Energy-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have garnered significant research interest in
recent years. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), or Cooperative MIMO, represents a specialized
application of MIMO technology within WSNs. This approach operates effectively, especially in
challenging and resource-constrained environments. By facilitating collaboration among sensor nodes,
Cooperative MIMO enhances reliability, coverage, and energy efficiency in WSN deployments.
Consequently, MIMO finds application in diverse WSN scenarios, spanning environmental monitoring,
industrial automation, and healthcare applications.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
EFFECTIVE AND SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION IN WSNs CONSIDERING TRANSFER MODULE O...IJEEE
A Bio-inspired clustering algorithm based on BFO has been proposed and investigation on energy efficient clustering algorithms related to WSNs has been done in this paper. The contribution of this paper related to use of Bacteria foraging algorithm firstly for WSNs for enhancing network lifetime of sensor nodes.
Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems in Heterogeneous Next Generation...CSCJournals
Mobile Next Generation Network (MNGN) is characterized as heterogeneous network where variety of access technologies are meant to coexist. Decisions on choosing an air interface that meets a particular need at a particular time will be shifted from the network’s side to (a more intelligent) user’s side. On top of that network operators and regularities have come to the realization that assigned spectrum bands are not utilized as they should be. Cognitive radio stands out as a candidate technology to address many emerging issues in MNGN such as capacity, quality of service and spectral efficiency. As a transmission strategy, cognitive radio systems depend greatly on sensing the radio environment. In this paper, we present a novel approach for interference characterization in cognitive radio networks based on wideband chirp signal. The results presented show that improved sensing accuracy is maintained at tolerable system complexity.
Smart parking is common in contemporary cities. These smart parking lots are outfitted mostly with wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are used to detect, monitor, and collect data on the availability status of all existing parking spaces in a given area. Sensors make up WSN, which may gather, process, and transmit informations to the sink. However, the power and
communication limitations of the sensors have an effect on the performance and quality of the WSNs. The decrease in the battery and the energy of the
nodes causes a decrease in the life of the nodes and also of the entire WSN network. In this article, we present a routing protocol that implements an
efficient and robust algorithm allowing the creation of clusters so that the base station can receive data from the entire WSN network. This protocol
adopts a reliable and efficient algorithm allowing to minimize the energy dissipation of the sensors and to increase the lifetime of the WSN. In
comparison to alternative parking lot management protocols already in use,
the simulation results of the proposed protocol are effective and robust in terms of power consumption, data transmission reliability, and WSN network longevity.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
EFFECTIVE AND SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION IN WSNs CONSIDERING TRANSFER MODULE O...IJEEE
A Bio-inspired clustering algorithm based on BFO has been proposed and investigation on energy efficient clustering algorithms related to WSNs has been done in this paper. The contribution of this paper related to use of Bacteria foraging algorithm firstly for WSNs for enhancing network lifetime of sensor nodes.
Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems in Heterogeneous Next Generation...CSCJournals
Mobile Next Generation Network (MNGN) is characterized as heterogeneous network where variety of access technologies are meant to coexist. Decisions on choosing an air interface that meets a particular need at a particular time will be shifted from the network’s side to (a more intelligent) user’s side. On top of that network operators and regularities have come to the realization that assigned spectrum bands are not utilized as they should be. Cognitive radio stands out as a candidate technology to address many emerging issues in MNGN such as capacity, quality of service and spectral efficiency. As a transmission strategy, cognitive radio systems depend greatly on sensing the radio environment. In this paper, we present a novel approach for interference characterization in cognitive radio networks based on wideband chirp signal. The results presented show that improved sensing accuracy is maintained at tolerable system complexity.
Smart parking is common in contemporary cities. These smart parking lots are outfitted mostly with wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are used to detect, monitor, and collect data on the availability status of all existing parking spaces in a given area. Sensors make up WSN, which may gather, process, and transmit informations to the sink. However, the power and
communication limitations of the sensors have an effect on the performance and quality of the WSNs. The decrease in the battery and the energy of the
nodes causes a decrease in the life of the nodes and also of the entire WSN network. In this article, we present a routing protocol that implements an
efficient and robust algorithm allowing the creation of clusters so that the base station can receive data from the entire WSN network. This protocol
adopts a reliable and efficient algorithm allowing to minimize the energy dissipation of the sensors and to increase the lifetime of the WSN. In
comparison to alternative parking lot management protocols already in use,
the simulation results of the proposed protocol are effective and robust in terms of power consumption, data transmission reliability, and WSN network longevity.
Mimo and cooperative mimo comparison in energy constrained wireless sensor ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Wireless Sensor Network commonly referred as WSN, the hubs or nodes are operated by batteries so that the energy utilization should be diminished, while fulfilling the given throughput and given requirement. The paper studies about the performance and energy consumption of cooperative MIMO and MIMO (multi input multi output) based communication. The average energy usage comprises circuit energy and transmission energy consumption. The comparison between the multi-input- multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO techniques help us to choose the best scheme for energy constrained wireless sensor network application. The simulation result shows that energy efficiency of MIMO (multi-input-multi-output) and SISO (single-input-single-output) is better for longer distances and thud increase the system life time. Keywords: Cooperative MIMO, MISO, SISO, SIMO, wireless sensor network, energy efficiency, BER performance
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Rou...journalBEEI
Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks An Assessmentijtsrd
In the past decades, Wireless Sensor Network WSN has become a wide area of research. In WSN, numerous sensor nodes are randomly setup with different energy level. Energy acts as power source and is available to each sensor node in limited quantity. The limiting factor is that sensor nodes are energy constrained and recharging or replacing battery is costly and complex process. This paper explores the different energy consumption factors which effect the lifetime and performance of the WSN's. The main factors which effect the energy consumption in WSN's are scalability, load balancing, reliability, communication, collision, over hearing, ideal listing and latency. Researchers have proved that the node near to sink node discharge very fastly. Apart from these, most of the energy is consumed during the transfer of data from sender to receiver. In this paper effort is made to analyze the effect of different factors on energy consumption in WSN's. Anupam Jain | Prof. Madhuvan Dixit ""Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Assessment"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22789.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/22789/analysis-of-energy-in-wireless-sensor-networks-an-assessment/anupam-jain
A Review of Physical, Data and Network Layer Specification and its Protocols ...Editor IJMTER
Wireless sensor network is a group of smart sensors, each capable of sensing, processing and
communicating the data or messages when any event occurs. When nodes deployed in numbers it form a
network which collectively monitor the state of the phenomenon activity of physical world. Its applications and
potential benefits are remarkable and seem only limited by imagination. The interdisciplinary property makes
the challenges wide and deep for design network protocols, efficient power utilization, programming models
and application areas. This survey paper focuses on the basic of WSN technology and its design factors. It also
focuses on the physical layer issues, data link layer protocols and its services and protocols used in layers.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
In the era of data-driven warfare, the integration of big data and machine learning (ML) techniques has
become paramount for enhancing defence capabilities. This research report delves into the applications of
big data and ML in the defence sector, exploring their potential to revolutionize intelligence gathering,
strategic decision-making, and operational efficiency. By leveraging vast amounts of data and advanced
algorithms, these technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for threat detection, predictive analysis,
and optimized resource allocation. However, their adoption also raises critical concerns regarding data
privacy, ethical implications, and the potential for misuse. This report aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the current state of big data and ML in defence, while examining the challenges and
ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure responsible and effective implementation.
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Mimo and cooperative mimo comparison in energy constrained wireless sensor ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Wireless Sensor Network commonly referred as WSN, the hubs or nodes are operated by batteries so that the energy utilization should be diminished, while fulfilling the given throughput and given requirement. The paper studies about the performance and energy consumption of cooperative MIMO and MIMO (multi input multi output) based communication. The average energy usage comprises circuit energy and transmission energy consumption. The comparison between the multi-input- multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO techniques help us to choose the best scheme for energy constrained wireless sensor network application. The simulation result shows that energy efficiency of MIMO (multi-input-multi-output) and SISO (single-input-single-output) is better for longer distances and thud increase the system life time. Keywords: Cooperative MIMO, MISO, SISO, SIMO, wireless sensor network, energy efficiency, BER performance
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
THE UWB SOLUTION FOR MULTIMEDIA TRAFFIC IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijwmn
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications.
The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Rou...journalBEEI
Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks An Assessmentijtsrd
In the past decades, Wireless Sensor Network WSN has become a wide area of research. In WSN, numerous sensor nodes are randomly setup with different energy level. Energy acts as power source and is available to each sensor node in limited quantity. The limiting factor is that sensor nodes are energy constrained and recharging or replacing battery is costly and complex process. This paper explores the different energy consumption factors which effect the lifetime and performance of the WSN's. The main factors which effect the energy consumption in WSN's are scalability, load balancing, reliability, communication, collision, over hearing, ideal listing and latency. Researchers have proved that the node near to sink node discharge very fastly. Apart from these, most of the energy is consumed during the transfer of data from sender to receiver. In this paper effort is made to analyze the effect of different factors on energy consumption in WSN's. Anupam Jain | Prof. Madhuvan Dixit ""Analysis of Energy in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Assessment"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22789.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/22789/analysis-of-energy-in-wireless-sensor-networks-an-assessment/anupam-jain
A Review of Physical, Data and Network Layer Specification and its Protocols ...Editor IJMTER
Wireless sensor network is a group of smart sensors, each capable of sensing, processing and
communicating the data or messages when any event occurs. When nodes deployed in numbers it form a
network which collectively monitor the state of the phenomenon activity of physical world. Its applications and
potential benefits are remarkable and seem only limited by imagination. The interdisciplinary property makes
the challenges wide and deep for design network protocols, efficient power utilization, programming models
and application areas. This survey paper focuses on the basic of WSN technology and its design factors. It also
focuses on the physical layer issues, data link layer protocols and its services and protocols used in layers.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
In the era of data-driven warfare, the integration of big data and machine learning (ML) techniques has
become paramount for enhancing defence capabilities. This research report delves into the applications of
big data and ML in the defence sector, exploring their potential to revolutionize intelligence gathering,
strategic decision-making, and operational efficiency. By leveraging vast amounts of data and advanced
algorithms, these technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for threat detection, predictive analysis,
and optimized resource allocation. However, their adoption also raises critical concerns regarding data
privacy, ethical implications, and the potential for misuse. This report aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the current state of big data and ML in defence, while examining the challenges and
ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure responsible and effective implementation.
Cloud Computing, being one of the most recent innovative developments of the IT world, has been
instrumental not just to the success of SMEs but, through their productivity and innovative contribution to
the economy, has even made a remarkable contribution to the economic growth of the United States. To
this end, the study focuses on how cloud computing technology has impacted economic growth through
SMEs in the United States. Relevant literature connected to the variables of interest in this study was
reviewed, and secondary data was generated and utilized in the analysis section of this paper. The findings
of this paper revealed that there have been meaningful contributions that the usage of virtualization has
made in the commercial dealings of small firms in the United States, and this has also been reflected in the
economic growth of the country. This paper further revealed that as important as cloud-based software is,
some SMEs are still skeptical about how it can help improve their business and increase their bottom line
and hence have failed to adopt it. Apart from the SMEs, some notable large firms in different industries,
including information and educational services, have adopted cloud computing technology and hence
contributed to the economic growth of the United States. Lastly, findings from our inferential statistics
revealed that no discernible change has occurred in innovation between small and big businesses in the
adoption of cloud computing. Both categories of businesses adopt cloud computing in the same way, and
their contribution to the American economy has no significant difference in the usage of virtualization.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication. IJCSIT publishes original research papers and review papers, as well as auxiliary material such as: research papers, case studies, technical reports etc.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones
and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking
Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This
gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are
utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the
server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost
to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be
connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Welcome to AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT), your gateway to the latest advancements in the dynamic fields of Computer Science and Information Systems.
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) are computer-based tutoring systems that deal with
linguistic skills. Adding intelligence in such systems is mainly based on using Natural Language
Processing (NLP) tools to diagnose student errors, especially in language grammar. However, most such
systems do not consider the modeling of student competence in linguistic skills, especially for the Arabic
language. In this paper, we will deal with basic grammar concepts of the Arabic language taught for the
fourth grade of the elementary school in Egypt. This is through Arabic Grammar Trainer (AGTrainer)
which is an Intelligent CALL. The implemented system (AGTrainer) trains the students through different
questions that deal with the different concepts and have different difficulty levels. Constraint-based student
modeling (CBSM) technique is used as a short-term student model. CBSM is used to define in small grain
level the different grammar skills through the defined skill structures. The main contribution of this paper
is the hierarchal representation of the system's basic grammar skills as domain knowledge. That
representation is used as a mechanism for efficiently checking constraints to model the student knowledge
and diagnose the student errors and identify their cause. In addition, satisfying constraints and the number
of trails the student takes for answering each question and fuzzy logic decision system are used to
determine the student learning level for each lesson as a long-term model. The results of the evaluation
showed the system's effectiveness in learning in addition to the satisfaction of students and teachers with its
features and abilities.
In the realm of computer security, the importance of efficient and reliable user authentication methods has
become increasingly critical. This paper examines the potential of mouse movement dynamics as a
consistent metric for continuous authentication. By analysing user mouse movement patterns in two
contrasting gaming scenarios, "Team Fortress" and "Poly Bridge," we investigate the distinctive
behavioral patterns inherent in high-intensity and low-intensity UI interactions. The study extends beyond
conventional methodologies by employing a range of machine learning models. These models are carefully
selected to assess their effectiveness in capturing and interpreting the subtleties of user behavior as
reflected in their mouse movements. This multifaceted approach allows for a more nuanced and
comprehensive understanding of user interaction patterns. Our findings reveal that mouse movement
dynamics can serve as a reliable indicator for continuous user authentication. The diverse machine
learning models employed in this study demonstrate competent performance in user verification, marking
an improvement over previous methods used in this field. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to
enhance computer security and highlights the potential of leveraging user behavior, specifically mouse
dynamics, in developing robust authentication systems.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
Image segmentation and classification tasks in computer vision have proven to be highly effective using neural networks, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). These tasks have numerous
practical applications, such as in medical imaging, autonomous driving, and surveillance. CNNs are capable
of learning complex features directly from images and achieving outstanding performance across several
datasets. In this work, we have utilized three different datasets to investigate the efficacy of various preprocessing and classification techniques in accurssedately segmenting and classifying different structures
within the MRI and natural images. We have utilized both sample gradient and Canny Edge Detection
methods for pre-processing, and K-means clustering have been applied to segment the images. Image
augmentation improves the size and diversity of datasets for training the models for image classification
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
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application and its cloud service. We conducted an experiment that initiated a Man in the Middle attack
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The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
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Latency and Residual Energy Analysis of MIMO Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
DOI: 10.5121/ijcsit.2024.16201 1
LATENCY AND RESIDUAL ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
MIMO HETEROGENEOUS
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Saurabh Mishra1
, Rakesh Ranjan2
, Sonika Singh3
, Gagan Singh4
1
Research Scholar, School of Engineering and Technology, Sushant University, Gurgaon
2
Professor & Vice Chancellor, Sushant University, Gurgaon
3
Associate Professor, Department of EECE, DIT University, Dehradun
4
Professor, Department of EECE, DIT University, Dehradun
ABSTRACT
Energy-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have garnered significant research interest in
recent years. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), or Cooperative MIMO, represents a specialized
application of MIMO technology within WSNs. This approach operates effectively, especially in
challenging and resource-constrained environments. By facilitating collaboration among sensor nodes,
Cooperative MIMO enhances reliability, coverage, and energy efficiency in WSN deployments.
Consequently, MIMO finds application in diverse WSN scenarios, spanning environmental monitoring,
industrial automation, and healthcare applications.
This research paper presents a comparative performance analysis of MIMO wireless sensor networks and
traditional wireless sensor networks without MIMO using Network Simulator NS2.35 for analysis of End to
End Delay for packet transmission and Residual energy of nodes. The research work shows application of
MIMO in Wireless Sensor Networks with considerable improvements in Quality of Service parameters
which is achieved through Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity Gain.
MIMO enables multiple spatial streams, allowing several data streams to be transmitted simultaneously on
the same channel. This increases the overall throughput as multiple sensors can transmit their data
concurrently without interference. MIMO systems also provide diversity gain by transmitting multiple
copies of the same data over different antennas which helps in mitigating the effects of fading and
interference, resulting in a more reliable and higher-throughput communication link as compared to a
SISO channel. Another advantage of employing MIMO in WSN is reduction in End-to-End delays in data
transmission.
Last but not the least, MIMO can be configured to optimize the power consumption of individual sensors by
adjusting the number of antennas used and transmission power levels based on channel conditions. Hence,
MIMO can help to extend the network's lifetime by conserving energy in resource-constrained sensor
nodes by preservation of Residual Energy.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Networks; Heterogeneous Networks; End to End delay; Residual energy; MIMO.
1. INTRODUCTION
Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple antenna communication, has become
increasingly significant in wireless systems in recent years. MIMO technology enhances the
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
2
performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by leveraging multiple antennas at both the
transmitter and receiver ends, thereby improving data throughput, enhancing reliability, and
expanding the coverage of wireless communication in WSNs [1].
The various benefits of MIMO in Wireless Sensor Networks are as follows [2]:
Improved Spatial Diversity: MIMO exploits multiple spatial paths, resulting in better
signal reception, reduced signal fading, and improved link reliability.
Increased Data Rate: MIMO facilitates higher data rates by simultaneously transmitting
multiple data streams over the same channel.
Enhanced Coverage: MIMO can broaden the coverage area of WSNs, rendering them
suitable for larger deployment areas.
However, the application of MIMO in WSNs presents significant challenges that require careful
consideration during WSN design. These are
i) Channel Estimation: Accurate channel estimation is critical in dynamic WSN
environments, particularly in MIMO systems.
ii) Hardware Constraints: Implementing MIMO in resource-constrained sensor nodes poses
challenges due to limitations in power and size.
This research work focusses on the implementation of the MIMO in the sensors as a hardware
unit to provide energy efficient transmission with reduced delay.
2. MIMO IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
A heterogeneous wireless sensor network consists of nodes with diverse capabilities, including
sensing, various computational abilities, power-efficient communication, and different sensing
ranges. When employing Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless channels, such
networks become particularly valuable for energy-efficient multi-channel communication.
Integrating MIMO technology into Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has the potential to
enhance throughput, reduce end-to-end delay, improve packet delivery ratio, and conserve
energy. However, its implementation requires careful consideration, taking into account the
specific deployment conditions and resource constraints of the network. This entails attention to
proper antenna design, synchronization mechanisms, and the development of energy-efficient
algorithms.
In MIMO wireless sensor networks, similar to traditional wireless sensor networks, each node
typically possesses only one antenna, with nodes distributed across the network. To achieve
higher spatial diversity gain, also referred to as cooperative diversity gain, these dispersed nodes
collaborate to form a virtual antenna array [1, 3]. The advantages of MIMO stem from its ability
to boost throughput, extend coverage, and enhance capacity in a cost-effective manner. Given the
significant benefits offered by MIMO wireless sensor networks, this technology is actively under
research, and numerous MIMO techniques have already been integrated into prominent wireless
standards [2, 3].
The generic block diagram of a sensor node utilized in MIMO Wireless Sensor Networks is
depicted in Figure 1. The essential components of MIMO WSN nodes comprise the power unit,
sensor array, A/D Converter unit, signal processing and data computing unit, and the MIMO-
based space-time transceiver [4]. The power unit includes a power bank and memory unit,
designed to sustain operation over extended periods, ranging from months to years. The sensor
array unit detects physical data and converts it into electrical signals, which are then processed by
3. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
3
the Analog to Digital Converter block to digitize the data. Subsequently, the signal processing
and data computing block facilitate the adaptation of data to communication standards, preparing
it for transmission. Finally, the MIMO-based transceiver is responsible for enabling two-way
communication of data.
Fig.1 Block diagram of Sensor node in MIMO Wireless Sensor Network
A cluster of sensors collaborates to establish a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) structure,
wirelessly connecting to multiple antennas of a Data Gathering Node (DGN). This configuration
demonstrates superior energy efficiency compared to the existing Single Input Single Output
(SISO) structure [4]. The research at hand investigates the applicability of MIMO techniques to
wireless sensor networks, focusing on the total energy consumption aspect. Within heterogeneous
wireless sensor networks, nodes are tasked with sensing physical data, performing computations
to validate the data for transmission, and transmitting the data using power-efficient
communication methods. In this proposed simulation, network parameters such as end-to-end
delay and residual energy are analyzed. This analysis incorporates the concept of Multi Input
Multi Output (MIMO), which serves to reduce energy consumption, increase residual energy, and
extend network lifetime.
3. SIMULATION MODEL PARAMETERS
Considering a hospital scenario and (1200*1200 m2
) of 17 bedded patients equipped with 6
sensors at each bed for monitoring different health parameters, which can be presented as 103
nodes comprising of 17*6 (transceivers) + 1(cluster head) in a wireless sensor network
communicated and controlled with a remote station through wireless communication with MIMO
channel.
The simulation tool used for the simulation in this work is Network Simulator NS 2.35. Table 1
lists the simulation parameters used in this simulation. The objective of the proposed work is to
evaluate the performance of MIMO Wireless Sensor Network in with respect to SISO Wireless
Sensor Networks for same simulation environment.
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
4
Table 1. Simulation Parameters for proposed simulation
Description Values
Network Simulator NS 2.35
Number of Nodes 103
Simulation area 1200*1200 (m2
)
Propagation model Two Ray ground
Energy Model Radio
Initial energy of sensorNodes 90 J
Packet size 4000 bits
Traffic source CBR
Transmission power 0.15 W
Channel type Wireless
Transmission range 200m
Mac type IEEE 802.15.4
3.1. Network Initialization
For accurately analyzing the performance of the wireless sensor network, it is crucial to establish
ecological settings for various parameters. These include the radio transmission model, the type
of antennas employed for communication, the design of the link-layer, the channel type, routing
protocol information, and the type of interface utilized in the simulator. In the current scenario
layout, 103 nodes are deployed.Fig. 2 shows the distributive nodes placement in a uniform
network topology in the animation window.
Fig. 2. Node Placement Window
3.2. Cluster Formation
In this simulation, every randomly placed node broadcasts a beacon (Hello) signal within its
broadcast range to update the transmission topology by communicating with surrounding nodes.
Figure 3 illustrates the formation of clusters in the network simulator. In this setup, a total of 103
nodes are deployed, with 102 nodes acting as cluster authorities. These 102 nodes are organized
into 17 clusters, each containing 6 nodes. The Euclidean distance between every pair of nodes is
calculated using a two-point distance formula given by Eq. (1).
𝐷 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2)2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑌2)2 (1)
5. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
5
Fig. 3. Cluster Formation
Node 103 is cluster authority CA which is placed in the cluster based scheme to inform all the
nodes about the attacker node at the time of black hole attack in the network. Cluster authority
node stores the information of the malicious node after detection of attack in the remove list [5].
Cluster Head is chosen on the basis of highest initial energy of the nodes [6]. Since it is a
rotational process to select the cluster head, so in-spite of the initial energy residual energy is also
measured to select cluster head for the next round. The difference of the consumed energy (Ec)
and primary energy (Ep) is equal to the amount of residual energy[7]. Initial energy provided to
all the nodes in sensor network is termed as Primary energy. The amount of consumed energy is
dependent on the rate of packet transmission and the size of packet of transmission. The residual
energy (Er) can be defined as in Eq. 2[7].
Er = Ep - Ec (2)
3.3. Routing Protocol
In the proposed simulation, the routing of nodes relies on the cluster authority node, and it
changes after detecting any disruptive nodes. The cluster authority node adjusts the routing table
based on the removal list and reconstructs the best-suited path for packet transmission. The
process of discovering suitable routes and selecting the most appropriate one is termed as
dynamic routing. However, dynamic routing consumes more bandwidth as routing nodes
periodically share updates about malicious nodes [8, 12].
The proposed work employs the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol
in this simulation. AODV is chosen due to its superior characteristics in transmission parameters
such as End-to-End Delay and Packet Drop Ratio compared to the Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR) protocol, particularly in scenarios with high mobility [9].
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis of simulation results using NS2.35 for MIMO Wireless Sensor Networks and WSN
without MIMO are described below and compared which show improvement in Throughput, End
to End Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, and Residual Energy as shown in the following figures.
6. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
6
4.1. End to End Delay
The amount of time taken between the delivery of data packets from source and obtaining data
packets at the sink or the destination node is called End to End Delay [2,9]. Fig.4 shows the
analysis of end to end time delay with respect to the time slots 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 on the X-axis.
Table 2 shows the comparison of Delay values of existing and proposed models. The value of the
end to end time delay in transmission is dependent on the time slots and protocol used in the
wireless sensor networks.
Fig. 4 Comparison of End to End Delay
Table2 below presents the comparison of end to end time delay of existing and proposed model.
Table 2. End to End Delay of Proposed and Existing System
Simulation
time
MAC
Protocol(sec)
End to End Delay
Without
MIMO(msec)
With
MIMO(msec)
5 125.96 6.80
10 248.9 16.5
15 390.25 22.48
20 512.65 32.68
25 624.8 46.6
4.2. Residual Energy
The network size of Wireless sensor network does not affect the energy loss in the sensor
network. Residual energy is calculated on the basis of initial energy and consumed energy by the
node in the simulation time [10, 11] and this variation is shown in Fig.5.
7. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
7
Fig. 5 Comparison of Residual Energy
Table 3 below presents the comparison of values of energy in joules of existing-
withoutMIMOand with MIMOmodel.
Table 3 Residual Energy graph of Proposed – with MIMO and Existing – without MIMO System
Simulation time
MAC protocol
Energy (in joules)
Without
MIMO
With
MIMO
5 140 160
10 281 320
15 422 487
20 563 656
25 704 840
4.3. Summary of Results
The results for End to End delay and Residual Energy for the above scenario show considerable
improvements in battery lifetime which is essentially required for monitoring patients in hospital
emergencies. The End to End delay for network simulation time of 25 seconds has been reduced
from 624.8 ms to 46.6 ms showing a reduction of 92.5% in End to End delay while residual
energy of nodes has increased from 704 joules to 840 joules resulting in preservation of 19%
residual energy for the same network using MIMO technique. The results shows that Cooperative
MIMO can help extend the network's lifetime by conserving energy in resource-constrained
sensor nodes by preservation of Residual Energy.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper heterogeneous wireless sensor networks are simulated using NS2.35 simulators for
MIMO and without MIMO networks. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is a technology
that can be applied to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to enhance performance metrics
including End-to-End delay and residual energy.
MIMO shows considerable improvements in various Quality of Service parameters (QoS) which
is achieved through Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity Gain.MIMO enables multiple spatial
streams, allowing several data streams to be transmitted simultaneously on the same channel.
8. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 16, No 2, April 2024
8
This increases the overall throughput as multiple sensors can transmit their data concurrently
without interference.MIMO systems also provide diversity gain by transmitting multiple copies
of the same data over different antennas. This helps mitigate the effects of fading and
interference, resulting in a more reliable and higher-throughput communication link as compared
to a SISO channel. Another advantage of employing MIMO in WSN is reduction in End-to-End
delays in data transmission.
Last but not the least, MIMO can be configured to optimize the power consumption of individual
sensors. By adjusting the number of antennas used and transmission power levels based on
channel conditions, MIMO can help extend the network's lifetime by conserving energy in
resource-constrained sensor nodes by preservation of Residual Energy.Energy efficiency is
improved as the information from source node to the sink node is communicated faster due to
multiple inputs and multiple outputs. With the decrease in the energy consumption the network
lifetime also increases as the network lifetime is dependent on the battery life of the node.
This paper conducts simulations on heterogeneous wireless sensor networks using NS2.35,
comparing networks with and without MIMO technology. Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) is a technology applicable to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) aimed at improving
performance metrics such as End-to-End delay and residual energy.
MIMO exhibits significant enhancements across various Quality of Service parameters (QoS)
through Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity Gain. Spatial multiplexing enables the transmission
of multiple data streams simultaneously on the same channel, boosting overall throughput. With
MIMO, multiple copies of the same data are transmitted over different antennas, providing
diversity gain. This effectively mitigates fading and interference, resulting in a more reliable and
higher-throughput communication link compared to Single Input Single Output (SISO) channels.
Moreover, MIMO configuration can optimize the power consumption of individual sensors. By
adjusting the number of antennas and transmission power levels based on channel conditions,
MIMO conserves energy in resource-constrained sensor nodes, thereby extending the network's
lifetime by preserving residual energy. Faster communication from source node to sink node due
to multiple inputs and outputs contributes to improved energy efficiency. As energy consumption
decreases, the network's lifetime increases, as it directly depends on the battery life of the nodes.
REFERENCES
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[2] N. Parikh, JayeshMunjani, “ A Review of MIMO Technology for Wireless Sensor Network”
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[3] Zhang, Y., Jiang, H., & Cheng, P. (2010). Wireless Sensor Networks: Principles and Practice. CRC
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[4] Wael M El-Medany (2011). MIMO System Implementation for WSN Using Xilinx Tools, MIMO
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[5] P. Malleswari, G. Rao, “ An Energy Efficient Virtual MIMO Communication for Cluster-based
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“Enhancing Energy Efficiency via Cooperative MIMO in Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the
Art and Future Research Directions” IEEE Communications Magazine November 2017, pp: 47-53
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[7] Abdullah Said Alkalbani; Teddy Mantoro , “Residual Energy Effects on Wireless Sensor Networks
(REE-WSN)”, in the proceedings of International Conference on Informatics andComputing
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[8] Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, “ Sensor Networks” ACM
SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information Systems,
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[9] Nascimento, V. H., Borges, F. S., & Mini, R. A. (2020). A survey of energy-efficient routing
protocols in wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 81, 106480.
[10] Yi Gai, Lin Zhang, X. Shan, “ Energy Efficiency of Cooperative MIMO with Data Aggregation in
Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, March
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[11] JinmengLi ,JianxunLv , Penghui Zhao , Yucheng Sun , Haiwen Yuan and Hai Xu , “Research and
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[12] Tushar S. Mote, S. K. Jagtap, “Adaptive Threshold Residual Energy-Based Efficient Sensor
Network Protocol (ATREEN)” Hindawi Journal of Sensors Volume 2023, Article ID 1629438, 7
pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1629438.
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AUTHORS
Saurabh Mishra, B.Tech , M.Tech Ph.D. (Persuing) is an academician and research
scholar at Sushant University, working in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks. He is
having more than 16 years of teaching experience. He has been working for energy
optimization of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks for longer battery life of
nodes. His other area of interest is wireless communication, microwave and mobile
communication. He has been associated with SPIE, OSA and ICEIT chapters at DIT
University.
Prof. Rakesh Ranjan B.E,M.E, Ph.D. (BITS, PILANI) , with over 30 years of
teaching and research experience at Indian and foreign Universities is leading
academic administrator. Before Joining as Vice Chancellor at Sushant University
Gurgaon in May 2022, Dr. Ranjan has served as Vice Chancellor of Himgiri Zee
University, Dehradun for nearly five years. Dr. Ranjan has authored/co-authored
several books entitled “Renewable Energy Sources & Emerging Technologies”, PHI.
India, “Signals and Systems” published by McGraw-HILL, Singapore/Tata McGraw-
Hill, New Delhi, India, “Random Process and Queuing Theory” and “Circuits and Signals” published by
Pearson, Prentice Hall, Malaysia, SCHAUM’S OUTLINES on Signals and Systems published by Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. His latest book “Environmental Science and Engineering” was published by
Narosa Publishing House. Dr. Ranjan has guided 12 Ph.D and contributed 147 research papers in
international journals & conferences. He has served as International program committee and technical
committee member for various international Conferences and Journals and has completed many sponsored
projects.
Dr. Sonika Singh, B.E., M.Tech Ph.D received her B.E. in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering from Mumbai University in 1998 and M Tech. in
Digital Communication from U.P.T.U Lucknow, in 2007. She did her Ph.D. in 2012
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Uttarakhand Technical
University. Currently she is working as Associate Professor in the Department of
Electrical and Electronics & Communication, DIT University since April’2000 and is
mentoring the young minds at DIT University with an experience of more than
twenty-five years. She has authored a book on ‘Solid State Devices & Circuit’. Her research interests
include Mobile Satellite Systems, Fiber optic communication, and Image Processing. She has published
three patents, guided one Ph.D and proudly owns publication of more than fifty papers in Conference
Proceedings and International Journals of repute. She is also the Founder Chairperson and Faculty Advisor
of ICEIT (Institution of Communication Engineers and Information Technologists) at DIT University. She
has been awarded with Certificate of Recognition by The Academic Council of uLektz for being one of the
India's Top 50 Women Leaders in the Education Industry for the year 2020.
Dr.Gagan Singh B.E., M.Tech Ph.D received his Graduation Degree in Electrical
Engineering from Dayalbagh Organization, India, M. Tech in Engineering Systems
from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India and PhD in Electrical Engineering
from Uttarakhand Technical University. He is currently working as Professor in
Electrical and Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, DIT
University, Dehradun since March’2000. He has authored a book on ‘Electrical
Measurement and Measuring Instruments’ and has published more than 60 papers in
conference proceedings and international journals along with 3 patents published. He has an overall
experience of above twenty-Five years. His research interests include Hydropower Plant Instrumentation,
Control, Modelling and Simulation. He is the receiver of Young Scientist Award in first Uttaranchal State
Science Congress by Uttaranchal Council of Science and Technology, Government of Uttaranchal, in
November 2006. He has also been awarded for being one of the ‘Top 20 Thought Leaders in Higher
Education’ for the year 2021, by the ‘Academic Council of uLektz’.