The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect wings. It describes the different types of longitudinal and cross veins that make up the venation patterns on wings. The document outlines the various wing margins, angles, and regions. It also summarizes different types of specialized wings across insect orders, such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, halteres, fringed wings, scaly wings, and membranous wings. Finally, it details different mechanisms of wing coupling in insects, including hamulate, amplexiform, frenate, and jugate systems.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the insect integument or exoskeleton. It consists of three layers - the outer non-cellular epicuticle layer with wax and cement layers, the thicker procuticle layer divided into outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle layers composed of chitin and proteins, and the inner epidermis layer. The integument provides protection, prevents water loss, allows for muscle attachment, and gives the insect its shape. It can have various appendages like hairs, scales, spines, and glands. The integument acts as an external armor and strengthens the insect while protecting internal organs.
Insect Genitalia: It’s Structure, functions and modification in different ord...N.m.c.a
The document discusses the structure and function of insect genitalia. It describes that the abdomen consists of pregenital, genital, and postgenital segments. The female genitalia includes an ovipositor for egg laying that varies between orders. The male genitalia contains phallic organs like the aedeagus and accessory structures for sperm transfer. The structures of the genitalia are adapted for reproduction and show diversity across insect groups.
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
The reproductive systems of insects are similar to those of vertebrates, with both male and female gametes being haploid and unicellular. Most insect species reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. The male reproductive system produces and stores sperm in the testes and seminal vesicles before delivering it to the female through the aedeagus. The female system produces eggs in the ovaries which develop and move into the common oviduct for fertilization and laying. Accessory glands support these processes by providing fluids and forming the eggshell. Fertilization occurs when sperm fuses with the egg nucleus, and the fertilized egg then undergoes embryonic development.
1. Moulting involves the periodic shedding of the old cuticle and development and hardening of a new cuticle, as the old cuticle limits growth.
2. The main processes are apolysis, where the old cuticle separates from the epidermis, and ecdysis, where the remnants of the old cuticle are shed.
3. During moulting, the epidermis secretes an initial inactive moulting fluid, followed by active moulting fluid which digests the old endocuticle. A new epicuticle and procuticle are then secreted before ecdysis.
1. The insect thorax is composed of hardened plates called sclerites that allow for locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments contains a notum, pleuron, and sternum sclerite.
2. Legs and wings articulate from specific sclerites. Each segment contains one pair of legs articulating from the pleuron, and wings articulate from the notum and pleuron.
3. The sclerites are further divided into subsections. The notum contains the prescutum, scutum, and scutellum. The sternum contains the presternum, basisternum, and sternellum. The pleuron contains the episternum and epimeron
An insect's nervous system consists of three main parts:
1) The central nervous system is a double chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers that control the insect's behavior and innervate its senses, muscles, and organs.
2) The visceral nervous system connects to the brain and supplies nerves to the foregut, midgut and heart.
3) The peripheral nervous system is a network of sensory cells just below the integument that detects stimuli from the environment.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect wings. It describes the different types of longitudinal and cross veins that make up the venation patterns on wings. The document outlines the various wing margins, angles, and regions. It also summarizes different types of specialized wings across insect orders, such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, halteres, fringed wings, scaly wings, and membranous wings. Finally, it details different mechanisms of wing coupling in insects, including hamulate, amplexiform, frenate, and jugate systems.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the insect integument or exoskeleton. It consists of three layers - the outer non-cellular epicuticle layer with wax and cement layers, the thicker procuticle layer divided into outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle layers composed of chitin and proteins, and the inner epidermis layer. The integument provides protection, prevents water loss, allows for muscle attachment, and gives the insect its shape. It can have various appendages like hairs, scales, spines, and glands. The integument acts as an external armor and strengthens the insect while protecting internal organs.
Insect Genitalia: It’s Structure, functions and modification in different ord...N.m.c.a
The document discusses the structure and function of insect genitalia. It describes that the abdomen consists of pregenital, genital, and postgenital segments. The female genitalia includes an ovipositor for egg laying that varies between orders. The male genitalia contains phallic organs like the aedeagus and accessory structures for sperm transfer. The structures of the genitalia are adapted for reproduction and show diversity across insect groups.
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
The reproductive systems of insects are similar to those of vertebrates, with both male and female gametes being haploid and unicellular. Most insect species reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. The male reproductive system produces and stores sperm in the testes and seminal vesicles before delivering it to the female through the aedeagus. The female system produces eggs in the ovaries which develop and move into the common oviduct for fertilization and laying. Accessory glands support these processes by providing fluids and forming the eggshell. Fertilization occurs when sperm fuses with the egg nucleus, and the fertilized egg then undergoes embryonic development.
1. Moulting involves the periodic shedding of the old cuticle and development and hardening of a new cuticle, as the old cuticle limits growth.
2. The main processes are apolysis, where the old cuticle separates from the epidermis, and ecdysis, where the remnants of the old cuticle are shed.
3. During moulting, the epidermis secretes an initial inactive moulting fluid, followed by active moulting fluid which digests the old endocuticle. A new epicuticle and procuticle are then secreted before ecdysis.
1. The insect thorax is composed of hardened plates called sclerites that allow for locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments contains a notum, pleuron, and sternum sclerite.
2. Legs and wings articulate from specific sclerites. Each segment contains one pair of legs articulating from the pleuron, and wings articulate from the notum and pleuron.
3. The sclerites are further divided into subsections. The notum contains the prescutum, scutum, and scutellum. The sternum contains the presternum, basisternum, and sternellum. The pleuron contains the episternum and epimeron
An insect's nervous system consists of three main parts:
1) The central nervous system is a double chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers that control the insect's behavior and innervate its senses, muscles, and organs.
2) The visceral nervous system connects to the brain and supplies nerves to the foregut, midgut and heart.
3) The peripheral nervous system is a network of sensory cells just below the integument that detects stimuli from the environment.
1. The document discusses the circulatory and excretory systems of insects. It describes the open circulatory system of insects, including the dorsal blood vessel which contains the heart and aorta.
2. The excretory system is discussed, focusing on the Malpighian tubules which open into the gut and act to remove waste and regulate water balance.
3. The functions of the circulatory system include transport of nutrients and oxygen as well as wound healing, while the Malpighian tubules excrete waste and regulate the internal environment of insects.
The insect nervous system consists of three main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the visceral nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains a brain and a ventral nerve cord made up of fused ganglia. It receives and processes sensory information. The visceral nervous system innervates internal organs. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS and visceral nervous system to muscles and sense organs via motor and sensory neurons. Together these systems allow insects to respond to their environment and control bodily functions through neural pathways and chemical signaling between different neuron types.
1. Insects have respiratory systems that allow oxygen to enter their bodies through spiracles and move through tracheae to cells, while carbon dioxide is removed.
2. Air enters through spiracles and moves through elastic tracheal tubes to smaller tracheoles near cells, facilitating gas exchange. Some insects also have air sacs that act as reservoirs.
3. The number and placement of spiracles varies and classifies insects into different respiratory system types, from holopneustic to apneustic systems. Aquatic insects can take oxygen from the water surface using siphons or air bubbles.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect body wall (exoskeleton or integument) and the process of moulting (ecdysis). It describes the main layers of the cuticle (epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle), their composition and functions. It also discusses the cellular layer (epidermis), cuticular appendages, glands and endoskeleton. The process of moulting is controlled by hormones and involves the detachment of the old cuticle (apolysis) and formation of a new cuticle in multiple steps over the moulting period (stadium). The discarded exoskeleton after moulting is called an exuv
This document discusses the physiology of the integument and moulting process in insects. It begins by defining physiology and the integument, which is the exoskeleton or body wall of insects. It then describes the structure of the cuticle, which makes up the integument, and its various layers. The document outlines the process of moulting, which is controlled by hormones like ecdysone and juvenile hormone. It explains each step of moulting from behavioral changes to shedding the old cuticle. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
The document discusses the excretory system of insects, which helps remove waste products and maintain homeostasis. The major excretory organ is the Malpighian tubules, a system of thin tubules that originate near the gut and remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate salt and water levels. In addition to the Malpighian tubules, other excretory organs include nephrocytes, fat bodies, oenocytes, the integument, tracheal system, and rectum, and insects employ strategies like uricotelism, ammonotelism, and storage excretion to efficiently remove wastes.
The document summarizes the process of moulting, or ecdysis, in insects. It discusses how moulting is triggered by hormones when an insect outgrows its exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is then digested and a new larger one is constructed underneath, in a process that involves secretion of proteins, formation of new cuticle layers, and eventual splitting of the old exoskeleton. Moulting allows the insect to grow and develop through different life stages until reaching maturity.
This document provides information on the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). It describes their key physical characteristics including scales covering the body and wings. It also summarizes the characteristics of common moth and butterfly families, including their larvae. Key families described are Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Noctuidae, and Hesperiidae.
Locusts are grasshoppers that can exist in two distinct phases - solitary and gregarious. In the solitary phase, locusts are solitary and avoid other locusts. In the gregarious phase, locusts are attracted to each other and form destructive swarms. The phase is determined by environmental factors like temperature, food availability, and population density that influence the production of hormones. High population densities and contact between locusts causes a switch to the gregarious phase.
The document discusses the different types of insect wings including their structure, venation, and function. It describes 7 different wing types such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres. The document also covers wing coupling mechanisms like hamulate, amplexiform, and frenate coupling that allow the forewings and hindwings to work together during flight.
- The document provides information on the course "Introductory Entomology" including the course code, credit hours, and an introduction to the definition and study of insects.
- It defines entomology and its branches, and provides characteristics of the class Insecta including their body structure, respiratory and excretory systems.
- Reasons for the dominance of insects over other animals include their large numbers, widespread distribution, small size, flight ability, reproduction rates, and protective adaptations. Insects play both beneficial roles such as pollination and biocontrol, as well as harmful roles as agricultural pests.
Diptera, or true flies, are an order of insects with over 125,000 species. They are distinguished by having only one pair of wings, while their hind wings are reduced to club-like structures called halteres. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis and have specialized mouthparts adapted for sucking or piercing. Some economically important flies transmit diseases like malaria and dengue fever, while others play beneficial roles in ecosystems as pollinators or through waste decomposition. Despite a few pest species, flies as a whole are very successful due to their short lifecycles, high reproduction rates, and diverse specializations.
Insects have a variety of sense organs to detect mechanical, auditory, chemical, thermal, and visual stimuli. Mechanoreceptors include trichoid sensilla for touch and campaniform sensilla and chordotonal organs for vibration/pressure. Auditory receptors include tympana and tactile hairs. Chemoreceptors detect smells and tastes. Thermoreceptors sense heat. Compound eyes contain many ommatidia that form distinct images for diurnal insects or blurred images for nocturnal insects. Simple eyes include lateral ocelli in larvae and dorsal ocelli in nymphs.
1. The document discusses the reproductive systems and types of reproduction in insects. It describes the female and male reproductive systems, including oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
2. There are different types of reproduction discussed, including oviparity, viviparity, and parthenogenesis. Viviparity includes ovoviviparity, pseudoplacental viviparity, haemocoelous viviparity, and adenotrophic viviparity.
3. Additional types discussed include polyembryony, where one egg produces multiple embryos, and paedogenesis, where reproduction occurs in immature life stages like larvae instead of adults.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect nervous system. It describes how the basic functional unit is the neuron, which has a cell body and projections called dendrites and axons. There are different types of neurons based on their structure and function, including sensory, motor, and inter neurons. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and ventral nerve cord), visceral nervous system, and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system coordinates the functions of the other systems and provides feedback through sensory neurons and motor neurons that connect to sense organs and effector organs like muscles. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are released at synapses to stimulate or inhibit other neurons and muscles and allow for impulse conduction throughout the
The document discusses the structure and functions of the insect cuticle and the process of molting. It describes the three layers of the insect body wall (basement membrane, epidermis, cuticle), the structures and components of the cuticle (epicuticle, procuticle, chitin, proteins), and the steps of molting (apolysis, secretion of molting fluid, digestion of old cuticle, shedding of exuvia, tanning of new cuticle). The cuticle provides protection, muscle attachment, support, permeability, and rigidity to the insect body.
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
This document describes the different types of insect legs. It states that insects have three pairs of legs, one pair attached to each thoracic segment. Each leg is segmented and consists of the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. It then describes each leg segment. The rest of the document discusses various modifications to insect legs for different functions like running, walking, jumping, climbing, digging, swimming, grasping prey, and collecting pollen or food. It provides examples for each type of leg modification.
1. The document discusses the circulatory and excretory systems of insects. It describes the open circulatory system of insects, including the dorsal blood vessel which contains the heart and aorta.
2. The excretory system is discussed, focusing on the Malpighian tubules which open into the gut and act to remove waste and regulate water balance.
3. The functions of the circulatory system include transport of nutrients and oxygen as well as wound healing, while the Malpighian tubules excrete waste and regulate the internal environment of insects.
The insect nervous system consists of three main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the visceral nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains a brain and a ventral nerve cord made up of fused ganglia. It receives and processes sensory information. The visceral nervous system innervates internal organs. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS and visceral nervous system to muscles and sense organs via motor and sensory neurons. Together these systems allow insects to respond to their environment and control bodily functions through neural pathways and chemical signaling between different neuron types.
1. Insects have respiratory systems that allow oxygen to enter their bodies through spiracles and move through tracheae to cells, while carbon dioxide is removed.
2. Air enters through spiracles and moves through elastic tracheal tubes to smaller tracheoles near cells, facilitating gas exchange. Some insects also have air sacs that act as reservoirs.
3. The number and placement of spiracles varies and classifies insects into different respiratory system types, from holopneustic to apneustic systems. Aquatic insects can take oxygen from the water surface using siphons or air bubbles.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect body wall (exoskeleton or integument) and the process of moulting (ecdysis). It describes the main layers of the cuticle (epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle), their composition and functions. It also discusses the cellular layer (epidermis), cuticular appendages, glands and endoskeleton. The process of moulting is controlled by hormones and involves the detachment of the old cuticle (apolysis) and formation of a new cuticle in multiple steps over the moulting period (stadium). The discarded exoskeleton after moulting is called an exuv
This document discusses the physiology of the integument and moulting process in insects. It begins by defining physiology and the integument, which is the exoskeleton or body wall of insects. It then describes the structure of the cuticle, which makes up the integument, and its various layers. The document outlines the process of moulting, which is controlled by hormones like ecdysone and juvenile hormone. It explains each step of moulting from behavioral changes to shedding the old cuticle. In conclusion, it lists several references used in the document.
The document discusses the excretory system of insects, which helps remove waste products and maintain homeostasis. The major excretory organ is the Malpighian tubules, a system of thin tubules that originate near the gut and remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate salt and water levels. In addition to the Malpighian tubules, other excretory organs include nephrocytes, fat bodies, oenocytes, the integument, tracheal system, and rectum, and insects employ strategies like uricotelism, ammonotelism, and storage excretion to efficiently remove wastes.
The document summarizes the process of moulting, or ecdysis, in insects. It discusses how moulting is triggered by hormones when an insect outgrows its exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is then digested and a new larger one is constructed underneath, in a process that involves secretion of proteins, formation of new cuticle layers, and eventual splitting of the old exoskeleton. Moulting allows the insect to grow and develop through different life stages until reaching maturity.
This document provides information on the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). It describes their key physical characteristics including scales covering the body and wings. It also summarizes the characteristics of common moth and butterfly families, including their larvae. Key families described are Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Noctuidae, and Hesperiidae.
Locusts are grasshoppers that can exist in two distinct phases - solitary and gregarious. In the solitary phase, locusts are solitary and avoid other locusts. In the gregarious phase, locusts are attracted to each other and form destructive swarms. The phase is determined by environmental factors like temperature, food availability, and population density that influence the production of hormones. High population densities and contact between locusts causes a switch to the gregarious phase.
The document discusses the different types of insect wings including their structure, venation, and function. It describes 7 different wing types such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres. The document also covers wing coupling mechanisms like hamulate, amplexiform, and frenate coupling that allow the forewings and hindwings to work together during flight.
- The document provides information on the course "Introductory Entomology" including the course code, credit hours, and an introduction to the definition and study of insects.
- It defines entomology and its branches, and provides characteristics of the class Insecta including their body structure, respiratory and excretory systems.
- Reasons for the dominance of insects over other animals include their large numbers, widespread distribution, small size, flight ability, reproduction rates, and protective adaptations. Insects play both beneficial roles such as pollination and biocontrol, as well as harmful roles as agricultural pests.
Diptera, or true flies, are an order of insects with over 125,000 species. They are distinguished by having only one pair of wings, while their hind wings are reduced to club-like structures called halteres. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis and have specialized mouthparts adapted for sucking or piercing. Some economically important flies transmit diseases like malaria and dengue fever, while others play beneficial roles in ecosystems as pollinators or through waste decomposition. Despite a few pest species, flies as a whole are very successful due to their short lifecycles, high reproduction rates, and diverse specializations.
Insects have a variety of sense organs to detect mechanical, auditory, chemical, thermal, and visual stimuli. Mechanoreceptors include trichoid sensilla for touch and campaniform sensilla and chordotonal organs for vibration/pressure. Auditory receptors include tympana and tactile hairs. Chemoreceptors detect smells and tastes. Thermoreceptors sense heat. Compound eyes contain many ommatidia that form distinct images for diurnal insects or blurred images for nocturnal insects. Simple eyes include lateral ocelli in larvae and dorsal ocelli in nymphs.
1. The document discusses the reproductive systems and types of reproduction in insects. It describes the female and male reproductive systems, including oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
2. There are different types of reproduction discussed, including oviparity, viviparity, and parthenogenesis. Viviparity includes ovoviviparity, pseudoplacental viviparity, haemocoelous viviparity, and adenotrophic viviparity.
3. Additional types discussed include polyembryony, where one egg produces multiple embryos, and paedogenesis, where reproduction occurs in immature life stages like larvae instead of adults.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect nervous system. It describes how the basic functional unit is the neuron, which has a cell body and projections called dendrites and axons. There are different types of neurons based on their structure and function, including sensory, motor, and inter neurons. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and ventral nerve cord), visceral nervous system, and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system coordinates the functions of the other systems and provides feedback through sensory neurons and motor neurons that connect to sense organs and effector organs like muscles. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are released at synapses to stimulate or inhibit other neurons and muscles and allow for impulse conduction throughout the
The document discusses the structure and functions of the insect cuticle and the process of molting. It describes the three layers of the insect body wall (basement membrane, epidermis, cuticle), the structures and components of the cuticle (epicuticle, procuticle, chitin, proteins), and the steps of molting (apolysis, secretion of molting fluid, digestion of old cuticle, shedding of exuvia, tanning of new cuticle). The cuticle provides protection, muscle attachment, support, permeability, and rigidity to the insect body.
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
This document describes the different types of insect legs. It states that insects have three pairs of legs, one pair attached to each thoracic segment. Each leg is segmented and consists of the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. It then describes each leg segment. The rest of the document discusses various modifications to insect legs for different functions like running, walking, jumping, climbing, digging, swimming, grasping prey, and collecting pollen or food. It provides examples for each type of leg modification.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect antennae. It describes the basic parts of insect antennae including the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. It then outlines 15 different types of modifications that insect antennae can have, including setaceous, filiform, moniliform, clavate, pectinate, geniculate, aristate, and plumose antennae. The types of modifications often relate to the antennae's function and differ between insect orders and species.
INSECT ANTENNA Its origin, structure, function and modification in different ...N.m.c.a
The document discusses insect antennae, including their origin, structure, function, and modifications across insect orders. It notes that antennae originate from the head and are composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The main function of antennae is sensory, detecting smell, taste, sound, touch, and more. Antennae are modified in different orders for these sensory functions and can take forms like filiform, moniliform, pectinate, and geniculate. Examples of antenna modifications are provided for many insect orders.
The document discusses the locomotory organs (legs and wings) of insects. It describes the basic body plan of insects, which consists of 3 main body regions - head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax contains 3 segments that each bear a pair of legs. The legs are typically segmented into 5 parts - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document outlines different types of leg modifications including saltatorial (jumping), raptorial (seizing), fossorial (digging), cursorial (running), and natatorial (swimming) legs. Each modification is adapted to specific insect behaviors and environments.
The thorax is composed of three segments - the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. The mesothorax and metathorax are enlarged and bear wings and associated musculature. Wings occur on the mesothorax and metathorax. The thorax contains nota (dorsal plates), sterna (ventral plates), and pleura (lateral plates) that form a box-like structure and play an important role in locomotion. Legs occur on each thoracic segment and have six segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. Leg segments can be modified for different functions like
Diptera is an order of insects comprising flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. They are characterized by having one pair of wings, with the hind wings modified into club-like halteres. The order is divided into three suborders - Nematocera, Brachocera, and Cyclorrhapha - based on antennae morphology. Nematocera have many segmented antennae, Brachocera have three segmented antennae shorter than the head and thorax, and Cyclorrhapha have three segmented antennae with an arista. Each suborder contains multiple families of flies exhibiting distinct physical traits and including important disease vectors like mosquitoes.
insects leg structure and modification.pptxSaeedullahSeo
The document summarizes the different types of modifications that insect legs undergo according to the insect's habits and habitats. There are 12 main types of leg modifications described: 1) walking, 2) running, 3) jumping, 4) clinging, 5) digging, 6) grasping, 7) swimming, 8) pollen collecting, 9) sound producing, 10) sticking, 11) antennae cleaning, and 12) prehensile legs. Each modification type is accompanied by an example insect to illustrate the structure and function of the specialized leg.
Lec. 10 Structure and modifications of insect legs.pptRajuPanse
1. Insect legs are adapted for various functions through modifications of their basic five-segmented structure.
2. The major leg segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus - each have specific attachments and roles in functions like walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, and more.
3. Examples are given of different types of leg modifications - such as saltatorial, scansorial, fossorial, raptorial - and how insects use these to fulfill tasks like leaping, climbing, digging, and holding prey.
This document discusses the anatomy and structures of the insect head and appendages. It begins by describing how the insect body is segmented and then grouped into three main tagmata: the head, thorax, and abdomen. It then focuses on the structures and segmentation of the insect head, including the sclerites, sutures, mouthparts, and types of heads based on mouthpart positioning. The document also discusses the antennae and its various modifications, as well as the structures and modifications of the legs between different insect orders.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta. It describes key characteristics of arthropods like segmented bodies, chitinous exoskeletons, and jointed appendages. The phylum contains 7 classes, including insects (Hexapoda). Insects are further described, including their head, thorax, abdomen, and antennae structures. The antennae come in various shapes and are important for sensing chemicals.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
This document provides an overview of insects, including:
- There are over 1.1 million known insect species, with many more still undiscovered, making insects the most successful and widespread animal group.
- Insects were one of the first terrestrial animal groups, adapting to land over 390 million years ago before most other animals.
- Insects have small bodies, typically under 2.5 cm, but range in size from under 1 mm to over 25 cm. They are found in nearly all habitats on Earth.
Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve important sensory functions. They are multi-segmented and composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae function as organs of smell, taste, hearing, and sexual recognition in different insect species. Their structure varies between species and can take forms like setaceous, filiform, moniliform, pectinate, and others. Antennae help insects identify food, mates, and detect threats through specialized sensory structures adapted to their environment and behaviors.
The document summarizes the structure of the thorax and appendages of insects. It discusses that the thorax is comprised of three segments - prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. Each segment contains a pair of legs and the mesothorax and metathorax together form the pterothorax which contains the fore and hind wings. It also describes the different types of wing coupling mechanisms seen in insects like hamulate, amplexiform, frenate and jugate.
This document provides information on the external features of insects including the head, antennae, thorax and abdomen. It discusses the three main body segments or tagmata of insects: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains features like compound eyes, simple eyes, antennae and mouthparts. There are three types of insect heads: hypognathous, prognathous and opisthognathous. Antennae have different structures and serve sensory functions. The thorax contains the wings and legs. The abdomen contains structures like the tympanum, spiracles, anus and genitalia.
The document describes the structure and segmentation of insect legs. It notes that insect legs typically consist of 6 segments - the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. The coxa attaches to the thorax and can allow either rotary or back-and-forth movement. The femur and tibia are usually the longest segments. The tarsus is often divided into tarsomeres. The pretarsus includes claws and adhesive pads or structures. Insect legs show many adaptations for different functions like walking, running, digging, grasping prey, leaping, swimming, and climbing. Examples are given of modifications in different groups of insects.
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
3. General Structure of an Insect Antenna
• Insect antennae are segmented appendages.
•Antennae are generally borne on between and behind the two compound eyes.
•Insects generally have one pair of antennae.
•All insects except Protura have antennae.
•A typical insect antenna constitutes of following segments ̶
i. Scape: first proximal segment which is connected with head sclerite.
ii. Pedicel: second antennal segment.
iii. Flagellum: third and longest segment of antenna. Flagellum is also many
segmented. The sub-segments of flagellum are called Flagellomeres or Annuli.
5. 1. Setaceous (Bristle like):
Size of the segments decreases from base to apex. e.g.
Leafhopper, Dragonfly, Damselfly.
2. Filiform (Thread like):
Segments are usually cylindrical. Thickness of segments
remains same throughout. e.g. Grasshopper.
3. Moniliform (Beaded):
Segments are either globular or spherical with prominent
constriction in between e.g. Termite.
4. Serrate (Saw like):
Segments have short triangular projections on one side.
e.g. Longicorn bettle.
5. Unipectinate (Comb like):
Segments with long slender processes on one side. e.g.
Sawfly.
6. 6. Bipectinate (Double comb like):
Segments with long slender lateral processes on both
the sides e.g. Silkworm moth.
7. Clavate (Clubbed):
Antenna enlarges gradually towards the tip. e.g. Blister
beetle.
8. Capitate (Knobbed):
Terminal segments become enlarged suddenly. e.g.
Butterfly.
9. Lamellate (Plate like):
Antennal tip is expanded laterally on one side to form flat
plates. e.g. Lamellicorn beetle.
10. Aristate:
The terminal segment is enlarged. It bears a
conspicuous dorsal bristle called arista. e.g. House
fly.
7. 11. Stylate:
Terminal segment bear a style like process. e.g.
Horse fly, Robber fly.
12. Plumose (Feathery):
Segments with long whorls of hairs e.g. Male
mosquito.
13. Pilose (Hairy):
Antenna is less feathery with few hairs at the
junction of flagellomeres. e.g. Female mosquito.
14. Geniculate (Elbowed):
Scape is long; remaining segments are small and are
arranged at an angle to the first resembling an elbow
joint. e.g. Ant, weevil and honey bee.
15. Flabellate (Fan like):
Very small, third and subsequent segments with side
processes giving a fan like arrangements. e.g.
Strepsipterans/ stylopids, cedar beetles.
9. Coxa
Trochanter
Tarsus
Tarsal
Claw
Pre-tarsus
Tarsomer
e
General Structure of an Insect Leg
• Insect legs are segmented appendages.
•Legs are generally borne on both sides of the three thoracic segments (viz.
prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax).
•Insects have three pairs of leg.
•A typical insect leg constitutes of following
segments ̶
i. Coxa: first proximal leg segment which
is connected with thoracic pleuron.
ii. Trochanter: second leg segment b/w.
coxa and femur.
iii. Femur: third and stoutest segment of
leg.
iv. Tibia: fourth segment of leg which is
usually long and provided with
longitudinal spines.
v. Tarsus: fifth segment of leg which is
furthermore divided into 3-5 sub-
segments termed as ‘tarsomeres’.
vi. Pre-tarsus: the terminal segment of leg,
comprises of tarsal claws and leg pads.
11. 2. Cursorial (Running Leg):
Leg suited for running. Femur is not swollen. Legs are
long and slender.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of cockroach.
3. Saltatorial (Jumping Leg):
Femur is swollen and provided with strong muscles for
jumping. Trochanter is fused with femur.
Ex. Hind legs of grasshopper.
1. Ambulatorial (Walking Leg):
Simple type of leg, no modifications. Femur and tibia are long.
Ex. Fore leg and middle legs of grasshopper.
4. Scansorial (Clinging Leg):
Tibia is stout and modified into a thumb-like process,
suited for clinging.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of head louse.
5. Natatorial (Swimming Leg):
Femur, tibia and first four tarsomeres are broad and
flattened, provided with long hairs/setae. Legs are
suited for swimming.
Ex. Hind legs of water beetle.
12. 6. Fossorial (Digging Legs):
Femur is stout, tibia and tarsus provided with strongly
pointed tines. Leg suited for digging.
Ex. Fore legs of mole cricket.
7. Raptorial (Grasping Leg):
Coxae elongated. Femur stout and grooved, tibia fits inside
the femoral groove. Both femur and tibia are provided with
spines. Leg suited for capturing prey, no use in locomotion.
Ex. Fore legs of Preying Mantis.
8. Foragial Leg:
Fore and middle legs provided with long hairs for pollen
collection. Hind tibia has a shallow cavity for storing pollen. It
is known as ‘Pollen Basket’ or ‘Corbicula’.
Ex. Legs of worker honeybees.
9. Sticking Leg:
Pre-tarsus provided with a pair of pads/‘Pulvilli’ and a
median spine like ‘empodium’. Legs suited for sticking to
smooth surfaces.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of housefly.
10. Prolegs or Abdominal Legs:
2-5 pairs of short, fleshy, non-segmented legs are found
in the abdomen of caterpillars. Prolegs are provided
with small circlets of hooks at the tip, known as
‘crochets’.