The measurements related to cardiovascular, plethysmography, blood pressure measurements, volume measurements, blood flow measurements, echo cardio, doppler and its block diagrams are discussed. Supporting video links are also attached with.
Pulseoximeter and Plethysmography by Pandian MPandian M
Plethysmography is a technique that measures changes in volume in different areas of the body using blood pressure cuffs or other sensors attached to a machine called a plethysmograph. It is effective at detecting changes caused by blood flow and can help doctors determine if a patient has blood clots or calculate lung volume. The document describes the procedures for limb and lung plethysmography tests and how they are interpreted to assess conditions like blood clots or respiratory issues. Common uses of plethysmography are listed in clinical settings like operating rooms and ICUs.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
This document discusses biopotentials and methods for measuring them. It begins with an introduction to biopotentials and what they are. It then discusses the mechanisms behind biopotentials, focusing on ion concentrations and how they generate electrical potentials. The rest of the document discusses specific measurement methods like ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG, and considerations for biopotential measurement like electronics, electrodes, and practices.
This document summarizes various bioelectric potentials generated by the human body. It discusses resting and action potentials generated by nerve and muscle cells. It also describes several specific bioelectric potentials measured by devices like electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyograms (EMGs), electroretinograms (ERGs), and electrogastrograms (EGGs). These measurements provide information about heart, brain, muscle, eye, and gastrointestinal activity through recordings of their underlying bioelectric signals.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
The document discusses various instruments used for respiratory and blood measurements. It describes pneumographs which detect respiration through chest movements. Spirometers are used to measure lung volumes and capacities. Impedance pneumography monitors respiration rate using changes in chest impedance during breathing. Other topics covered include blood cell counting methods like Coulter and optical techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters, and measuring blood pH using glass electrodes in blood gas analyzers.
Pulseoximeter and Plethysmography by Pandian MPandian M
Plethysmography is a technique that measures changes in volume in different areas of the body using blood pressure cuffs or other sensors attached to a machine called a plethysmograph. It is effective at detecting changes caused by blood flow and can help doctors determine if a patient has blood clots or calculate lung volume. The document describes the procedures for limb and lung plethysmography tests and how they are interpreted to assess conditions like blood clots or respiratory issues. Common uses of plethysmography are listed in clinical settings like operating rooms and ICUs.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
This document discusses biopotentials and methods for measuring them. It begins with an introduction to biopotentials and what they are. It then discusses the mechanisms behind biopotentials, focusing on ion concentrations and how they generate electrical potentials. The rest of the document discusses specific measurement methods like ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG, and considerations for biopotential measurement like electronics, electrodes, and practices.
This document summarizes various bioelectric potentials generated by the human body. It discusses resting and action potentials generated by nerve and muscle cells. It also describes several specific bioelectric potentials measured by devices like electrocardiograms (ECGs), electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyograms (EMGs), electroretinograms (ERGs), and electrogastrograms (EGGs). These measurements provide information about heart, brain, muscle, eye, and gastrointestinal activity through recordings of their underlying bioelectric signals.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
The document discusses various instruments used for respiratory and blood measurements. It describes pneumographs which detect respiration through chest movements. Spirometers are used to measure lung volumes and capacities. Impedance pneumography monitors respiration rate using changes in chest impedance during breathing. Other topics covered include blood cell counting methods like Coulter and optical techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters, and measuring blood pH using glass electrodes in blood gas analyzers.
You can learn about ARTIFACTS, BASIC ELECTRONIC RECORDING SYSTEM, EFFECTS OF ARTIFACTS ON ECG RECORDINGS, POWER LINE INTERFERENCE, SHIFTING OF THE BASELINE, MUSCLE TREMOR, PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD, MOTIVATIONAL TOPIC ABOUT LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
Vector cardiography analyzes the electrical activity of the heart along three axes by obtaining an ECG, displaying the results as a vector cardiogram which produces loop patterns representing the distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart. It examines ECG potentials along three-dimensional x, y, and z axes of the body to determine the direction of atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization, detecting each electric heart vector component with equal sensitivity.
The anatomy of heart, ECG, sensors, transducers, heart sound, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, circulatory systems are discussed related to engineering concepts.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
The document discusses an electromagnetic blood flow meter. It operates based on electromagnetic induction principles, inducing an EMF in blood flowing through a vessel perpendicular to a magnetic field. Electrodes placed across the vessel measure this induced EMF, which is proportional to blood velocity. The small EMF signal is amplified for measurement and low pass filtered to determine average blood flow rate. Advantages include a linear dynamic range and no mechanical limitations for measuring high and low blood flows.
The basics of the biomedical equipments, ECG, EMG, EEG, Pace maker, Defibrillator, Lasik, Robotics Surgery, ICU, Bio-Telemetry system, Plasma Medicine, etc are discussed and the video link of the topics are also given.
Biotelemetry is the measurement and transmission of biological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature from a distance. It allows for monitoring of things like astronauts in space, patients during exercise or in ambulances, and collecting medical data from homes or offices. It also enables research on unrestrained animals in their natural habitats. Biotelemetry systems consist of components like amplifiers, oscillators, power supplies, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, transducers, and processors to adapt existing measurement methods to transmit the resulting data.
This document summarizes a study that used non-invasive impedance plethysmography to measure cardiac output in healthy volunteers. The study measured stroke volume, cardiac output, and cardiac index in two age groups (16-25 and 26-35) and found no significant differences between the groups or when compared to an earlier study. A positive correlation was found between body surface area and cardiac output. The study concludes that impedance plethysmography is a non-invasive and effective method for measuring cardiac output and establishing baseline data.
The document discusses different methods of plethysmography used to measure volume changes in organs and tissues, including impedance plethysmography, chamber plethysmography, and photoplethysmography. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical impedance as tissue volume changes, using either two or four electrodes. Chamber plethysmography uses a sealed chamber placed over a limb to measure volume changes inside the chamber. Photoplethysmography uses pulse oximetry to measure blood volume changes by illuminating the skin and measuring light absorption.
Cardiac output can be measured using invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods include the Fick method, dye dilution, and thermodilution, which require a pulmonary artery catheter. Non-invasive methods include echocardiography, which uses ultrasound to visualize cardiac structures and Doppler to measure blood flow velocities, and pulse pressure analysis. Measurement of cardiac output is important for critically ill patients to optimize oxygen delivery and support circulation.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses surface electrodes to apply currents and measure voltages to reconstruct images showing the internal conductivity distribution. EIT has applications in imaging physiological processes involving fluid movement in organs like lungs, heart, and brain. It has advantages of being non-invasive, portable, and low-cost compared to other modalities like CT. However, EIT also has disadvantages like lower resolution and the complex inverse problem of reconstructing 3D conductivity based on 2D electrode measurements.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
This document discusses methods of measuring cardiac output. It begins with a brief history noting Adolf Fick first developed a technique for measuring cardiac output in 1870 using what is now called the Fick principle. It then describes several methods including invasive techniques using a pulmonary artery catheter and non-invasive options like echocardiography, esophageal Doppler, and impedance cardiography. The document emphasizes the importance of cardiac output for oxygen delivery and assessing cardiovascular function in critically ill patients.
This document discusses cardiac pacemakers. It defines a pacemaker as a medical device that provides support to the heart's pacemaking system when it is not functioning adequately. It explains that pacemakers are needed when the sinoatrial node or atrioventricular node cannot generate a sufficient heartbeat. The document outlines the components of a pacemaker including electrodes, a power source, pulse generator, timing control, output driver, and sensing amplifier. It describes the different types of pacemakers such as internal, external, fixed rate, demand, and atrial or ventricular triggered models. Complications from pacemakers like pacemaker syndrome and embolism are also mentioned.
In my previous article I described the signs and symptoms that you could have which shows the status of your high blood pressure of lung origin. They are utilized for the purpose of primary diagnosis for this condition.
You can learn about ARTIFACTS, BASIC ELECTRONIC RECORDING SYSTEM, EFFECTS OF ARTIFACTS ON ECG RECORDINGS, POWER LINE INTERFERENCE, SHIFTING OF THE BASELINE, MUSCLE TREMOR, PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD, MOTIVATIONAL TOPIC ABOUT LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
Vector cardiography analyzes the electrical activity of the heart along three axes by obtaining an ECG, displaying the results as a vector cardiogram which produces loop patterns representing the distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart. It examines ECG potentials along three-dimensional x, y, and z axes of the body to determine the direction of atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization, detecting each electric heart vector component with equal sensitivity.
The anatomy of heart, ECG, sensors, transducers, heart sound, blood pressure, blood volume, blood flow, circulatory systems are discussed related to engineering concepts.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
The human body and Cell structure, Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells, The action, and Resting potentials. Introduction of Bio-potentials related to the human body.
ECG, EMG, EEG, ERG etc.
The document discusses an electromagnetic blood flow meter. It operates based on electromagnetic induction principles, inducing an EMF in blood flowing through a vessel perpendicular to a magnetic field. Electrodes placed across the vessel measure this induced EMF, which is proportional to blood velocity. The small EMF signal is amplified for measurement and low pass filtered to determine average blood flow rate. Advantages include a linear dynamic range and no mechanical limitations for measuring high and low blood flows.
The basics of the biomedical equipments, ECG, EMG, EEG, Pace maker, Defibrillator, Lasik, Robotics Surgery, ICU, Bio-Telemetry system, Plasma Medicine, etc are discussed and the video link of the topics are also given.
Biotelemetry is the measurement and transmission of biological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature from a distance. It allows for monitoring of things like astronauts in space, patients during exercise or in ambulances, and collecting medical data from homes or offices. It also enables research on unrestrained animals in their natural habitats. Biotelemetry systems consist of components like amplifiers, oscillators, power supplies, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, transducers, and processors to adapt existing measurement methods to transmit the resulting data.
This document summarizes a study that used non-invasive impedance plethysmography to measure cardiac output in healthy volunteers. The study measured stroke volume, cardiac output, and cardiac index in two age groups (16-25 and 26-35) and found no significant differences between the groups or when compared to an earlier study. A positive correlation was found between body surface area and cardiac output. The study concludes that impedance plethysmography is a non-invasive and effective method for measuring cardiac output and establishing baseline data.
The document discusses different methods of plethysmography used to measure volume changes in organs and tissues, including impedance plethysmography, chamber plethysmography, and photoplethysmography. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical impedance as tissue volume changes, using either two or four electrodes. Chamber plethysmography uses a sealed chamber placed over a limb to measure volume changes inside the chamber. Photoplethysmography uses pulse oximetry to measure blood volume changes by illuminating the skin and measuring light absorption.
Cardiac output can be measured using invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods include the Fick method, dye dilution, and thermodilution, which require a pulmonary artery catheter. Non-invasive methods include echocardiography, which uses ultrasound to visualize cardiac structures and Doppler to measure blood flow velocities, and pulse pressure analysis. Measurement of cardiac output is important for critically ill patients to optimize oxygen delivery and support circulation.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses surface electrodes to apply currents and measure voltages to reconstruct images showing the internal conductivity distribution. EIT has applications in imaging physiological processes involving fluid movement in organs like lungs, heart, and brain. It has advantages of being non-invasive, portable, and low-cost compared to other modalities like CT. However, EIT also has disadvantages like lower resolution and the complex inverse problem of reconstructing 3D conductivity based on 2D electrode measurements.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
This document discusses methods of measuring cardiac output. It begins with a brief history noting Adolf Fick first developed a technique for measuring cardiac output in 1870 using what is now called the Fick principle. It then describes several methods including invasive techniques using a pulmonary artery catheter and non-invasive options like echocardiography, esophageal Doppler, and impedance cardiography. The document emphasizes the importance of cardiac output for oxygen delivery and assessing cardiovascular function in critically ill patients.
This document discusses cardiac pacemakers. It defines a pacemaker as a medical device that provides support to the heart's pacemaking system when it is not functioning adequately. It explains that pacemakers are needed when the sinoatrial node or atrioventricular node cannot generate a sufficient heartbeat. The document outlines the components of a pacemaker including electrodes, a power source, pulse generator, timing control, output driver, and sensing amplifier. It describes the different types of pacemakers such as internal, external, fixed rate, demand, and atrial or ventricular triggered models. Complications from pacemakers like pacemaker syndrome and embolism are also mentioned.
In my previous article I described the signs and symptoms that you could have which shows the status of your high blood pressure of lung origin. They are utilized for the purpose of primary diagnosis for this condition.
In my previous article I described the signs and symptoms that you could have which shows the status of your high blood pressure of lung origin. They are utilized for the purpose of primary diagnosis for this condition.
This document summarizes three cardiovascular procedures: angiograms, cardiac scans, and ECG/EKGs. An angiogram uses dye and x-rays to take pictures of blood flow in arteries. A cardiac scan uses x-rays to provide detailed images of the heart and blood vessels to assess myocardial damage. An ECG measures the heart's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the body to detect any abnormalities.
Exercise stress testing can be used to identify cardiovascular endurance and the likelihood of coronary artery disease. There are several types of stress tests that use equipment like treadmills, bicycles, or arm ergometers along with electrocardiogram monitoring. The tests aim to determine if physical exertion causes ischemia or inadequate oxygen supply to the heart. Results are reported as negative, positive, or inconclusive based on changes in the ECG tracing during physical exertion. Precautions must be taken as the tests carry a risk of inducing dangerous cardiac events.
This workshop will outline the basic principles of extracorporeal life support made easy by key-experts in the field. During the course delegates will gain a good understanding of ECMO in the following areas: Theoretical concepts, basic physiology and pathophysiology, cardiac and respiratory support and monitoring, alarm settings and monitoring, role of cardiac ultrasound during ECMO, newest technologies, circuits and devices, practical hands-on sessions and simulations.
CT Angiography is an important technique for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). It allows direct visualization of blood clots in the lungs. A 16-slice CT scan can cover the entire chest in less than 10 seconds with 1mm resolution, evaluating vessels down to the 6th order branches. While CTPA is fast, non-invasive and highly sensitive and specific, limitations include potential allergic reactions to contrast dye or risks for patients with kidney problems or pregnancy. Proper technique including timing of contrast injection is important to avoid motion artifacts.
1. Basic monitoring standards established by anesthesia societies require monitoring of circulation, ventilation, and oxygenation including ECG, blood pressure, capnography, and pulse oximetry.
2. Pulse oximetry uses light absorption to measure oxygen saturation and heart rate while capnography monitors expired carbon dioxide.
3. Invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring provides direct measurement but risks include hematoma and nerve damage.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental assessment. Non-instrumental monitoring includes visual observation of factors like respiratory pattern, bleeding, and IV lines. Instrumental monitoring provides quantitative data through devices like ECG, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximetry, capnography, and muscle relaxation monitors. Together, non-instrumental and instrumental monitoring provide clinicians with vital information about patients' physiological status to guide care in settings like operating rooms and intensive care.
An angiogram uses dye and X-rays to take pictures of blood flow and can find bulges, blockages, or coronary artery disease. Doppler ultrasonography uses sound waves to detect blood flow direction and speed, and is used to view the heart and monitor diseases. Stress testing reflects heart blood flow during exercise compared to rest to identify imbalances, and was first standardized in 1929 involving increasing exercise while monitoring electrocardiograms and symptoms.
The Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) is a non-invasive stress test that assesses how well the heart, lungs, and muscles work individually and together during exercise. It measures oxygen use, carbon dioxide production, breathing, and electrocardiogram responses. A CPET can detect various cardiac and pulmonary conditions that limit exercise capacity, such as heart failure, ischemia, and lung disorders. It involves wearing a face mask and EKG stickers while exercising on a treadmill or bike according to a protocol, with monitoring of vital signs throughout. Results provide information on functional capacity and can guide medical management and exercise prescription.
A technique used to measure air flow in and out of the lungs.
A recording of lung volumes and capacities defined by the respiratory process. These recordings may be static (untimed) or dynamic (timed).
Assesses the integrated mechanical functions of lungs, chest wall and respiratory muscles.
The gold standard for diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of COPD.
Better than PEFR (which is effort dependent) for demonstrating airway obstruction in BA.
The most commonly used PFT
Design and Development of Arm Manikin for Blood Pressure and Pulse Simulation IJMER
The purpose of this study is to develop an arm manikin for oscillometric methods of blood
pressure measurement over full clinical range of blood pressure, heart rate. Blood pressure
simulator helps to resolve the uncertainties common in teaching students to take blood pressure.
Simulator allows the pre-setting of values for both systolic and diastolic pressures and provides an
excellent means to practice listening and distinguishing blood pressure sounds prior to actual
clinical experience. With this realistic unit, the student can find the preset results and the instructor
can unfailingly know if the student has performed the procedure accurately. The arm manikin is a
mould made up of rexine material which is coated with ethaflex as a skin material. A small rubber
tube is used as blood vessel and a small micro-speaker for heart beat listening. An external electronic
box is used to make students do the whole practice of blood pressure and pulse measurement. The
compressed air with 2x2 NC solenoid valve and other pneumatic accessories are used to create the
artificial pulses. A small micro-speaker with pre-recorded sound is used to generate heart beating
sound in the antecubital area. A blood pressure sensor MPX5050GP is used to sense the
sphygmomanometer dial pressure. PCB designed using a 16-bit micro-controller with on-chip ADC
and DAC. It has five keys and graphical 16x2 LCD for setting the simulation parameters including
the heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure.
Exercise testing is a noninvasive tool to evaluate the cardiovascular system's response to stress from exercise. During exercise, the body's metabolic rate and cardiac output increase substantially, placing high demands on the cardiopulmonary system. This makes exercise an effective way to assess cardiac function and perfusion. Various protocols exist for exercise testing using treadmills, bicycles, or other devices, with different protocols suited for evaluating patients with different cardiovascular conditions or exercise capacities. Careful analysis of electrocardiogram changes during and after exercise can provide information about myocardial ischemia.
1. Pulse oximetry and capnography are important monitoring tools during procedures involving sedation. Pulse oximetry monitors oxygenation but not ventilation, while capnography directly monitors ventilation.
2. Various factors can limit the accuracy of pulse oximetry, including abnormal hemoglobins, low perfusion, and certain dyes. Capnography provides early warning of respiratory issues through waveform analysis.
3. In addition to oxygenation and ventilation, sedation monitoring should include assessment of heart rate, blood pressure and level of consciousness to rapidly identify potential complications.
Insight into Monitoring of the surgical patientlmdm11
Pulse oximetry, ECG, and blood pressure monitoring are common ways to assess patients. A pulse oximeter uses light absorption to estimate oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels non-invasively. An ECG attaches electrodes to record the heart's electrical activity and indicates rate, rhythm, and signs of ischemia. Blood pressure results from cardiac contraction and vascular resistance, and can be measured manually or via an arterial line that displays beat-to-beat variations to assess contractility, tone, and response to interventions.
The document describes a team's concept for a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring device called Beat Vine. The device uses laser holography to measure blood pressure without the need for an inflatable cuff. It consists of a laser source, beam splitter, mirror, sensor and microcontroller. The laser light is used to create a hologram of blood vessels and blood flow, from which blood pressure data is extracted using signal processing algorithms on a microcontroller. If developed, Beat Vine would provide continuous, real-time and cuffless blood pressure monitoring in clinical and home environments.
1) The document describes a study that aimed to develop a continuous and non-invasive method of measuring blood pressure using ultrasound.
2) The method uses Doppler and B-mode ultrasound to measure blood velocity and arterial diameter in the brachial artery. These measurements are then used to calculate differential pressure, which is correlated to actual blood pressure readings from a sphygmomanometer.
3) The study first proved this correlation using a phantom model of the brachial artery, then measured blood pressure in 26 healthy patients to establish an in vivo standard correlation curve. This curve can be used to determine blood pressure from ultrasound measurements of differential pressure.
This document proposes a low-cost wireless spectrum-capnography system to detect cholesterol levels in blood using breath analysis. It would measure concentrations of isoprene and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are related to cholesterol biosynthesis. A spectrophotometer would detect isoprene concentration and a capnometer would detect CO2 concentration. These values could then indicate cholesterol levels in the blood. The system would also record electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to provide additional cardiovascular information. It would use ZigBee technology to transmit data to a mobile device for display. Simulation results showed the system could distinguish venous and arterial CO2 concentrations related to cholesterol levels.
Cardiac CT scan and echocardiography are non-invasive tests used to examine the heart. Cardiac CT scan uses x-rays to produce detailed images of the heart and can detect problems like calcium buildup, heart valve issues, or blood clots. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart and is useful for assessing heart valve function and detecting issues like coronary artery disease. Both tests provide information about heart size, shape, and pumping ability without radiation exposure for echocardiography.
Topic 1 introduction of biomedical instrumentationGhansyam Rathod
Basic Description of the Biomedical Instrumentation subject and basics of the physiological system of human body discussed as per the syllabus of 2EC42 subject offered at Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Engineering Autonomous Institution.
Medical imaging is the process of creating visual representations of the interior of the body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. It involves techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound. X-ray machines produce beams of radiation that pass through the body and are used to capture images of areas like bones and soft tissues. CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles to construct cross-sectional views of the inside of the body. MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of organs and tissues. PET scans use radioactive tracers to show how tissues and organs are functioning.
This document discusses basic transducer principles and biopotential electrodes. It covers the definitions of a transducer and transduction as the conversion of one form of energy to another. Two main principles of transduction are discussed: active transducers using energy conversion and passive transducers using modulation. Examples of active transducers include those using magnetic induction, piezoelectricity, and thermoelectric effects. Passive transducers can use resistive, capacitive, or inductive elements. The document also covers principles of biopotential electrodes including types for measuring signals on the skin surface, within tissues using needles, and within single cells using microelectrodes. Equivalent circuits and considerations for reducing noise
The document discusses the key components and layers that make up a printed circuit board (PCB). It explains that a PCB uses an insulating substrate like fiberglass, onto which are laminated thin copper layers for conductive traces. Additional layers include soldermask for insulation and silkscreen for labels. Common terms are also defined, like pads for component connections and vias for passing signals between layers. The document recommends some free and open-source PCB design software options.
Practical No-9: Introduction to protecting devices-Fuse-MCB-ELCBGhansyam Rathod
The document is a lecture on fuses, miniature circuit breakers (MCBs), and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) by Professor G. B. Rathod. It defines fuses as sacrificial devices that provide overcurrent protection, and describes common fuse types like automotive and high voltage fuses. MCBs are defined as small trip switches that protect electric circuits from overloads, and the types of MCBs like low-voltage, magnetic, and thermal-magnetic are outlined. ELCBs are safety devices that prevent electric shocks, and voltage-operated and current-sensing ELCBs are introduced.
Practical No-8: Soldering and Soldering TechniquesGhansyam Rathod
This document provides instructions for soldering and de-soldering electronic components. It reviews the necessary tools which include a soldering iron, solder, and de-soldering tools. It demonstrates how to properly tin a soldering iron tip and the soldering process of heating both the pad and lead simultaneously before applying solder. Characteristics of a good joint and common mistakes are described. The de-soldering process using a solder sucker or solder wick is also outlined. Safety precautions for soldering like wearing protective glasses and proper ventilation are emphasized.
A Digital Multimeter is a tool used to measure voltage, current and resistance in electronic circuits. A breadboard allows temporary prototyping of circuits by inserting components leads into holes and connecting them with wires. A soldering iron supplies heat to melt solder for permanently joining metal workpieces, like in circuit boards, and requires a stand. Solder is a metal alloy with a lower melting point than the pieces being joined used to create permanent bonds between metals.
P-3:Introduction to various electronics symbolsGhansyam Rathod
This document discusses electronics symbols used in schematic diagrams. It explains that graphic symbols for electrical components are standardized by international and national standards bodies like IEC and IEEE. Some key standards mentioned are IEC 60617, ANSI Y32.2-1975, and IEEE Std 91/91a. The document provides an overview of common symbols used to represent components like sources, resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
P-2: Introduction to electric shock, hazards and preventionGhansyam Rathod
An electric shock occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical energy source, causing electrical energy to flow through their body. Exposure can result in no injury or death. The document discusses the four factors involved in electric shock and their physiological effects. It provides tips for prevention like inspecting cords and plugs, using surge protectors, and installing safety caps. Earthing and grounding are explained as processes to direct electrical discharge safely away. First aid for electric shock and methods for checking home earthing are reviewed. Videos are referenced throughout for further information on these topics related to electric shock hazards and prevention.
Topic_1_Introduction to electronics componentsGhansyam Rathod
This document is an introduction to electronics components compiled by Prof. G.B. Rathod of BVM's electronics department. It outlines common electronic components like resistors, inductors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, transformers, switches, integrated circuits, and surface mount devices. For each component, it provides a brief definition and links to YouTube videos that provide basic explanations of how the components work.
This document provides an overview of biomedical instrumentation topics presented by Prof. G. B. Rathod of BVM Engineering College. It discusses the development of biomedical instrumentation, components of the man-instrument system, physiological systems of the body like the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and major biomedical devices like the sphygmomanometer and oximeter. It also provides references on biomedical engineering textbooks.
The signals classified as symmetric (even) and antisymmetric (Odd), energy, power signals are discussed. The definition is shown for the signal and systems fundamentals.
The working of diffrent transducers and its priciples are discussed. The various types of sensors, transducers for the biopotential detections are also discussed with necessary diagrams.
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
Mechanical sensors and its working principles are discussed. The modern applications of the mechanical transducers or converters are also discussed. Motion, displacement, force, pressure, strain and many more concepts are discussed related mechanical sensors.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
3. Blood Pressure Measurement
3
Click here to see the method to measure the blood pressure
using non digital technique.
Click here to see the method to measure the blood pressure
using the digital machine.
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
4. Blood Flow measurement
4
Click here to see the
concept of the
electromagnetic flow
meter
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
6. Blood Flow Measurement
6
Click here to see
the concept of flow
measurement using
ultrasound
Doppler Effect
useful in
measurement of
blood flow. See the
Concept
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
7. Plethysmography
7
A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within
an organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of
blood or air it contains).
Plethysmography measures changes in volume in different areas of your body. It
measures these changes with blood pressure cuffs or other sensors. These are
attached to a machine called a plethysmograph.
Limb Plethysmography
Normally, the systolic blood pressure in your arm and leg are similar. The ankle-
brachial index (ABI) is a measurement used to check for potential problems. To
calculate your ABI, divide the highest systolic blood pressure reading from your
leg by the highest reading from your arm.
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
8. Plethysmography
8
Lung Plethysmography
Lung plethysmography measures how much air you can hold in your
lungs. The normal range depends on your age, gender, body size, and
level of fitness.
This test is a starting point for your diagnosis. An abnormal result
confirms that there’s a problem with your lung capacity. But it doesn’t
tell your doctor what that problem might be. Your doctor would have to
do additional tests to discover why your results were abnormal.
Possibilities include a breakdown of lung tissue and problems with the
muscles around your chest wall. They also include problems with your
lungs’ ability to contract and expand.
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
10. Ecocardiography
10
Echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves to
produce live images of your heart. The image is an
echocardiogram. This test allows your doctor to monitor
how your heart and its valves are functioning.
An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac
echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart.
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
12. Doppler Ultrasound Instruments
12
A Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive test that can be
used to estimate the blood flow through your blood vessels
by bouncing high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) off
circulating red blood cells. A regular ultrasound uses sound
waves to produce images, but can't show blood flow.
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
13. REFERENCES
13
Book: “Biomedical instrumentation and measurements
“ ,by L. Cromwell, F .Weibell, and E. Pfeiffer. PHI
publication 2nd Edition
www.worldofteaching.com
Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology by Joseph
J. Carr. and John M. Brown. Forth Edition Pearson
Publication- 2012
BVM EC, BMI-EC453-GBR
14. Thank You
Scan the QR Code for more information
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept.BVM-EC453