias.
This document discusses and provides examples of 6 qualitative research methods: phenomenological research, ethnographic research, grounded theory, case study research, historical research, and action research. Phenomenological research aims to understand experiences from participants' perspectives. Ethnographic research involves observing and describing cultural groups. Grounded theory develops theories grounded in collected data. Case study provides an in-depth analysis of people, places, or institutions. Historical research evaluates past data to understand the present. Action research aims to solve practical problems through collaborative change and evaluation.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
1) Qualitative research aims to provide a holistic understanding of social settings through comprehensive descriptions of interlocking events in everyday life.
2) The process of qualitative research involves establishing a general problem, developing research questions, selecting a design and sampling strategy, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings.
3) Common qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. Each design has distinct features regarding the researcher's role, data collection methods, and analytical approach.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It discusses the history and characteristics of qualitative research, including that it seeks to understand perspectives from local populations. The document outlines various qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also discusses issues in qualitative research such as gaining entry, selecting participants, and enhancing validity. Strategies to reduce bias like triangulation and examining outliers are presented.
This document discusses mixed method research design. It defines mixed methods research as collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data within a single or series of studies. It outlines the basic characteristics of mixed methods research, including collecting both types of data, considering priority and sequence, and matching analysis to design. The document then discusses various aspects of mixed methods research such as when to conduct it, reasons for using it, types of designs, steps to carry out a mixed methods study, and criteria for evaluating it. It also notes some strengths as being able to describe findings easily but some weaknesses as taking more time.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Structured observation involves directly observing a phenomenon and systematically recording observations. The researcher decides behaviors to observe in advance and creates an observation checklist or coding system. They tally behaviors and can sample events or time periods. It produces quantitative data. Tools like checklists are used to record notes about what is observed. Some advantages are obtaining unbiased, accurate data on currently occurring behaviors. Disadvantages include it being expensive and not allowing evaluation of past data.
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
This document discusses narrative research, which involves collecting and analyzing stories from individuals about their lived experiences. Narrative research aims to understand how people make meaning of their experiences through stories. It developed as a way to understand human experiences across disciplines. Key aspects include gathering individual stories through methods like interviews and documents, reorganizing the stories chronologically, identifying themes across stories, and collaborating closely with participants. The document provides examples of narrative research types and outlines important considerations like authenticity, accuracy, and ensuring participants are comfortable sharing stories.
Ethics in Social Research
Overview:
1.We will be introducing the concept of ethics in social research.
2.We'll start by highlighting the meaning and importance of ethics.
3.Then, we will cover the various types of ethical guidelines which should be used in practice during social research.
4.We'll covering up with some examples of how ethics have (and sometimes haven't) been sufficiently implemented in social research.
what is social research?
meaning of ethics in social research
various types of ethics in social research
importance of ethics in social research
examples of ethics in social research.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
1. The document defines research methods as strategies used to collect and analyze data to better understand a topic or uncover new information.
2. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis while qualitative research uses narrative descriptions.
3. The main purposes of research are exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research explores new areas, descriptive research expands knowledge on current issues, and explanatory research examines the impact of changes.
4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed, including interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies for qualitative and surveys, descriptive, and correlational research for quantitative.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research. It discusses two paradigms of research methodologies - logical positivism and phenomenological inquiry. Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Common qualitative research approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research, phenomenological research, and narrative research. Data collection methods may include observations, interviews, focus groups, surveys, and secondary research. Analysis involves preparing, exploring, coding, and identifying themes in the data. Qualitative research has advantages like flexibility, studying natural settings, and generating meaningful insights, but also disadvantages such as unreliability, subjectivity, and limited generalizability.
This document discusses research ethics, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism. It defines research and describes the different types of research methods, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. It explains what plagiarism is, the different types of plagiarism, and how to avoid committing plagiarism. The purpose of research and characteristics of good research are also outlined. Plagiarism detection software is discussed, along with how much plagiarism is considered acceptable and why plagiarism is problematic.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research In ArchitectureNeha Bansal
Research methodologies can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research involves collecting non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand concepts, opinions, and experiences. Quantitative research defines phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and using statistical techniques. It uses methods like surveys, experiments, and correlation analysis to collect numerical information that can be analyzed statistically. The choice of qualitative or quantitative methodology depends on the research question and goals of the study.
The document discusses research methods used across different academic disciplines such as the humanities, sciences, and social sciences. It outlines the typical purpose of research, methodology, and examples of primary and secondary sources for each discipline. Research in the humanities aims to understand individual events, people, and creative works through qualitative methods like interviews and letters. Sciences research observes natural phenomena using quantitative experiments, clinical trials, and results. Social sciences research solves social problems and examines group interactions through qualitative and quantitative methods such as census data, surveys, and experiments on human behavior.
The document provides an overview of research methodologies and methods. It discusses the differences between methodologies and methods, with methodologies representing the overall approach and lens for analyzing results, and methods being the specific tools used to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, with qualitative focusing on meanings and in-depth insights while quantitative examines relationships and trends. Key aspects of choosing and conducting qualitative research are outlined, including sampling techniques, common analysis methods like coding and triangulation, and examples of qualitative research questions.
The document discusses research methodology for a study on improving 4th grade students' ability to solve math word problems. It proposes using action research with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data will be collected before and after an intervention to measure students' growth. Qualitative data, such as an anonymous survey, will gather students' responses about the benefits of methods taught. The research aims to effectively improve students' understanding of word problems and determine the perceived benefits of using a graphic organizer strategy.
Experimental research designs aim to test hypotheses by manipulating variables and observing the effects of the changes. There are different types of experimental designs such as pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs which vary in how tightly they control variables and the strength of conclusions that can be drawn. The goal of experimental designs is to establish causal relationships between independent and dependent variables through control and random assignment.
Qualitative research is a scientific method of investigation that seeks to understand and explain social phenomena through analysis of people's experiences. It involves collecting data in natural settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. The data collected consists of words and images rather than numbers. Three common qualitative methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is characterized by its inductive approach, focus on meanings and experiences, flexible design, and interpretation of findings. It aims to gain an in-depth understanding of issues rather than generalizing to a population.
The document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that qualitative research aims to develop an understanding of human systems through collecting in-depth data, while quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and statistical analysis. Some key differences highlighted include qualitative research seeking to understand why and how decisions are made, while quantitative research answers what, where, when questions and tests theories using variables and statistics. Both approaches are valid forms of scientific inquiry.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
This document provides an overview of research approaches, design, and methodology. It defines key terms like research methodology, methods, design, and approach. It discusses the philosophical underpinnings of quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research focuses on measurement and generalization while qualitative research aims to understand behavior from an insider's perspective. The document also provides examples of empirical studies using quantitative and qualitative methods and discusses when each may be most appropriate based on the research question. Mixed methods that combine quantitative and qualitative approaches are also introduced.
qualitative research DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAKMADHUR VERMA
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research and discusses its historical roots. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena from participants' perspectives with a small sample size. Common qualitative methods described are participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies. The document also covers qualitative data analysis and sampling.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
The document discusses research methodology and ethics. It summarizes two main research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research uses descriptive methods like interviews while quantitative relies on statistics from questionnaires. Both have strengths and weaknesses. Ethical issues in research like informed consent and anonymity are also discussed.
An introduction to qualitative research methodadamwahidi85
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It discusses the key characteristics of qualitative research, including that it takes place in natural settings, uses the researcher as the instrument of data collection, employs inductive analysis to identify themes, and prioritizes participants' meanings. The document also outlines reasons for conducting qualitative research and addresses designing qualitative studies, collecting data, analyzing information, and ethical considerations.
Meaning & Definition of Population & Sampling, Types of Sampling - Probability & Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Characteristics of Probability Sampling Techniques, Types of Probability Sampling Techniques, Characteristics of Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Types of Non-Probability Sampling Techniques, Errors in Sampling, Size of sample, Application of Sampling Technique in Research
Theories of Motivation - Instincts Theories, Drive – Reduction Theories, Arousal Theory, Incentive Theory, Opponent-Process Theory, Cognitive Theories - Expectancy-Value Theory, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, Attribution Theory, Equity Theory, Social Cognitive Theory - Maslow’s Hierarchy, ERG Theory, Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Theory X and Theory Y, Acquired Needs Theory, Neo-Freudian Theories - Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, Analytical Psychology Of Carl J Jung, Carl Rogers, Gestalt theory, Kurt Koffka Theory, Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, Karen Horney – Neurotic Relationships, Harry Stack-Sullivan – Selective Inattention, Erich Fromm – Choice of Freedom, The Social Unconscious Orientations, Type A,B, C and D Personalities, Behavioural, Cognitive And Humanistic Perspectives, Temperamental Theories of Personality - Gordon Allport, Ancient Theories of Temperament, Hierarchy of Traits And Super-Factors, Self-report Measures, Projective Techniques
Meaning, Definition, Factor Theories, Two-Factor Theory, Theory of Primary Mental Abilities, The Structure of Intellect Theory, Process Theories, Multiple Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Assessment of intelligence, intelligence tests, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Culture-fair intelligence tests, Extremes of Intelligence, Mental Retardation, Intellectual Giftedness, Triarchic Theory of Giftedness, Characteristics of Giftedness
This document discusses various aspects of creativity. It defines creativity as the production of original and useful works through a thought process involving searching for novel solutions. The creative process involves preparation, incubation, intimation, illumination, and verification. Creative individuals are unique, open-ended risk takers who engage in divergent thinking. Creativity involves both cognitive and neurological factors and can be measured through tests of divergent and creative thinking.
Symbolic Interactionism, Structural-Functional Theory and Conflict Theory Vijayalakshmi Murugesan
This document provides an overview of three major sociological theories: symbolic interactionism, structural-functional theory, and conflict theory. Symbolic interactionism examines how individuals construct meanings through interactions and symbols. Structural-functional theory views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability. Conflict theory sees society as groups competing for limited resources and views social institutions as maintaining inequality between groups.
Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Banking Model of Education. Transmission model, Needs in the Ethic of care model, Vindication of the Rights of Men, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha
Social intelligence involves the ability to successfully build relationships and navigate social environments. Strong relationships improve health while loneliness causes stress and health problems. Social intelligence was first defined by Edward Thorndike as understanding and managing people. It involves skills learned over time rather than being innate. The brain has structures like spindle cells and mirror neurons that help guide social decisions and predict others' behavior. Signs of social intelligence include effective listening, conversation skills, and lack of arguing. Developing it involves paying attention to others, increasing emotional intelligence, and practicing active listening.
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1. Qualitative Research
M. VIJAYALAKSHMI
M.SC., M.PHIL. (LIFE SCIENCES), M.ED., M.PHIL. (EDUCATION), NET (EDUCATION), PGDBI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (FORMER),
SRI RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYALAYA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (AUTONOMOUS),
COIMBATORE – 641020.
2. Introduction
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video,
or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth
insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects
such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
Research following a qualitative approach is exploratory and seeks to explain ‘how’ and
‘why’ a particular phenomenon, or behavior, operates as it does in a particular context.
3. Characteristics of Qualitative Research Methods
1. Qualitative research methods usually collect data at the sight, where the participants
are experiencing issues or problems. These are real-time data and rarely bring the
participants out of the geographic locations to collect information.
2. Qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of data, such as interviews,
observations, and documents, rather than rely on a single data source.
3. This type of research method works towards solving complex issues by breaking down
into meaningful inferences, that is easily readable and understood by all.
4. Since it’s a more communicative method, people can build their trust on the researcher
and the information thus obtained is raw and unadulterated.
5. In-depth interview
This is usually one-to-one interview, with one participant at a time.
Though it is systematically planned, it may have unstructured elements as
well. The researcher prepares questions in advance to make sure that
only the most important questions are asked to the participant. The
interview can last anywhere between twenty minutes to half an hour,
during which the researcher tries to collect as many meaningful data
as possible from the participants to draw inferences.
6. Focus Groups
A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative research methods, used in data
collection. A focus group usually includes a limited number of respondents (6-10) from
within your target market.
The main aim of the focus group is to find answers to the “why” “what” and “how”
questions. One advantage of focus groups is, you don’t necessarily need to interact with the
group in person. Nowadays focus groups can be sent an online survey on various devices
and responses can be collected at the click of a button.
Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other online qualitative research
methods. Typically they are used to explain complex processes. This method is very useful
when it comes to market research on new products and testing new concepts.
7. Narrative Research
It is an approach to review the literature. Sometimes, it is
contrasted with a systematic review. It tends to be less
focused than a systematic review and seeks to arrive at a
critical interpretation of the literature that it covers.
8. Phenomenology
It is a form of qualitative research in which the researcher attempts to
understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon. For
example, interviewing the wives of 10 prisoners of war and asking them
to describe their experiences.
9. Ethnographic Research
Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational method that studies people in their
naturally occurring environment.
This method requires the researchers to adapt to the target audiences’ environments which could
be anywhere from an organization to a city or any remote location. Here geographical constraints
can be an issue while collecting data.
This research design aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that
occur. Instead of relying on interviews and discussions, you experience the natural settings first
hand.
This type of research method can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-depth
observation and collecting data on those grounds. It’s a challenging and a time-consuming method
and solely depends on the expertise of the researcher to be able to analyze, observe and infer the
data.
10. Case Study Research
The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed into a
valuable qual research method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an
organization or an entity.
This type of research method is used within a number of areas like education,
social sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it
is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and
thorough understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.
11. Content Analysis
Content analysis is also known as text analysis, this method is a bit
different from other qualitative research methods. It is used to analyse
the social life by decoding words, texts, etc., through any available
form of documentation. The researcher studies and understands the
context in which the documents are furnished with the information and
then tries to draw meaningful inferences from it. In modern times,
researchers follow activities on a social media platform and try to
understand the pattern of thoughts.
12. Grounded Theory
It is a qualitative approach to generate and develop a theory
from data that the researcher collects.
13. Record Keeping
This method makes use of the already existing reliable
documents and similar sources of information as the data
source. This data can be used in new research. This is
similar to going to a library. There one can go over books
and other reference material to collect relevant data that can
likely be used in the research.
14. Process of Observation
Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective
methodologies to gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus
on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective
methodologies to gather information or data. Qualitative observation is
primarily used to equate quality differences.
Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their
functioning – sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. This doesn’t involve
measurements or numbers but instead characteristics.
15. Qualitative Research Methods
Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods. These are
some of the most common qualitative methods:
• Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
• Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
• Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
• Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
• Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video
recordings, etc.
16. Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative data can take the form of texts, photos, videos and audio. For example, you might be working with interview
transcripts, survey responses, fieldnotes, or recordings from natural settings.
Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:
1. Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing interviews or typing up fieldnotes.
2. Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns or repeated ideas that emerge.
3. Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas, establish a set of codes that you can apply to categorize your
data.
4. Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey analysis, this may mean going through each participant’s
responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As you go through your data, you can create new codes to add to
your system if necessary.
5. Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive, overarching themes.
There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative data. Although these methods share similar processes, they
emphasize different concepts.
17. Qualitative Data Analysis
Approach When to use Example
Content Analysis To describe and categorize
common words, phrases, and ideas
in qualitative data.
A market researcher could perform content analysis
to find out what kind of language is used in
descriptions of therapeutic apps.
Thematic Analysis To identify and interpret patterns
and themes in qualitative data.
A psychologist could apply thematic analysis to
travel blogs to explore how tourism shapes self-
identity.
Textual Analysis To examine the content, structure,
and design of texts.
A media researcher could use textual analysis to
understand how news coverage of celebrities has
changed in the past decade.
Discourse Analysis To study communication and how
language is used to achieve effects
in specific contexts.
A political scientist could use discourse analysis to
study how politicians generate trust in election
campaigns.
18. Advantages of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research often tries to preserve the voice and perspective of participants and
can be adjusted as new research questions arise. Qualitative research is good for:
• Flexibility
The data collection and analysis process can be adapted as new ideas or patterns emerge.
They are not rigidly decided beforehand.
• Natural settings
Data collection occurs in real-world contexts or in naturalistic ways.
• Meaningful insights
Detailed descriptions of people’s experiences, feelings and perceptions can be used in
designing, testing or improving systems or products.
• Generation of new ideas
Open-ended responses mean that researchers can uncover novel problems or opportunities
that they wouldn’t have thought of otherwise.
19. Disadvantages of Qualitative Research
Researchers must consider practical and theoretical limitations in analyzing and interpreting their data. Qualitative research suffers
from:
• Unreliability
The real-world setting often makes qualitative research unreliable because of uncontrolled factors that affect the data.
• Subjectivity
Due to the researcher’s primary role in analyzing and interpreting data, qualitative research cannot be replicated. The researcher
decides what is important and what is irrelevant in data analysis, so interpretations of the same data can vary greatly.
• Limited generalizability
Small samples are often used to gather detailed data about specific contexts. Despite rigorous analysis procedures, it is difficult to
arise generalizable conclusions because the data may be biased and unrepresentative of the wider population.
Labor-intensive
Although software can be used to manage and record large amounts of text, data analysis often has to be checked or performed
manually.
20. References
An introduction to qualitative research. Retrieved July 20, 2020 from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research/
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: DEFINITION, TYPES, METHODS AND EXAMPLES. Retrieved
July 20, 2020 from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/