Global warming is the gradual increase in the earth’s temperature generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Increased levels of these gases have disrupted the climate system and caused impacts like rising sea levels, changes in water resources, reduced agricultural production, worsening human and animal health, and effects on plants and animals. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement for industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming.
Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are released through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This has led to an increase in the average surface temperature of around 0.7 to 1.4 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. The impacts of climate change include changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and threats to agriculture, plants, animals and human health. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol aim to limit global warming by setting emissions reduction targets for countries.
Global warming is causing serious impacts around the world according to scientific evidence and IPCC reports. Key points include that global temperatures have risen around 0.5-1.0°C over the past century primarily due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like fossil fuel burning. This is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and displacement of coastal populations among other problems. The presentation outlines specific risks for India like reduced water availability and wheat crop failures. It encourages individual actions like recycling and energy conservation to help address the issue.
The document discusses global warming and its causes and impacts. It states that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and trapping heat, causing global warming. This is exacerbating the natural greenhouse effect from gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Global warming is causing rising temperatures, melting ice caps, more extreme weather, and effects on ecosystems worldwide. The impacts include threats to plants, animals, food availability, and human communities.
The document discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It defines global warming as the gradual heating of the Earth's surface caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. It identifies both human causes such as deforestation, industrialization, and overpopulation as well as natural causes like volcanoes and melting permafrost. The effects of global warming include rising temperatures, threats to ecosystems, climate change, and spread of diseases. Potential solutions involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Greenhouse effect and global warming
Earth’s atmosphere works something like a giant glass greenhouse. As the sun’s rays enter our atmosphere, most continue right down to the planet’s surface. As they hit the soil and surface waters, those rays release much of their energy as heat. Some of the heat then radiates back out into space.
However, certain gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor, work like a blanket to retain much of that heat. This helps to warm our atmosphere. The gases do this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are nicknamed “greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect. Without the “greenhouse effect,” Earth would be too cold to support most forms of life.
But there can be too much of a good thing. Carbon dioxide is released when we use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. We burn these fuels, made from the ancient remains of plants and animals, to run electricity-generating plants that power factories, homes and schools. Products of these fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, power most of the engines that drive cars, airplanes and ships.
By examining air bubbles in ice cores taken from Antarctica, scientists can go back and calculate what the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been throughout the last 650,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been climbing to where today it is 30 percent greater than 650,000 years ago. That rise in carbon dioxide “is essentially entirely due to the burning of fuels,” Susan Solomon says. She’s a senior scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colo., and studies factors that affect climate.
Humans have further increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the air by changing the landscape. Plants take up carbon dioxide to make food in a process called photosynthesis. Once cut down, they can no longer take in carbon dioxide, and this gas begins building up in the air instead of fueling the growth of plants. So by cutting down trees and forests for farmland and other human uses, more carbon dioxide is also added into the atmosphere.
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW : IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SOCIETYSD Paul
Global warming refers to a gradual increase in the earth's atmospheric and ocean temperatures due to increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities. Some key impacts are that 90% of warming since 1971 has occurred in the oceans, each of the last three decades has been warmer than the previous since 1850, and global temperatures have increased 0.8°C since the early 20th century. This warming is causing sea level rise, more extreme weather, and climate changes threatening human and natural systems.
Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Increased levels of these gases have disrupted the climate system and caused impacts like rising sea levels, changes in water resources, reduced agricultural production, worsening human and animal health, and effects on plants and animals. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement for industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming.
Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are released through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This has led to an increase in the average surface temperature of around 0.7 to 1.4 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. The impacts of climate change include changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and threats to agriculture, plants, animals and human health. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol aim to limit global warming by setting emissions reduction targets for countries.
Global warming is causing serious impacts around the world according to scientific evidence and IPCC reports. Key points include that global temperatures have risen around 0.5-1.0°C over the past century primarily due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like fossil fuel burning. This is projected to cause sea level rise, more extreme weather, and displacement of coastal populations among other problems. The presentation outlines specific risks for India like reduced water availability and wheat crop failures. It encourages individual actions like recycling and energy conservation to help address the issue.
The document discusses global warming and its causes and impacts. It states that human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and trapping heat, causing global warming. This is exacerbating the natural greenhouse effect from gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Global warming is causing rising temperatures, melting ice caps, more extreme weather, and effects on ecosystems worldwide. The impacts include threats to plants, animals, food availability, and human communities.
The document discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It defines global warming as the gradual heating of the Earth's surface caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. It identifies both human causes such as deforestation, industrialization, and overpopulation as well as natural causes like volcanoes and melting permafrost. The effects of global warming include rising temperatures, threats to ecosystems, climate change, and spread of diseases. Potential solutions involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Greenhouse effect and global warming
Earth’s atmosphere works something like a giant glass greenhouse. As the sun’s rays enter our atmosphere, most continue right down to the planet’s surface. As they hit the soil and surface waters, those rays release much of their energy as heat. Some of the heat then radiates back out into space.
However, certain gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor, work like a blanket to retain much of that heat. This helps to warm our atmosphere. The gases do this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are nicknamed “greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect. Without the “greenhouse effect,” Earth would be too cold to support most forms of life.
But there can be too much of a good thing. Carbon dioxide is released when we use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. We burn these fuels, made from the ancient remains of plants and animals, to run electricity-generating plants that power factories, homes and schools. Products of these fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, power most of the engines that drive cars, airplanes and ships.
By examining air bubbles in ice cores taken from Antarctica, scientists can go back and calculate what the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been throughout the last 650,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been climbing to where today it is 30 percent greater than 650,000 years ago. That rise in carbon dioxide “is essentially entirely due to the burning of fuels,” Susan Solomon says. She’s a senior scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colo., and studies factors that affect climate.
Humans have further increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the air by changing the landscape. Plants take up carbon dioxide to make food in a process called photosynthesis. Once cut down, they can no longer take in carbon dioxide, and this gas begins building up in the air instead of fueling the growth of plants. So by cutting down trees and forests for farmland and other human uses, more carbon dioxide is also added into the atmosphere.
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW : IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SOCIETYSD Paul
Global warming refers to a gradual increase in the earth's atmospheric and ocean temperatures due to increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from human activities. Some key impacts are that 90% of warming since 1971 has occurred in the oceans, each of the last three decades has been warmer than the previous since 1850, and global temperatures have increased 0.8°C since the early 20th century. This warming is causing sea level rise, more extreme weather, and climate changes threatening human and natural systems.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose serious risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose significant risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. These gases are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. If emissions continue to rise, the global temperature is expected to increase, which could raise sea levels and threaten coastal communities and wildlife while making some regions hotter and drier. The document outlines scientific consensus on future climate impacts and potential actions to reduce risks from climate change.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose serious risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, farming, waste, mining, and overconsumption all contribute to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Effects of global warming include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and negative impacts on human health. To prevent further global warming, alternatives to fossil fuels like renewable energy must be adopted, energy and resource efficiency increased, sustainable transportation and infrastructure developed, and responsible consumption and recycling practices implemented.
The document discusses the history of the Earth's climate and global warming. It explains that global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases trapping heat from the sun. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The document also discusses the effects of global warming that are already occurring, such as rising sea levels, as well as future effects like impacts on agriculture and rising temperatures causing ice melting. Solutions proposed to address global warming include reducing fossil fuel consumption and switching to alternative energy sources.
Global warming is causing significant changes to the Earth's climate. Glaciers and ice sheets are melting, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more common. The scientific consensus is that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased greenhouse gas levels and caused most of the warming observed since the mid-20th century. As temperatures continue to rise, the impacts on the environment, plants and animals, weather patterns, and human society will intensify and become more costly. Individual actions to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions can help address the problem.
The document discusses global warming, including its causes, effects, and projections. It defines global warming as the increase in average temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions. The major causes are greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels and methane from agriculture. Effects discussed include rising sea levels, ecosystem disruption, and water scarcity. The document projects that global temperatures will increase between 1.4-5.8°C by 2100 and sea levels will rise by 9-88 cm, with more extreme weather. Precautions recommended include reducing emissions from vehicles, appliances, and industries.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETYVEENASHAHI
The thrust of all development activities has been on industrialization, trade and urbanization as symbols of national growth and progress. There is significant relationship between environment and technology and society.
This document provides an overview of environmental aspects of energy, including the greenhouse effect and global warming. It discusses how different energy sources can impact the environment through air, water, and solid waste pollution. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are explained as major contributors to global warming. The effects of rising global temperatures are outlined as threats to ecosystems, climate change, and sea level rise.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Global Warming: Effect on Living Organisms, Causes and its SolutionsDr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present scenario many scientists, researchers
and environmentalists are expressing their deep concerns
about the overall changes. For continuous production of
Electricity Fossil and Fuels are being used. The burning of
these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxides which lead to global warming. The main cause
of global warming can be unsustainable human activities that
increase the accumulation of greenhouse gases. The hazard of
global warming is continuously causing major damage to the
Earth's environment. Most human beings are still unaware of
global warming and do not consider it to be a big problem in
the future. Living Organisms have to make efforts to
maintain health by recognizing and resolving abnormal
situations such as the presence of invading microorganisms.
Here we outline the effect on living organisms, causes and
how we can overcome it.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the atmosphere as they are emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and agriculture. Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases have increased over 30% primarily due to human activities like combustion of waste and fossil fuels. The effects of global warming include stronger hurricanes and other storms, more common floods and droughts, spread of diseases, and changes to ecosystems. Prevention efforts include reducing CO2 emissions through energy efficiency standards, financial incentives for green buildings, stopping deforestation, and individual actions like
This document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It begins by defining global warming as an increase in the Earth's average temperature due to an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. It then lists several major causes of global warming, including pollution from vehicles, power plants, and industries, deforestation, landfills, and population growth. The document goes on to describe some key effects of global warming like rising sea levels, species extinction, impacts on plants and animals, and effects on human health. It concludes by stating that global warming is a major challenge and that small changes in individual lifestyles can help avoid worse impacts in the future.
Solomon T. Omitogun presented on global warming as part of a university course. The presentation defined global warming as the slow increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gases trapping heat. The main causes of global warming discussed were the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Some effects of global warming mentioned included threats to biodiversity, rising sea levels, impacts on human communities like increased conflicts and migration, and more extreme weather. Mitigation measures proposed reducing greenhouse gas emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation and infrastructure, and sustainable agriculture and forest management.
Global warming is the phenomenon of gradual increase in the average temperature of earth . It is caused by the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs etc. into the atmosphere.
https://healthhouseeveryone.blogspot.com/2023/04/what-is-global-warming.html
Global warming refers to the increase in average temperatures on Earth since the mid-20th century, mainly caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from industrialization. This enhances the natural greenhouse effect and is accelerating global temperature rise. Impacts include rising sea levels threatening coastal cities, changes in weather patterns and food production, and increased tropical diseases. Efforts to prevent further warming involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions and developing alternative energy sources.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose serious risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose significant risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. These gases are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. If emissions continue to rise, the global temperature is expected to increase, which could raise sea levels and threaten coastal communities and wildlife while making some regions hotter and drier. The document outlines scientific consensus on future climate impacts and potential actions to reduce risks from climate change.
The document discusses global warming and its causes. It explains that global warming is driven by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are emitted through human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. If warming continues, it could lead to problems like rising sea levels from melting ice and glaciers, more extreme weather events, and species extinction as animals struggle to adapt to the changing climate. The document outlines the scientific consensus that human greenhouse gas emissions pose serious risks and that actions are needed to reduce their release into the atmosphere.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, farming, waste, mining, and overconsumption all contribute to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Effects of global warming include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and negative impacts on human health. To prevent further global warming, alternatives to fossil fuels like renewable energy must be adopted, energy and resource efficiency increased, sustainable transportation and infrastructure developed, and responsible consumption and recycling practices implemented.
The document discusses the history of the Earth's climate and global warming. It explains that global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases trapping heat from the sun. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The document also discusses the effects of global warming that are already occurring, such as rising sea levels, as well as future effects like impacts on agriculture and rising temperatures causing ice melting. Solutions proposed to address global warming include reducing fossil fuel consumption and switching to alternative energy sources.
Global warming is causing significant changes to the Earth's climate. Glaciers and ice sheets are melting, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more common. The scientific consensus is that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased greenhouse gas levels and caused most of the warming observed since the mid-20th century. As temperatures continue to rise, the impacts on the environment, plants and animals, weather patterns, and human society will intensify and become more costly. Individual actions to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions can help address the problem.
The document discusses global warming, including its causes, effects, and projections. It defines global warming as the increase in average temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions. The major causes are greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels and methane from agriculture. Effects discussed include rising sea levels, ecosystem disruption, and water scarcity. The document projects that global temperatures will increase between 1.4-5.8°C by 2100 and sea levels will rise by 9-88 cm, with more extreme weather. Precautions recommended include reducing emissions from vehicles, appliances, and industries.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETYVEENASHAHI
The thrust of all development activities has been on industrialization, trade and urbanization as symbols of national growth and progress. There is significant relationship between environment and technology and society.
This document provides an overview of environmental aspects of energy, including the greenhouse effect and global warming. It discusses how different energy sources can impact the environment through air, water, and solid waste pollution. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are explained as major contributors to global warming. The effects of rising global temperatures are outlined as threats to ecosystems, climate change, and sea level rise.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Global Warming: Effect on Living Organisms, Causes and its SolutionsDr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present scenario many scientists, researchers
and environmentalists are expressing their deep concerns
about the overall changes. For continuous production of
Electricity Fossil and Fuels are being used. The burning of
these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxides which lead to global warming. The main cause
of global warming can be unsustainable human activities that
increase the accumulation of greenhouse gases. The hazard of
global warming is continuously causing major damage to the
Earth's environment. Most human beings are still unaware of
global warming and do not consider it to be a big problem in
the future. Living Organisms have to make efforts to
maintain health by recognizing and resolving abnormal
situations such as the presence of invading microorganisms.
Here we outline the effect on living organisms, causes and
how we can overcome it.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat in the atmosphere as they are emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and agriculture. Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases have increased over 30% primarily due to human activities like combustion of waste and fossil fuels. The effects of global warming include stronger hurricanes and other storms, more common floods and droughts, spread of diseases, and changes to ecosystems. Prevention efforts include reducing CO2 emissions through energy efficiency standards, financial incentives for green buildings, stopping deforestation, and individual actions like
This document discusses the causes and effects of global warming. It begins by defining global warming as an increase in the Earth's average temperature due to an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. It then lists several major causes of global warming, including pollution from vehicles, power plants, and industries, deforestation, landfills, and population growth. The document goes on to describe some key effects of global warming like rising sea levels, species extinction, impacts on plants and animals, and effects on human health. It concludes by stating that global warming is a major challenge and that small changes in individual lifestyles can help avoid worse impacts in the future.
Solomon T. Omitogun presented on global warming as part of a university course. The presentation defined global warming as the slow increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to increased greenhouse gases trapping heat. The main causes of global warming discussed were the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Some effects of global warming mentioned included threats to biodiversity, rising sea levels, impacts on human communities like increased conflicts and migration, and more extreme weather. Mitigation measures proposed reducing greenhouse gas emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation and infrastructure, and sustainable agriculture and forest management.
Global warming is the phenomenon of gradual increase in the average temperature of earth . It is caused by the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs etc. into the atmosphere.
https://healthhouseeveryone.blogspot.com/2023/04/what-is-global-warming.html
Global warming refers to the increase in average temperatures on Earth since the mid-20th century, mainly caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from industrialization. This enhances the natural greenhouse effect and is accelerating global temperature rise. Impacts include rising sea levels threatening coastal cities, changes in weather patterns and food production, and increased tropical diseases. Efforts to prevent further warming involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions and developing alternative energy sources.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
Ähnlich wie global warming: consequences, control measures, el nino & la nina, environmental monitoring, bioindicators (20)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. OVERVIEW
Global warming and its consequences.
El-Nino phenomenon.
La-Nina phenomenon.
Environmental monitoring.
Bioindicators.
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3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Short wave radiation (0.2-4nm) from the sun reaches the earth’s surface
unhindered. It is radiated from the earth as long wave radiation and the
atmosphere absorbs a substantial portion of it and radiates energy back to
it.
This downward flux of the long wave radiation is called as greenhouse
flux and it keeps the earth warm.
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb these
longer wave radiations, forming a blanket over the earth and controlling
the escape of heat from the earth’s surface to outer space and keep our
planet warm and hospitable.
Thus the phenomenon of trapping the reradiating heat by greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere is called as greenhouse effect.
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4. In the absence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, temperatures on our planet would be much lower.
The capacity of the atmosphere to keep the earth warm depend upon the concentration of greenhouse gases.
The excessive concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will retain more IR, resulting in enhanced
greenhouse effect.
The consequent increase in the global mean temperature is called as global warming.
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5. Behind the name…
Greenhouse is a glass enclosed structure that is transparent to
incoming radiations, but retains some of the outgoing longer
wavelength radiation; allowing suitable temperatures for the
growth of plants inside the greenhouse.
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6. GREENHOUSE GASES
Water vapour and CO2 are the most important naturally occurring greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone etc are other greenhouse gases, of these CFCs are solely
man made.
Among the different agents of climate change, water vapour, anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols have
larger roles.
The abundance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing due to industrial development, destruction of
forests, land use, intensification of agriculture etc.
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7. CARBON DIOXIDE
The increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has been largely the result of fossil fuel burning,
deforestation and changes in the land use.
Principal cause of increase in atmospheric CO2 has been the combustion of fossil fuels which releases about 21
billion tons of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Other major source of CO2 emission is deforestation. Every year about 0.8% of total global forest area is cleared
for other use. Forest clearing releases 0.3 – 2.6 Gt of carbon annually as CO2.
In the northern hemisphere, CO2 conc. peaks in summer just before plant growth begins and falls off when the
growing season is at its peak. This results from the net uptake of CO2 by vegetation during the growing season and
its net release during the less favorable season.
For the first time in human history, the conc. Of climate warming CO2 passed the milestone level of 400 parts per
million on 9th may 2013.
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8. METHANE
Methane is the most abundant non CO2 GHG in the atmosphere today. Its conccentration has continued to
increase since 2011 to an average global conc. 1911.8+_0.6 ppb as of 2022.
It is very effective in causing global warming as it absorbs IR of different wavelengths than CO2.
It is 21 times more powerful than CO2 in trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Emission sources of CH4 ; landfills, livestock management, anaerobic respiration in soil of wetlands, rice
agriculture, biomass burning etc.
Fresh water wetlands produce methane due to incomplete decomposition of organic matter.
Termites produce methane during digestion of cellulose.
It also leaks from oil and gas exploration, released during coal mining.
Anaerobic activity of methanogens in flooded rice fields, bogs, tundra, wetlands and lakes also release methane.
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9. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
CFCs (CFC-11,CFC-12,CFC-13) are highly stable and man made gaseous compounds of carbon and halogens.
They make up four parts per billion of the atmosphere.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons etc are potent GHGs which are increasing at rapid rates.
CFC sources : air conditioners, fridges, cleaning of electronic components, production of plastic foams,
propellants in aerosol spray cans etc.
CFCs has a long residence time of 12 – 100 years in the atmosphere. They are 12000-15000 times more effective
than CO2 at trapping IR.
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10. NITROUS OXIDE
It is a significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas.
In 2022, its level rose by 1.24ppb to 335.7ppb.
Main sources of this gas are agricultural activities, biomass burning, industrial activities, nylon production,
burning of nitrogen rich fuels, nitrate contaminated ground water, deforestation etc.
It is 310 times more powerful than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
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11. BLACK CARBON & OZONE
Black carbon and ozone in the lower atmosphere are harmful air pollutants that have regional and global climate
impacts.
They disturb tropical rainfall and regional circulation patterns such as the Asian monsoon, affecting livelihoods of
millions of people.
Black carbon causes darkening of snow and ice surfaces, which increases their absorption of sunlight which along
with atmospheric heating, exacerbates melting of snow and ice around the world including the Arctic and the
Himalayas.
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12. GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the gradual increase in the earth’s temperature
generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
Global warming
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13. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
1. DEFORESTATION
Forests are being depleted for many domestic and commercial purposes. This had led to an environmental imbalance, thereby
giving rise to global warming.
2. USE OF VEHICLES
The use of vehicles even for a very short distance results in various gaseous emissions.
Vehicles burn fossil fuels which emit large amount of CO2 and other toxins into the atmosphere resulting in temperature increase.
3. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON
Excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators emit CFCs into the atmosphere which mainly affects the ozone layer.
Ozone layer protects the earth surface from the harmful UV rays emitted by the sun.
CFCs have led to the ozone layer depletion making way for the UV rays thereby increasing the temperature of the earth.
Global warming
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14. 4. FOSSIL FUELS
Massive use of fossil fuels is obviously the first source of global warming, as burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon
dioxide - the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - as well as nitrous oxide.
5. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth has been increasing rapidly. The harmful emissions from
the factories add to the increasing temperature of the earth.
In 2013, the intergovernmental panel for climate change reported that the increase in the global temperature between
1880 and 2012 has been 0.9 degree Celsius.
The increase is 1.1 degree Celsius when compared to the pre industrial mean temperature.
6. AGRICULTURE
Various farming activities produce CO2 and methane gas.
These add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the temperature of the earth.
Global warming
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15. 7. INTENSIVE FARMING
Another cause of global warming is intensive farming, not only with the ever-increasing livestock, but also with
plant protection products and fertilizers.
Cattle and sheep produce large amounts of methane when digesting their food, while fertilizers produce nitrous
oxide emissions.
8. OVERPOPULATION
An increase in population means more people breathing.
This leads to an increase in the level of CO2, the primary gas causing global warming in the atmosphere.
Global warming
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16. 8. WASTE DISPOSAL
Waste management methods like landfills and incineration emit greenhouse and toxic gases - including methane -
that are released into the atmosphere, soil and waterways, contributing to the increase of the greenhouse effect.
9. MINING
Modern life is highly dependent on the mining and metallurgical industry. Metals and minerals are the raw
materials used in the construction, transportation and manufacturing of goods. From extraction to delivery, this
market accounts for 5% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
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Global warming
17. CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING
1. Increase in global temperature
Global warming may directly increase the average global temperature.
During the last hundred years, there was an increase of about 0.6 degree
Celsius.
It is predicted that if then input of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
continues at the present rate, their atmospheric concentration may get doubled
by 2050.
According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by the scientists at NASA’s
Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on
earth has increased by at least 1.1 degree celsius since 1880.
Rise in global temperature may increase the incidence of many infectious
diseases.
Global warming
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18. 2. Warmer oceans
With an increase in average global temperature, oceans will become warmer,
this will have a devastating effect on marine biodiversity and the lives and
livelihoods of coastal communities.
Fishing will be badly affected posing severe threat of food insecurity to
mankind.
Marine heat waves have doubled in frequency and have become more intense.
The majority of the heatwaves took place between 2006 and 2015, causing
widespread coral bleaching and reef degradation.
In 2021, nearly 60% of world’s ocean surface experienced at least one spell of
marine heatwaves.
The UN Environment programme says that the world’s coral reefs could bleach
by the end of the century if water continues to warm.
Global warming
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19. 3. Loss of biodiversity
Rising temperatures increase the risk of irreversible loss of marine and coastal ecosystem.
Today, widespread changes have been observed, including damage to coral reefs and mangroves that support
ocean life, and migration of species to higher latitudes and altitudes where the water could be cooler.
Latest estimates from the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization warn that more than half of the
world’s marine species may stand on the brink of extinction by 2100.
At a 1.1°C increase in temperature today, an estimated 60 percent of the world’s marine ecosystems have already
been degraded.. A warming of 1.5°C threatens to destroy 70 to 90 percent of coral reefs, and a 2°C increase means
a nearly 100 percent loss - a point of no return.
Global warming
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20. 4. Sea level rise
Sea-level rise has accelerated in recent decades due to increasing ice loss in
the world’s polar regions
Latest data from the World Meteorological Organization shows that global
mean sea-level reached a new record high in 2021, rising an average of 4.5
millimeter per year over the period 2013 to 2021.
Together with intensifying tropical cyclones, sea-level rise has caused
extreme events such as deadly storm surges, flooding, erosion and landslides,
which are now projected to occur at least once a year in many locations. Such
events occurred once per century historically.
Moreover, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says that
several regions, such as the western Tropical Pacific, the South-west Pacific,
the North Pacific, the South-west Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic, face
substantially faster sea-level rise.
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Global warming
21. 5. Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps and rise in sea level
Antarctica is losing ice mass (melting) at an average rate of about 150 billion tons per
year, and Greenland is losing about 270 billion tons per year, adding to sea level rise.
Data from NASA's GRACE and GRACE Follow-On satellites show that the land ice
sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002.
The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica store about two-thirds of all the fresh water
on Earth. They are losing ice due to the ongoing warming of Earth’s surface and ocean.
Meltwater coming from these ice sheets is responsible for about one-third of the global
average rise in sea level since 1993.
It can also cause abnormal changes in the pattern of oceanic water circulation and deep
ocean currents.
There will be release of huge amounts of trapped methane to the atmosphere in the
polar region.
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Global warming
22. 6. Thermal expansion of ocean water and sea level rise
The warming of Earth is primarily due to accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, and more than 90
percent of this trapped heat is absorbed by the oceans. As this heat is absorbed, ocean temperatures rise and water
expands. This thermal expansion contributes to an increase in global sea level.
Temperature measurements of the sea surface, taken by ships, satellites and drifting sensors, along with subsurface
measurements and observations of global sea-level rise, have shown that the warming of the upper ocean caused
sea level to rise due to thermal expansion in the 20th century.
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Global warming
23. 7. On humans
Climate change is affecting the global economy. It is already shaking up social, health and geopolitical balances in
many parts of the world.
The scarcity of resources like food and energy gives rise to new conflicts.
Rising sea levels and floods are causing population migration. Small island states are in the front line.
The estimated number of climate refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.
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Global warming
24. GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the considerable increase in earth's climatic temperature over a relatively short spell of time due
to anthropogenic activities and greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect has both positive and negative impacts. Its positive impact is that it maintains the heat balance
and the average surface temperature of the earth within optimal limits. This, in turn, keeps the earth warm and
thereby ensures a favourable climate for supporting and sustaining life.
In the absence of greenhouse effect, earth may become ice-covered, with an abnormally low temperature.
Its negative impacts are mainly due human activities, such as large scale burning of fossil fuels, world- wide
deforestation, extensive mineral mining, intensive industrial and agricultural activities, etc. These activities
contribute to an abnormal concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and thereby leads to intense greenhouse
effect, termed enhanced greenhouse effect. This in turn, accelerates global warming.
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Global warming
25. GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The terms “global warming” and “climate change” are sometimes used interchangeably, but "global warming" is
only one aspect of climate change.
Global warming refers to the long-term warming of the planet. Global temperature shows a well-documented rise
since the early 20th century and most notably since the late 1970s. Worldwide since 1880, the average surface
temperature has risen about 1°C (about 2°F), relative to the mid-20th century baseline (of 1951-1980). This is on
top of about an additional 0.15°C of warming from between 1750 and 1880.
Climate change encompasses global warming, but refers to the broader range of changes that are happening to our
planet. These include rising sea levels; shrinking mountain glaciers; accelerating ice melt in Greenland, Antarctica
and the Arctic; and shifts in flower/plant blooming times. These are all consequences of warming, which is caused
mainly by people burning fossil fuels and putting out heat-trapping gases into the air.
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Global warming
26. CURRENT STATUS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Global temperatures are likely to surge to record levels in the next five years, fuelled by heat-trapping greenhouse
gases and a naturally occurring El Niño event, according to a new report issued by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO).
There is a 66% likelihood that the annual average near-surface global temperature between 2023 and 2027 will be
more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for at least one year. There is a 98% likelihood that at least one of the
next five years, and the five-year period as a whole, will be the warmest on record.
A warming El Niño is expected to develop in the coming months and this will combine with human-induced
climate change to push global temperatures into uncharted territory.
Global mean temperatures are predicted to continue increasing, moving us away further and further away from the
climate we are used to,” said Dr Leon Hermanson, a Met Office expert scientist who led the report.
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Global warming
27. The WMO State of the Global Climate report 2022 focuses on key climate indicators –
greenhouse gases, temperatures, sea level rise, ocean heat and acidification, sea ice and
glaciers. It also highlights the impacts of climate change and extreme weather.
Keypoints
Drought, floods and heatwaves affect large parts of the world and the costs are rising.
Global mean temperatures for the past 8 years have been the highest on record.
Sea level and ocean heat are at record levels – and this trend will continue for many
centuries.
Antarctic sea ice falls to lowest extent on record.
Europe shatters records for glacier melting.
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World Meteorological Organization
STATE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Global warming
28. From mountain peaks to ocean depths, climate change continued its advance in 2022. Droughts, floods and
heatwaves affected communities on every continent and cost many billions of dollars.
Antarctic sea ice fell to its lowest extent on record and the melting of some European glaciers was, literally,
off the charts.
The State of the Global Climate 2022 shows the planetary scale changes on land, in the ocean and in the
atmosphere caused by record levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases.
For global temperature, 2015-2022 were the eight warmest on record despite the cooling impact of a La Niña
event for the past three years. Melting of glaciers and sea level rise - which again reached record levels in
2022 - will continue for up to thousands of years.
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Global warming
29. CONTROL MEASURES AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING
Recycle more
The aim is to cut down the amount of carbon dioxide released in the environment. If you even recycle half of the
waste produced at home, you can save up to 2000 pounds of CO2 every year.
Drive less
Air pollution is one of the major factors that lead to an increase in greenhouse gases. Minimise the use of cars and
make use of public transportation. Try walking, biking or carpooling whenever possible. If you reduce the driving
hours, you will end up saving one pound of CO2 for every mile.
Plant trees
Deforestation plays an important role in global warming and climatic changes. Planting trees is helpful as they
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and regulate the climate. Hence, there is a dire need to plant more trees
because a single tree can absorb one ton of CO2 in its lifetime.
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Global warming
30. Switch to renewable energy
One of the most effective ways to prevent global warming is to start using renewable energy sources such as solar,
geothermal, wind and biomass, and stop using fossil fuels. Use renewable energy resources to supply power to
your home.
Use energy-efficient devices
By investing in energy-efficient devices such as bulbs, LED lights or solar-powered shower system, you can
reduce the energy consumption and help in the production of clean energy. It is not only the cheapest way to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions but it also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere.
Use less hot water
You can save 500 pounds of CO2 per year if you switch to cold showers and stop using hot water to wash clothes.
Try installing energy-efficient geysers that consume less energy.
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Global warming
31. Turn off electronic devices
Ensure turning off your electronic devices such as television, computer, stereo, music player when not in use.
This can help in saving fuel that is used to generate electricity which in turn can reduce thousand tons of carbon
dioxide released in the atmosphere.
Spread awareness
Speak up about global warming, its consequences, causes and what steps we can take to prevent global warming
with your friends, family and colleagues. Use the power of social media to voice out your concerns about climate
change.
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Global warming
32. EL-NINO & LA-NINA
El Nino can be understood as a natural phenomenon wherein the ocean temperatures rise especially in parts of
the Pacific Ocean.
El Nino(the child) is a Spanish word. This is due to the fact that this current starts to flow around during
Christmas and hence the name referring to baby Christ.
Another natural phenomenon, similar to El Nino is La Nina(little girl). It is termed as opposite of the
phenomenon of El Nino as it results in the ‘cooling’ of the ocean water in parts of the Pacific Ocean.
Both of them also result in changes in atmospheric conditions along with oceanic changes.
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33. HISTORY
During the 17th century, some fishermen living in the South America noticed that in the month of December, the
temperature of the ocean rose significantly.
The heat increases every 5-6 years.
During this period, the quantity of fish caught would be low. This phenomenon is called El-Nino in Spanish,
which means little boy as this phenomenon happens around Christmas.
Around the beginning of the 20th century scientists found that this phenomenon affects the climate of the entire
world.
El-Nino is a phenomenon that lasts for 9-12 months, that recurs between 2-7 years.
This phenomenon starts at the south side of the Pacific ocean, just below the equator.
El-Nino & La-Nina
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34. DURING NORMAL CONDITIONS…
Equatorial climes get a lot of sunlight and are very hot places. There are certain
types of constant winds in that area called trade winds.
Since the pacific ocean gets good sunlight near the equator, the water there is very
warm. Here, the trade winds are constantly blowing from east to west. Hence the
hot ocean water also move similarly from east to west that is, from Southern
America to Australia and Asia.
This warm water gets concentrated near Australia and Asia and this is called as
Western Pacific pool.
Due to western pacific pool, the warm water vaporizes and cause plenty of rain in
Australian and Asian regions.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
35. While the warm water moves from S. America to Australia and Asia, the cold water from the ocean bed flows
to the surface. It is called upwelling. Along with this cold water, phytoplankton comes up and as a result a lot
of fishes start to come to that region.
This is very beneficial for the fishing industry in S. America The warm water that flows away from the S.
American region lowers the temperature at the coast and makes it cold.
This creates a high pressure in that region, making it arid and dry during the normal times.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
36. DURING EL-NINO
During El-Nino, there is a disruption happening in the direction of the trade winds.
When El-Nino kicks in, the trade winds become weak. As a result, less amount of warm water flows away
from the coast of S. America towards Australia and Asia and also the water in this coast gets warmer than
usual.
The western pacific pool is not formed in the western region.
The warm waters caused rains in Australia and Asia. But as El-Nino stops or decreases the flow of water, it
causes significant reduction in the availability of rains in Australia and Asia. This creates a dry climate and
drought conditions in this areas.
During normal climate, India gets monsoon rains. When El-Nino happens, monsoons in India get delayed and
gets weaker, causing droughts and famine.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
37. In S. America, more amount of warm water gets accumulated, this results in heavy rainfall. It results in floods
and damages there.
Example; During 1997-98, El-Nino was very powerful and countries like Peru were badly affected by floods.
As there is no movement of the warm waters, upwelling does not occur- no phytoplankton in the surface water-
which affected the availability of fish very badly.
El-Nino causes disruption throughout the world.
Some El-Ninos may be powerful, but some may be mild.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
39. LA-NINA
It means ‘little girl’ and the mechanism is exactly opposite to El-Nino.
Happens when the trade winds get stronger, more warm water flows from east to west.
It results in huge floods in western regions.
In S. America, usually dry weather is present, due to La-Nina, the weather gets much drier and can lead to drought.
Upwelling increases resulting in plenty of fish.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
41. ENSO – EL-NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION
Like the movement of a pendulum, El-Nino and La-Nina keep coming back and forth one
after the other, creating a sequence of contrasting weather patterns. Hence it is called as
El-Nino Southern Oscillation.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
42. WHY ARE METEOROLOGISTS SAYING THAT EL-NINO IS LIKELY
TO COME BY THE END OF THE YEAR?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Have been studying the El-Nino phenomenon in the Pacific ocean, using precise observations at regular
intervals.
According to their studies, La-Nina has been around since 2022 and is waning in strength.
At present the climate is close to normal. From here onwards there is high probability of EL-Nino making an
entry as the climatic conditions are getting favorable for it.
According to NOAA’s calculations, there is 60% chance of occurrence of El-Nino by the end of the year 2023.
Yet another reason for this surmise is- in the history recorded so far, the maximum gap between two El-Ninos
has been 4 years. The previous one was in 2018-19.
In India, monsoon got delayed this year and there were heat waves sweeping across different parts of the
country. This usually happens during El-Nino.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
43. Impact on Indian Agriculture:
Weak Monsoon for India: The formation of an El Nino in May or June 2023 resulted in weakening of the
southwest monsoon season, which accounts for roughly 70% of total rainfall in India and on which most farmers
still rely.
Sporadic increase in rainfall: Sub-seasonal influences, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and
monsoon low-pressure systems, can temporarily increase rainfall in some areas, as shown in 2015.
Drought: Typically, El Nino causes drought. El Nino has previously produced drought or a weak southwest
monsoon in the country.
A bad monsoon could have an impact on the growth of Kharif crops. Paddy, a water guzzler, groundnuts, and
pulses are the crops most likely to suffer from a severe El Nino. Cotton and sugarcane crops may suffer as well.
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El-Nino & La-Nina
44. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Environmental monitoring uses tools that identify and
analyze environmental conditions to assess the impact
an activity has on the environment.
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Environmental monitoring is used to observe a
particular environment’s overall quality,
environmental parameters, and the impact an activity
may have. Eg ; building infrastructure or waste
removal.
The key objective of environmental
monitoring is to manage and minimize
the impact an activity has on an
environment, following the laws and
regulations in that area.
It involves analyzing the environment
with tools to obtain accurate results
which are then published in risk and
impact assessment reports.
45. WHY IS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IMPORTANT?
After the IPCC sixth assessment report stated that many countries are not prepared for climate impacts,
environmental monitoring is now more important than ever.
It is essential to understand the complexity of the environment, and highlight any risks or harmful effects an
organization’s activity has on an environment and to human health.
Environmental monitoring applications
Water supplies
Managing hazardous/radioactive waste.
Understanding pollution sources.
Protection of natural resources.
Weather forecasting.
Economic development.
Protecting endangered species.
Understanding global climate change.
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Environmental monitoring
46. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Air/Atmospheric monitoring
Air pollutants harm the environment and human health.
Some air pollutants are also known to degrade infrastructure including cultural buildings, therefore it is essential to
monitor the air quality, following national and international air quality regulations.
Can be monitored in real time by connecting software to sensors(temperature sensors, humidity sensors, CO2
sensors, oxygen sensors)located in an area of choice.
These sensors measure levels and report main pollutants in the sir like particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide etc.
Air quality can also be measured manually with stations that collect air particles for a period of time before being
measured.
By gathering continuous data, governments and other authorities can make amendments to environmental policies.
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Environmental monitoring
If you are wanting to open a business operation, you will need to complete an environmental impact assessment to
assess the impact your business may have on the environment. Depending on which sector you work in, will determine
which environmental monitoring you will need to implement.
47. Water monitoring
All bodies of water must be monitored, as water is essential to life on earth. It must be clean, drinkable, safe and
sanitary.
Water bodies must also be clean so that marine life and biodiversity can thrive.
Water can be measured in real time by connecting softwares to sensors located in water bodies. These sensors can
communicate when thresholds are reached for example; dissolved oxygen, turbidity, bioindicators, nitrates, pH,
chemical contamination and water temperature.
Water samples can also be collected manually and sent to a lab.
Measuring the conductivity in water is also significant, as water quality can be indirectly measured using a
conductivity probe. Conductivity determines how many contaminants exist in the water and have the ability to
transmit electricity.
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Environmental monitoring
48. Noise monitoring
Noise can be monitored both for sea life and on land.
In the sea, cetaceans use noises as we use our eyes. For example, if there is too much noise pollution, whales cannot
communicate which puts them in danger.
On land, noise can disrupt wildlife’s natural habitats and the quality of life for humans.
Noise pollution can be monitored on land and sea using a sound level meter(SLM), integrated sound level meters (ISLM),
Noise dosimeters etc.
Softwares are connected to sensors that report real time noise levels. Noise level thresholds are set and determined
beforehand so organizations know how much noise can be made in a certain area.
Sinay is an agency currently in the process of developing underwater noise monitoring software and aerial noise
monitoring software.
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Environmental monitoring
49. BIOINDICATORS
A bioindicator is a living organism that gives us an idea about the health of an ecosystem.
Some organisms are very sensitive to pollution in their environment, so if pollutants are present, the organism
may change its morphology, physiology or behavior or it could even die.
Such organisms can be monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.
Bioindicators can be plants, animals or micro-organisms.
Plant communities are more reliable indicators than individual plants.
Large species(steno species) – better indicators than small species(eury species).
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50. Characteristics of Bioindicators
The identification of any organism, species or process as an ideal bioindicator requires possession of certain
characteristics such as:
It should be widely distributed.
It should be highly abundant in a certain environment.
It should be site specific and highly sensitive.
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51. It should accumulate and concentrate the toxin to measurable levels.
It should possess a low genetic and ecological variability
It should be cost effective and robust while handling.
It’s sampling, sorting as well as storage should be simple.
Itshould have an environmental significance and economic importance.
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52. Classification of Bioindicators
Bioindicators can be classified into different categories on the basis of:
Aim of bioindication.
Application of bioindicators.
On the basis of International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS).
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54. Based on aim of bioindication
i. Early warning indicators: The bioindicators which can show the first signs of disturbance in the environment are
called early warning indicators. These reveal signs before most other species are affected since they have very quick and
sensitive responses to any environmental change. For e.g ants.
ii. Compliance indicators: The bioindicators which help in confirming the accomplishment of maintenance or
restoration goals are known as compliance indicators. For example, measurement of fish characteristics is a bioindicator
for the sustainability of the population or community as a whole.
iii. Diagnostic indicators: The indicators which help in the examination of the detected environmental changes or
disturbances are known as diagnostic indicators. These indicators are generally measured on the individual or sub
organismal level.
iv. Accumulation indicators: The bioindicators which help in studying the effects on different biological organization
levels are known as accumulation indicators. For e.g. mosses, lichens, etc.
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55. Based on different applications of bioindicators
i. Environmental bioindicators: these refer to the species which respond to any disturbance in the environment
and thus reveal the signs of any environmental change or disturbance. They help in the diagnosis of the
environmental status for making any environmental policy. For e.g. animals, macro-invertebrates, sentinels etc.
ii. Ecological bioindicators: The species which are sensitive to fragmentation of the habitat, pollution or other
disturbances or stresses in the environment are called ecological indicators. For e.g. lichens, plant indicators etc.
iii. Biodiversity bioindicator: The species which are the indicators for measurable parameters of biodiversity such
as genetic parameters, landscape parameters, etc. and represent the species richness of a community are known as
biodiversity bioindicators. For e.g. animals, plants and microbial indicators.
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56. Classification of bioindicators on the basis of International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS)
The International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) has divided bioindicators into following six groups after
recognizing the importance of bioindicators in monitoring environmental changes:
Microbiology
Botany
Zoology
Cell Biology and Genetics
Comparative Physiology
Hydrobiology
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57. BOTANY
A. Lower plants
Lower plants as bioindicators include a wide range of lichens, algae, fungi (leaf yeasts), etc.
The tolerance level or resistance towards a substance in an environment varies with
species.
For example, lichens are considered ideal bioindicators or monitoring agents due to their
vulnerability and resilience to different environmental effects. Some lichens can bloom only
in the fresh or unpolluted air while some of their species are resistant even to much polluted
air.
The lichen Lechanora is good biological indicators of a wide spectrum of the environment.
The lichen thalli indicate the presence of sulphur dioxide and fluorine in the atmosphere.
The presence of some radionuclides such as cesium-137, strontium-30 released during
nuclear explosions, in the environment can also be monitored using lichens.
The lichen thalli are able to absorb fluorine and heavy metals including lead even
when they are dead.
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58. Lichens generally thrive on rocks and trees surfaces or soil and do not have roots and cuticle. They attain all their
nutrients directly from the atmosphere rather than from the soil.
They are such ideal monitoring agents because of their extreme sensitivity to the toxins present in the air as well
as due to their high surface area to volume ratio which further leads to the accumulation of toxins or contaminants
from the air .
The lichens are also considered because of being cost effective and inexpensive agents in the evaluation of air
pollution when compared to most of the physical and chemical monitors.
Various algae are too used in environmental monitoring such as Enteromorpha for monitoring the water quality
of estuaries, Cladophora and Stigeoclonium for heavy metal contamination of water, Chlorella for monitoring the
presence of toxic substances in water bodies.
Skeletonema costatum, Pavlova lutheri etc. for the indication of oil pollution, etc.
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59. B. Higher plants
Air pollution is monitored using some sensitive species whereas some
tolerant (indicator) species are used for the determination of soil conditions.
Plants also serve as indicators of presence of various heavy metals such as Al,
Ca, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ag, etc. and have also been used to
detect and monitor gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide(SO2),
ozone(O3), nitrogen oxides, etc.
Anthoxanthum spp is tolerant to zinc.
Festuca is tolerant to lead.
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Festuca
Anthoxanthum
Bioindicators
60. The plants serve as ideal monitoring agents due to various phenotypic, metabolic and anatomical changes in the
plant system and the type of changes help in the determination of the nature of compounds to which the plants are
exposed.
The damage caused on exposure to ozone gas can be reflected by the weathered flakes of tobacco or chlorotic
flakes of pine needle.
The damage caused by peroxyacetyl nitrate can be indicated by the collapse, glazing and bronzing of leaf cells in
plants.
Some of the physiological and anatomical changes in plants include the effects on the nature of stomata,
pigmentation, chlorosis and bleaching. For example, the inhibition of photosynthesis due to fluorine damage,
bleaching of perianth and stamen injury by mercury poisoning, etc.
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61. TYPES OF BIOINDICATORS
1. Indicators of potential productivity of land
Forests serve as good indicators of land productivity.
Vegetative growth of trees of Quercus species (Quercus marilandica, Quercus stellata) is comparatively poor on
low land or sterile sandy soil than the normal soil in which they grow under natural conditions.
2. Indicators of agriculture
Native vegetation of a particular region is the safe criterion of agricultural possibilities.
Thus plants growing under natural conditions provide information on capabilities of land for crop growth than
those obtained through meteorological data or soil analysis.
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62. 3. Indicators of climate
Plant communities characteristic of a particular region provide information on the climate of that area.
Evergreen forests indicate high rainfall in winter and in summer.
Sclerphyllous vegetation indicate heavy rainfall in winter and low rainfall during summer.
Grasslands indicate heavy rainfall during summer and low rainfall during winter.
Xerophytic vegetation indicate a very low or no rainfall in the year.
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63. 4. Indicators of soil type and other soil characteristic
Luxuriant growth of some taller and deeply rooted grasses like Psoralea indicates a sandy loam type of soil.
Presence of grasses Andropogon indicates sandy soil.
Rumex acetosella indicates an acid grassland soil.
Spermacoce stricta indicate iron rich soil.
Heliotropium supinum grow better in low lying land.
Shorea robusta, Cassia obtusifolia, Geranium species indicate proper aeration of soil.
Grasses like Saccharum spontaneum grow in poorly drained soil.
Capparis spinosa, Carissa spinaum indicates intense soil erosion.
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s
64. 5. Indicators of fire
Some plants like Agrostis hiemalis, Epilobium spicatum, Pinum contorta, Pteris, aquilina etc. dominate in area
destructed by fires.
Pteridium spp. in particular indicate burnt and highly disturbed coniferous forests.
6. Indicators of petroleum deposits
Some protozoans as Fusilinds indicate petroleum deposits in the area.
7. Indicators of adequate oxygen in water
Burrowing may fly (Hexagenia sp.) indicates proper oxygen regimes in water.
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65. 8. Indicators of pollution
Plants like Utricularia, Chara, Wolffia etc prefer to grow in polluted waters.
Bacteria like E.coli also indicate water pollution.
Presence of diatoms in water indicate pollution by sewage.
Movement of fish like Catla catla, Labeogoniu, L. bata, L. rohita etc. away from the water indicates industrial pollution
of water.
9. Indicators of overgrazing
Annual weeds and short lived perennials like Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Polygonum etc grow better in overgrazed areas.
Frequent visits of the areas by animals like cattle, horses, sheeps, goats etc. also indicate that the area is under intense
grazing.
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