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Genetischer
          Fingerabdruck
Molekularbiologische Verfahren in der Kriminaltechnik
Überblick
• Was ist der genetische Fingerabdruck?
• Früher und Heute
• Grundvoraussetzungen
• Ablauf Überblick
• PCR
• Gel-Elektrophorese
• Beispiele
Was ist der genetische
     Fingerabdruck?
• DNA-Profil eines Individuums
• Individuell, ausser für eineiige Zwillinge
• Name in der Molekularbiologie:
  Fingerprinting
• Beweiskraft vor Gericht (Identifizierung,
  Vaterschaftstest)
Fingerprinting - Früher und
          Heute
       Früher Heute
       Blutköperchen   DNA



       Enzymsysteme



       Serumsysteme
Verständnisvorrausetzung


• Genetischer Code 97% „Müll“
• „Müll“ enthält VNTR‘s (variable number of
  tandem repeats)
• Wiederholung der VNTR‘s ist individuell
Ablauf eines Fingerprintings

• Spurensicherung
• PCR-Replikation über ca. 20 Zyklen (bei
  kleinen Proben)
• STR-Typisierung via Gel-Elektrophorese
• Vergleich mit anderem Muster
Polymerase Chain Reaction

• Verfahren zur Vervielfältigung von DNA
• Ablauf:
 • Denaturierung
 • Hybridiesierung
 • Polymerisation
• Vervielfältigung 2^n
Visualisierung der Zahlen
                      13 4
                       2
                      2 8 16
                       4        5
                               32

                                           6
                                          64
             8
            256



                                     7
                                    128




1.048.576 DNA-Stränge bei 20 PCR Replikationen
RFLP-Typisierung

• Mischen der PCR-Resultate mit
  Restriktionsenzymen
• Färben der Gel-Platte
• Auftragen der PCR-Resultate auf Gel-Platte
• Anlegen einer hohen elektrischen Spannung
• Warten bis Strich am unteren Ende
  ankommt
• Durch auswaschen bleibt nur DNA gefärbt
STR-Typisierung

• Polyacrylamid-Gel
• engmaschiges Gel
• warten bis Indikator (sehr kleines Protein,
  vorher beigefügt) am unteren Ende
  angelangt
• Färben wie Foto mit Silbersalzen
Biologie Genetischer Fingerabdruck

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Biologie Genetischer Fingerabdruck

  • 1. Genetischer Fingerabdruck Molekularbiologische Verfahren in der Kriminaltechnik
  • 2. Überblick • Was ist der genetische Fingerabdruck? • Früher und Heute • Grundvoraussetzungen • Ablauf Überblick • PCR • Gel-Elektrophorese • Beispiele
  • 3. Was ist der genetische Fingerabdruck? • DNA-Profil eines Individuums • Individuell, ausser für eineiige Zwillinge • Name in der Molekularbiologie: Fingerprinting • Beweiskraft vor Gericht (Identifizierung, Vaterschaftstest)
  • 4. Fingerprinting - Früher und Heute Früher Heute Blutköperchen DNA Enzymsysteme Serumsysteme
  • 5. Verständnisvorrausetzung • Genetischer Code 97% „Müll“ • „Müll“ enthält VNTR‘s (variable number of tandem repeats) • Wiederholung der VNTR‘s ist individuell
  • 6. Ablauf eines Fingerprintings • Spurensicherung • PCR-Replikation über ca. 20 Zyklen (bei kleinen Proben) • STR-Typisierung via Gel-Elektrophorese • Vergleich mit anderem Muster
  • 7.
  • 8. Polymerase Chain Reaction • Verfahren zur Vervielfältigung von DNA • Ablauf: • Denaturierung • Hybridiesierung • Polymerisation • Vervielfältigung 2^n
  • 9. Visualisierung der Zahlen 13 4 2 2 8 16 4 5 32 6 64 8 256 7 128 1.048.576 DNA-Stränge bei 20 PCR Replikationen
  • 10. RFLP-Typisierung • Mischen der PCR-Resultate mit Restriktionsenzymen • Färben der Gel-Platte • Auftragen der PCR-Resultate auf Gel-Platte • Anlegen einer hohen elektrischen Spannung • Warten bis Strich am unteren Ende ankommt • Durch auswaschen bleibt nur DNA gefärbt
  • 11. STR-Typisierung • Polyacrylamid-Gel • engmaschiges Gel • warten bis Indikator (sehr kleines Protein, vorher beigefügt) am unteren Ende angelangt • Färben wie Foto mit Silbersalzen