The document discusses airline fleet assignment and schedule planning. It describes how optimizing fleet assignment and scheduling is important for airline efficiency and profitability. It then reviews several models for integrated fleet assignment and scheduling, including the basic fleet assignment model, and discusses techniques for solving these optimization problems.
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
This document presents a hybrid approach combining column generation, constraint programming, and local search to solve the Tail Assignment problem in airline planning. The Tail Assignment problem involves assigning specific flight sequences and maintenance activities to individual aircraft while satisfying operational constraints. The hybrid approach can find feasible solutions quickly for operations management and near-optimal solutions for long-term planning. Computational results show the practical effectiveness of the approach.
Shared aircraft spares holdings or pooling: To increase air carrier operation...Mersie Amha Melke
This document discusses shared aircraft spare parts holdings or pooling to decrease operational costs for air carriers. It provides background on how maintenance costs, including availability of spare parts, represent a significant portion of airline operating expenses. The document then reviews different methods airlines use to maintain spare parts, including individual stocking, commercial pooling with third parties, and cooperative pooling between airlines. It analyzes how cooperative pooling may allow for shorter lead times and more effective inventory usage while avoiding large capital costs of individual stocking. The document concludes by discussing modeling of spare part availability and how cooperative pooling is shown to be an optimal choice according to previous research models.
This document discusses the conceptual design, structural analysis, and flow analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wing. It begins by providing background on UAVs and listing the design requirements and parameters for the wing. It then describes selecting a rectangular wing planform and NACA 2415 airfoil based on the design criteria. Aerodynamic analysis is conducted to determine performance parameters like lift coefficient and drag. Structural analysis of the wing is performed using two spar designs - a tubular spar with and without a strut. Maximum stresses and bending moments are calculated and compared for straight and tapered wing configurations. Flow simulation will also be conducted on the finalized wing design.
This document evaluates the life cycle costs of flexible and rigid airport pavement designs using a case study of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Bangladesh. Specific aircraft traffic data from the airport was used to design both flexible and rigid pavement structures 37 inches and 31.5 inches thick, respectively, using the FAARFIELD software. Initial construction costs for the rigid pavement were found to be about 21% higher than the flexible pavement. However, when considering total life cycle costs over a 20 year period, including maintenance and rehabilitation, the rigid pavement was estimated to have total costs about 4% lower than the flexible pavement. Therefore, the analysis indicates that the rigid pavement design would be the most cost effective option for this airport runway.
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis of Aircraft Wings using CFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of aircraft wings using NACA 4412 airfoils at various angles of attack. The study uses ANSYS software to simulate air flow over the airfoil and calculate lift and drag coefficients. The results show that lift increases with angle of attack up to 25 degrees, at which point lift is highest before drag starts to dominate as the airfoil stalls. Contour plots of pressure and velocity are presented for the airfoil at angles of attack of 0, 8, 16, and 20 degrees. The CFD analysis provides insight into airfoil aerodynamic performance without requiring expensive wind tunnel testing.
Air Traffic Control And Management SystemJeff Brooks
This document summarizes a proposed new air traffic control system that aims to more efficiently manage air traffic by assigning flights to different lanes and managing slots in runways. It uses an algorithm called Prim's algorithm to calculate the shortest paths between stations and select optimal paths to minimize overall costs. The result would show different path options between various stations to allow maximum passenger travel from one place to another along optimal routes.
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
This document presents a hybrid approach combining column generation, constraint programming, and local search to solve the Tail Assignment problem in airline planning. The Tail Assignment problem involves assigning specific flight sequences and maintenance activities to individual aircraft while satisfying operational constraints. The hybrid approach can find feasible solutions quickly for operations management and near-optimal solutions for long-term planning. Computational results show the practical effectiveness of the approach.
Shared aircraft spares holdings or pooling: To increase air carrier operation...Mersie Amha Melke
This document discusses shared aircraft spare parts holdings or pooling to decrease operational costs for air carriers. It provides background on how maintenance costs, including availability of spare parts, represent a significant portion of airline operating expenses. The document then reviews different methods airlines use to maintain spare parts, including individual stocking, commercial pooling with third parties, and cooperative pooling between airlines. It analyzes how cooperative pooling may allow for shorter lead times and more effective inventory usage while avoiding large capital costs of individual stocking. The document concludes by discussing modeling of spare part availability and how cooperative pooling is shown to be an optimal choice according to previous research models.
This document discusses the conceptual design, structural analysis, and flow analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) wing. It begins by providing background on UAVs and listing the design requirements and parameters for the wing. It then describes selecting a rectangular wing planform and NACA 2415 airfoil based on the design criteria. Aerodynamic analysis is conducted to determine performance parameters like lift coefficient and drag. Structural analysis of the wing is performed using two spar designs - a tubular spar with and without a strut. Maximum stresses and bending moments are calculated and compared for straight and tapered wing configurations. Flow simulation will also be conducted on the finalized wing design.
This document evaluates the life cycle costs of flexible and rigid airport pavement designs using a case study of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Bangladesh. Specific aircraft traffic data from the airport was used to design both flexible and rigid pavement structures 37 inches and 31.5 inches thick, respectively, using the FAARFIELD software. Initial construction costs for the rigid pavement were found to be about 21% higher than the flexible pavement. However, when considering total life cycle costs over a 20 year period, including maintenance and rehabilitation, the rigid pavement was estimated to have total costs about 4% lower than the flexible pavement. Therefore, the analysis indicates that the rigid pavement design would be the most cost effective option for this airport runway.
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis of Aircraft Wings using CFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of aircraft wings using NACA 4412 airfoils at various angles of attack. The study uses ANSYS software to simulate air flow over the airfoil and calculate lift and drag coefficients. The results show that lift increases with angle of attack up to 25 degrees, at which point lift is highest before drag starts to dominate as the airfoil stalls. Contour plots of pressure and velocity are presented for the airfoil at angles of attack of 0, 8, 16, and 20 degrees. The CFD analysis provides insight into airfoil aerodynamic performance without requiring expensive wind tunnel testing.
Air Traffic Control And Management SystemJeff Brooks
This document summarizes a proposed new air traffic control system that aims to more efficiently manage air traffic by assigning flights to different lanes and managing slots in runways. It uses an algorithm called Prim's algorithm to calculate the shortest paths between stations and select optimal paths to minimize overall costs. The result would show different path options between various stations to allow maximum passenger travel from one place to another along optimal routes.
An Interactive Approach For Hierarchical Analysis Of Helicopter Logistics In ...Allison Thompson
This document summarizes a study that develops mathematical models to aid in planning helicopter missions for disaster relief operations. The planning problem is broken down into two hierarchical sub-problems - a top-level problem that determines tactical decisions like fleet composition and crew assignment, and a base-level problem that handles operational routing and loading. An iterative procedure coordinates the two levels to transfer information and improve solutions. Multiple objectives require a multi-criteria analysis and interactive process to evaluate alternative solutions.
CONFLICT DETECTION AND RESOLUTION IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BASED ON GRAPH ...IJITCA Journal
In aviation industry, considering more freedom in the selection and modification of flight paths during
flight time is a new challenge, which is known as free flight. The free flight concept alters the current centralized and command-control airspace system (between air traffic controllers and pilots) to a distributed system that allows pilots choose their own flight paths more efficient and optimal, and also
plan for their flight with high performance themselves. In spite of many advantages of free flight (such as less fuel consumption, minimum delays and the reduction of the workload of the air traffic control centers), the free flight concept cause many problems such as conflicts (collisions) between different
aircrafts. Conflict detection and resolution is one of the major challenges in air traffic management system
Advanced UAV Trajectory Generation Planning And GuidanceStephen Faucher
The document discusses trajectory generation and guidance capabilities for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It presents the Trajectory Generation and Guidance Module (TG2M), a software tool that can generate complex 6-degree-of-freedom trajectories in 3D space while meeting velocity, acceleration, orientation and time constraints. The TG2M is an extension of the Aerial Vehicle Control Language (AVCL) architecture. It uses analytical functions and polynomial interpolation to model trajectories and constraints such as kinematics. Simulation results using a helicopter simulator demonstrate the TG2M's ability to fly aggressive and simple maneuvers.
An Analysis of Runway Capacity at International Airport Sultan Aji Sulaiman B...irjes
This document analyzes the runway capacity at Sultan Aji Sulaiman International Airport in Balikpapan, Indonesia. The airport has experienced 12.2% annual growth in aircraft movements over the last 5 years. However, the single runway and five exit taxiways limit its capacity. To increase capacity, the study examines runway occupancy times for landing and takeoff and different exit taxiway configurations. Reconstructing one exit taxiway into a rapid exit taxiway could increase the runway's capacity from 21 to 28 aircraft movements per hour. Literature on runway and taxiway design is also reviewed to understand factors that influence capacity such as taxiway layout, location and type.
Visualizing the Flight Test Data and its SimulationIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a 3D virtual model of an aircraft using MATLAB Simulink. The Simulink model simulates the aircraft's control system and flight dynamics. Graphs of the aircraft's orientation and velocities over time are generated and compared to theoretical values. The simulation data is then used to animate a virtual aircraft model, verifying that its behavior matches the ideal simulation results. The virtual model allows flight test data to be visualized and bridges the gap between aircraft data and simulation.
Airline Start up is hard issue for investors, today airline try to survive in this high competitive industry, this presenting address new tools that guide and put airline in the right way
The document discusses strategies for diverting flights from Delhi airport during heavy winter fog. It presents an Arena simulation model to analyze diverting flights to Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, or Amritsar airports. The model evaluates different airport sequence strategies based on average wait times for diverted and other flights, maximum runway utilization, and an airport diversion risk index. The analysis finds that the sequence of Lucknow, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Amritsar provides the lowest risk and potential for shortest delays when diverting flights from Delhi.
Profit Maximization is addressing Multi-stop operating model of Airlines, it shows how to max. profit in terms of CASK and RASK analysis, delivering the best seniario to select the aircraft then the best result to operate the right segment
This document summarizes research on scheduling models for optimal aircraft traffic control at busy airports. It presents a new approach for modeling terminal control areas that includes accurate modeling of traffic regulations at runways and airways. Mixed integer linear programming formulations are developed to represent the scheduling problem and alternative objective functions are investigated, including maximum and average delays, equity considerations, and priority tardiness. Computational experiments applying the models to real traffic data from Italian airports demonstrate trade-offs between different objective functions. The work contributes new microscopic models for aircraft scheduling in terminal control areas.
Developing a Programme for Engine Design Calculations of a Commercial AirlinerIJMER
This project leads to a path of understanding the necessary fundamental calculations that
need to be done during an engine design of a commercial airliner. These calculations are hand based
calculations that are done based on the parameters of the airframe data provided by the airline
manufacturers. These calculations are a little tedious and require a paper and a pen to carry out the
procedures. This project will enable the following outcomes for the students: providing a fundamental
understanding of the aircraft engine design, more from the grounds up approach and an automated way
(program) of doing the above, enabling faster iterations and making it easy to achieve the required
parameters for designing an engine
Air Traffic Control Database Management System for Seamless TransitIRJET Journal
This document proposes an air traffic control database management system to improve efficiency. It first discusses the current air traffic control system and some shortcomings, such as delays caused by aircraft malfunctions. It then reviews several other papers on air traffic control systems and management. Finally, it proposes a database management system using MySQL and Xampp to store air traffic control data in order to help controllers manage flights more seamlessly and minimize delays. The system would track information like flight plans, aircraft locations, runways in use, and gates being used to help controllers route flights efficiently.
This report summarizes the preliminary design of the EcoBobcat DEP19 aircraft, which uses distributed electric propulsion (DEP) with 14 propellers powered by turbo-electric generators. The design team selected epoxy sheet molding compound (carbon fiber) as the primary material. An estimated empty weight of 3,200 kg was calculated based on comparable aircraft. A novel "looped-back wing" concept is proposed, with the main wing looping back to attach near the tail, powered by superconducting motors. Performance analysis shows the aircraft meets all competition requirements with a range over 3,500 km, endurance over 8 hours, and a climb rate of 513 m/min. Structural analysis confirmed the wing can
This document presents the conceptual design of a 100-passenger regional jet aircraft intended to meet current regulations while offering improved fuel efficiency over competitors. The design was optimized using modeling tools to carry 99 passengers 500 nautical miles on 31.4 pounds of fuel per seat. Key aspects of the design include a cruise altitude of 41,000 feet and speed of Mach 0.87. The document describes the aircraft design process and tools used.
AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT -I FIGHTER JETS A PROJECT REPORTDon Dooley
This document provides an overview of the design process for a fighter jet aircraft project. It includes acknowledgements, an abstract, table of contents, and sections on introduction to design, aircraft introduction, comparative details and graphs, weight estimation, airfoil and wing selection, tail plane, landing gear, power plant selection, drag estimation, V-N diagram, 3 view diagram, final parameters, and conclusion. The project involves students conceptualizing and designing a fighter jet to meet performance specifications while allowing for weapon carriage, efficiency, and reduced emissions.
Low Cost Carrier Tigerair Australia-Strategies, safety, sustainability and gr...Liu Dongyangyang
This document provides an overview of Tigerair Australia, a low-cost carrier operating in Australia, and discusses low-cost carrier business strategies. It outlines Tigerair's network design focusing on smaller non-hub airports to reduce costs, efficient scheduling to maximize productivity, and typical fleets to simplify operations. Pricing strategies aim for low fares through ancillary fees. Safety is prioritized equally across carriers. The sustainability and future growth of low-cost carriers is also examined. Tigerair is used as an example to illustrate these areas of low-cost carrier business operations in Australia.
This document presents an object-oriented framework for designing modular and reconfigurable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The framework allows for: (1) module-based physical definition of UAV systems, (2) design and evolution of different configurations using combinations of modules, and (3) integration of analysis tools to evaluate aerodynamic and structural properties during optimization. A case study applies this framework to design a set of modules that can assemble into either a quadcopter or fixed-wing UAV to maximize their endurance capacities while meeting payload and other constraints. Results show a 40% mass savings compared to optimized dedicated quadcopter and fixed-wing designs.
Morphing Aircraft Technology – New Shapes for Aircraft Wing DesignMani5436
Morphing aircraft are multi-role aircraft that change their external shape substantially to adapt to a changing mission environment during flight.
Morphing poses several unique challenges when the wing loading is high. Very flexible materials are the designer’s first choice because they are easily reshaped.
he current use of multiple aerodynamic devices (such as flaps and slats) represents a simplification of the general idea behind morphing. Traditional control systems (with fixed geometry and/or location) give high aerodynamic performance over a fixed range and for a limited set of flight conditions.
FRTO allows for more flexible routing and improved efficiency of flights. It utilizes modern aircraft navigation capabilities and air traffic management technologies to dynamically adjust routes based on traffic patterns, reducing congestion and flight lengths. This flexibility improves key performance areas like access, capacity, efficiency and the environment. Studies show potential cost savings from reduced fuel burn and flight times of implementing flexible and optimized routing.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Nose Landing Gear SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical analysis of the nose landing gear system of an aircraft using finite element analysis. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objective to determine stress behavior and displacement of the nose gear during landing. It then describes the modeling process where the nose gear was modeled in CAD software and imported into finite element analysis software for meshing and application of loads and constraints. Key steps of the finite element analysis are described including discretization, deriving element equations, assembling global equations, applying loads/boundaries, and solving for results. Results of the finite element analysis such as stress contours, displacement contours, and natural frequencies are presented and discussed.
Airport Layout Plan For Efficient Airport DesignAllison Thompson
This document provides details on the airport layout plan (ALP) for efficient airport design. It discusses the key components and purpose of an ALP, including depicting existing and planned facilities, ensuring safety and design standards are met, and allowing for future growth. The document then describes the specific drawings that make up an ALP set, such as the airport layout plan drawing, terminal area plans, airspace drawings, approach surface plans, land use plans, and property maps. It provides an example ALP for a proposed general aviation airport with two runways and taxiways. The ALP allows airport sponsors to plan development in a safe and organized manner according to industry standards.
50 Self Evaluation Examples, Forms Questions TemplatAndrew Molina
The family ecomap shows ED's nuclear family consisting of herself, her husband BD, and their two grown children who live independently. While ED has a strong relationship with her son who lives out of state, her relationship with her daughter who lives locally is tense due to issues with her daughter's new husband whom ED and her husband dislike. The ecomap identifies sources of support and stress for the family to help develop plans to improve relationships and reduce stresses.
The document provides a 5-step process for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains how to 1) create an account, 2) complete an order form with instructions and deadlines, 3) review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit, 4) ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize payment, and 5) request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It guarantees original, high-quality content or a full refund.
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An Interactive Approach For Hierarchical Analysis Of Helicopter Logistics In ...Allison Thompson
This document summarizes a study that develops mathematical models to aid in planning helicopter missions for disaster relief operations. The planning problem is broken down into two hierarchical sub-problems - a top-level problem that determines tactical decisions like fleet composition and crew assignment, and a base-level problem that handles operational routing and loading. An iterative procedure coordinates the two levels to transfer information and improve solutions. Multiple objectives require a multi-criteria analysis and interactive process to evaluate alternative solutions.
CONFLICT DETECTION AND RESOLUTION IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BASED ON GRAPH ...IJITCA Journal
In aviation industry, considering more freedom in the selection and modification of flight paths during
flight time is a new challenge, which is known as free flight. The free flight concept alters the current centralized and command-control airspace system (between air traffic controllers and pilots) to a distributed system that allows pilots choose their own flight paths more efficient and optimal, and also
plan for their flight with high performance themselves. In spite of many advantages of free flight (such as less fuel consumption, minimum delays and the reduction of the workload of the air traffic control centers), the free flight concept cause many problems such as conflicts (collisions) between different
aircrafts. Conflict detection and resolution is one of the major challenges in air traffic management system
Advanced UAV Trajectory Generation Planning And GuidanceStephen Faucher
The document discusses trajectory generation and guidance capabilities for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It presents the Trajectory Generation and Guidance Module (TG2M), a software tool that can generate complex 6-degree-of-freedom trajectories in 3D space while meeting velocity, acceleration, orientation and time constraints. The TG2M is an extension of the Aerial Vehicle Control Language (AVCL) architecture. It uses analytical functions and polynomial interpolation to model trajectories and constraints such as kinematics. Simulation results using a helicopter simulator demonstrate the TG2M's ability to fly aggressive and simple maneuvers.
An Analysis of Runway Capacity at International Airport Sultan Aji Sulaiman B...irjes
This document analyzes the runway capacity at Sultan Aji Sulaiman International Airport in Balikpapan, Indonesia. The airport has experienced 12.2% annual growth in aircraft movements over the last 5 years. However, the single runway and five exit taxiways limit its capacity. To increase capacity, the study examines runway occupancy times for landing and takeoff and different exit taxiway configurations. Reconstructing one exit taxiway into a rapid exit taxiway could increase the runway's capacity from 21 to 28 aircraft movements per hour. Literature on runway and taxiway design is also reviewed to understand factors that influence capacity such as taxiway layout, location and type.
Visualizing the Flight Test Data and its SimulationIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a 3D virtual model of an aircraft using MATLAB Simulink. The Simulink model simulates the aircraft's control system and flight dynamics. Graphs of the aircraft's orientation and velocities over time are generated and compared to theoretical values. The simulation data is then used to animate a virtual aircraft model, verifying that its behavior matches the ideal simulation results. The virtual model allows flight test data to be visualized and bridges the gap between aircraft data and simulation.
Airline Start up is hard issue for investors, today airline try to survive in this high competitive industry, this presenting address new tools that guide and put airline in the right way
The document discusses strategies for diverting flights from Delhi airport during heavy winter fog. It presents an Arena simulation model to analyze diverting flights to Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, or Amritsar airports. The model evaluates different airport sequence strategies based on average wait times for diverted and other flights, maximum runway utilization, and an airport diversion risk index. The analysis finds that the sequence of Lucknow, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Amritsar provides the lowest risk and potential for shortest delays when diverting flights from Delhi.
Profit Maximization is addressing Multi-stop operating model of Airlines, it shows how to max. profit in terms of CASK and RASK analysis, delivering the best seniario to select the aircraft then the best result to operate the right segment
This document summarizes research on scheduling models for optimal aircraft traffic control at busy airports. It presents a new approach for modeling terminal control areas that includes accurate modeling of traffic regulations at runways and airways. Mixed integer linear programming formulations are developed to represent the scheduling problem and alternative objective functions are investigated, including maximum and average delays, equity considerations, and priority tardiness. Computational experiments applying the models to real traffic data from Italian airports demonstrate trade-offs between different objective functions. The work contributes new microscopic models for aircraft scheduling in terminal control areas.
Developing a Programme for Engine Design Calculations of a Commercial AirlinerIJMER
This project leads to a path of understanding the necessary fundamental calculations that
need to be done during an engine design of a commercial airliner. These calculations are hand based
calculations that are done based on the parameters of the airframe data provided by the airline
manufacturers. These calculations are a little tedious and require a paper and a pen to carry out the
procedures. This project will enable the following outcomes for the students: providing a fundamental
understanding of the aircraft engine design, more from the grounds up approach and an automated way
(program) of doing the above, enabling faster iterations and making it easy to achieve the required
parameters for designing an engine
Air Traffic Control Database Management System for Seamless TransitIRJET Journal
This document proposes an air traffic control database management system to improve efficiency. It first discusses the current air traffic control system and some shortcomings, such as delays caused by aircraft malfunctions. It then reviews several other papers on air traffic control systems and management. Finally, it proposes a database management system using MySQL and Xampp to store air traffic control data in order to help controllers manage flights more seamlessly and minimize delays. The system would track information like flight plans, aircraft locations, runways in use, and gates being used to help controllers route flights efficiently.
This report summarizes the preliminary design of the EcoBobcat DEP19 aircraft, which uses distributed electric propulsion (DEP) with 14 propellers powered by turbo-electric generators. The design team selected epoxy sheet molding compound (carbon fiber) as the primary material. An estimated empty weight of 3,200 kg was calculated based on comparable aircraft. A novel "looped-back wing" concept is proposed, with the main wing looping back to attach near the tail, powered by superconducting motors. Performance analysis shows the aircraft meets all competition requirements with a range over 3,500 km, endurance over 8 hours, and a climb rate of 513 m/min. Structural analysis confirmed the wing can
This document presents the conceptual design of a 100-passenger regional jet aircraft intended to meet current regulations while offering improved fuel efficiency over competitors. The design was optimized using modeling tools to carry 99 passengers 500 nautical miles on 31.4 pounds of fuel per seat. Key aspects of the design include a cruise altitude of 41,000 feet and speed of Mach 0.87. The document describes the aircraft design process and tools used.
AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT -I FIGHTER JETS A PROJECT REPORTDon Dooley
This document provides an overview of the design process for a fighter jet aircraft project. It includes acknowledgements, an abstract, table of contents, and sections on introduction to design, aircraft introduction, comparative details and graphs, weight estimation, airfoil and wing selection, tail plane, landing gear, power plant selection, drag estimation, V-N diagram, 3 view diagram, final parameters, and conclusion. The project involves students conceptualizing and designing a fighter jet to meet performance specifications while allowing for weapon carriage, efficiency, and reduced emissions.
Low Cost Carrier Tigerair Australia-Strategies, safety, sustainability and gr...Liu Dongyangyang
This document provides an overview of Tigerair Australia, a low-cost carrier operating in Australia, and discusses low-cost carrier business strategies. It outlines Tigerair's network design focusing on smaller non-hub airports to reduce costs, efficient scheduling to maximize productivity, and typical fleets to simplify operations. Pricing strategies aim for low fares through ancillary fees. Safety is prioritized equally across carriers. The sustainability and future growth of low-cost carriers is also examined. Tigerair is used as an example to illustrate these areas of low-cost carrier business operations in Australia.
This document presents an object-oriented framework for designing modular and reconfigurable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The framework allows for: (1) module-based physical definition of UAV systems, (2) design and evolution of different configurations using combinations of modules, and (3) integration of analysis tools to evaluate aerodynamic and structural properties during optimization. A case study applies this framework to design a set of modules that can assemble into either a quadcopter or fixed-wing UAV to maximize their endurance capacities while meeting payload and other constraints. Results show a 40% mass savings compared to optimized dedicated quadcopter and fixed-wing designs.
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Morphing aircraft are multi-role aircraft that change their external shape substantially to adapt to a changing mission environment during flight.
Morphing poses several unique challenges when the wing loading is high. Very flexible materials are the designer’s first choice because they are easily reshaped.
he current use of multiple aerodynamic devices (such as flaps and slats) represents a simplification of the general idea behind morphing. Traditional control systems (with fixed geometry and/or location) give high aerodynamic performance over a fixed range and for a limited set of flight conditions.
FRTO allows for more flexible routing and improved efficiency of flights. It utilizes modern aircraft navigation capabilities and air traffic management technologies to dynamically adjust routes based on traffic patterns, reducing congestion and flight lengths. This flexibility improves key performance areas like access, capacity, efficiency and the environment. Studies show potential cost savings from reduced fuel burn and flight times of implementing flexible and optimized routing.
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This document presents a numerical analysis of the nose landing gear system of an aircraft using finite element analysis. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objective to determine stress behavior and displacement of the nose gear during landing. It then describes the modeling process where the nose gear was modeled in CAD software and imported into finite element analysis software for meshing and application of loads and constraints. Key steps of the finite element analysis are described including discretization, deriving element equations, assembling global equations, applying loads/boundaries, and solving for results. Results of the finite element analysis such as stress contours, displacement contours, and natural frequencies are presented and discussed.
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The family ecomap shows ED's nuclear family consisting of herself, her husband BD, and their two grown children who live independently. While ED has a strong relationship with her son who lives out of state, her relationship with her daughter who lives locally is tense due to issues with her daughter's new husband whom ED and her husband dislike. The ecomap identifies sources of support and stress for the family to help develop plans to improve relationships and reduce stresses.
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
1. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
31
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
ABSTRACT
Airline fleet assignment plays important role for efficient operation of airlines. In order to
save costs from the procurement and maintenance of extra aircrafts, the airline operators
would always seek to minimise the fleet size, while at the same time being able to operate
all the flights without shortage of aircraft. Therefore, the daily flight schedule of the airline
must be prepared in such a way that the destinations can be served with minimum number
of aircrafts. Considering this, there is huge prospect of using optimisation techniques to
select the optimum mix of various types of aircrafts in the airline fleet and thereby to
produce an optimum flight schedule.
Keywords: Integer Linear Programming, Fleet Assignment Model (FAM) algorithms.
Integrated Schedules Design (ISD), Extended Schedules Design (ESD) algorithms.
Introduction
In scheduled passenger air transportation,
airline profitability is critically influenced
by the airline’s ability to construct flight
schedules containing flights at desirable
times in profitable markets. The schedule
design problem involves selecting an
optimal set of flight legs to be included in
the schedule, while the fleet assignment
problem involves assigning aircraft types
(or fleets) to flight legs to maximize
revenues and minimize operating cost
simultaneously (Lohatepanont, 2001).
There is huge prospect of using
optimisation techniques to select the
optimum mix of various types of aircrafts
in the airline fleet and thereby to produce
an optimum flight schedule. In this paper,
we will discuss and review an optimisation
model that has been developed for the fleet
assignment and flight scheduling that is
applicable for existing airlines with a given
fleet size of different aircraft categories. All
the aforementioned models are capable of
producing an optimum solution regarding
the minimisation of the fleet size to operate
in all the routes. A note for future research
direction will also address in this paper.
Overview of Airline Fleet Planning
Airline planning process is decomposed
intoseveralsequentialsteps (Lohatepanont,
2001). As can be seen in Figure 1, the
vertical bar describes the time horizon of
this sequential process from several years
out to a few days before flight departures.
The right axis categorizes the nature of the
decisions involved in this planning process,
ranging from strategic at the top down to
Airline Fleet Assignment and Schedule Planning
Aditya Nugroho
National University of Singapore (NUS)
aditya.nugroh@gmail.com
Suharto Abdul Majid
STMT Trisakti
stmt@indosat.net.id
2. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
32
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
tactical decisions at the bottom. Note,
however only fleet planning sequential
approaches will be described in this paper.
Fleet Planning
Fleetplanningisoneofthemostimportant
strategic decisions and involves huge
capital investment. There are two major
approaches to fleet planning (Belobaba,
1999):
1. Top-Down Approach
2. Bottom Up Approach
The ‘top-down’ approach involves high
level, system wide financial analysis of the
impacts of options. This approach is most
common in practice because it does not
involve sophisticated models or detailed
analysis.
The ‘bottom-up’ approach, however,
required a series of detailed simulations
of airline operations, ranging from route
structure to operation. This approach
depends heavily on the quality of the data,
especially the detailed forecasts of future
scenarios.
Schedule Planning
The schedule planning step typically
begins 12 months before the schedule goes
into operation and lasts approximately 9
months. In the beginning, the schedule
planningstepbeginswithroutedevelopment,
in which the airline decides which markets,
defined by origins and destinations, it
wants to serve, based primarily on wide
demand system information. Most of the
time, the schedule planning step starts from
an existing schedule to reflect changing
demands and environment, this is referred
to as schedule development. The major
components in the schedule development
step are:
1. Schedule Design,
2. Fleet Assignment, and
3. Aircraft Rotations.
Schedule Design
The schedule design step is the most
complicated step of all and traditionally
has been decomposed into two sequential
steps:
1. Frequency Planning, and
2. Timetable Development.
Infrequencyplanning,plannersdetermine
the appropriate service frequency in a
market. In timetable development, planners
place the proposed services throughout
the day subject to approximate network
considerations and other constraints.
Fleet Assignment
The purpose of fleet assignment is to
assign the available aircraft to every flight
leg such that the seating capacity on the
aircraft closely matches the demand for
every flight. The assignment of aircraft to
flight legs has to respect to conservation
of aircraft flow, that is, an aircraft entering
a station has to leave that station at some
later point in time. If the schedule cannot
be fleeted with the available number of
aircraft, minor changes must be made to
the schedule.
Aircraft Rotations
The purpose of aircraft rotation is to find
a maintenance feasible rotation (or routing)
of aircraft, given a fleeted schedule and
the available number of aircraft of each
type. A rotation is a sequence of connected
flight legs that are assigned to a specific
aircraft, beginning and ending at the same
location, over a specific period of time. A
maintenance feasible rotation is a routing
of an aircraft that respects the maintenance
rules of the airlines and regulatory agencies
(Barnhart et.al, 2001).
3. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
33
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
Literature Review
There has been a lot of research
on airline fleet assignment. The fleet
assignment was proposed in early 1954
by Dantzig and Ferguson (1954) by using
linear programming to fleet assignment
problems considering for non-stop routes.
They formulate the problem as a linear
program thus allowing fractional solutions.
However, fractional solutions might not be
critical if the assignment is considered over
some period of time.
Over the past few decades, this topic
was extensively researched. Recent
developments include Abara (1989)
developed and solved the fleet assignment
problem as an integer linear programming
problem, permitting assignment of
two or more fleets to a flight schedule
simultaneously. Subramanian et al (1994)
developed a fleet assignment model, which
assigns fleet types (not individual aircraft
tail numbers) to the flight legs for a hub and
spoke type operation of the airline. Some
researchers (Hane et al, 1995; Rushmeier
and Kontogiorgis, 1997) modelled the
fleet assignment as mixed integer multi
commodity flow problem with side
constraints defined on a time expanded
network, which resulted in a faster solution.
Barnhart et al (2002) proposed a new
formulation to the fleet assignment problem
and solution approach that captures network
effects and generates superior solutions.
The basis for several fleet assignment
models currently used by the airlines
industry is the model proposed by Hane, et
al (1995). They model the fleet assignment
problem as a multicommodity network
flow problem, where fleet types are to
be assigned to flight legs in the network
once, using only the available number of
aircraft. Several problem size reduction
techniques are devised, for example node
consolidation and island construction. Node
consolidation is used to reduce the number
of nodes by separating a consolidated series
of arrival nodes from a consolidated series
of departure nodes. Island construction is
employed mostly at spoke stations where
flight connections occur sparsely during
the day.
Airline Fleet Assignment Models
In this section, we will review Fleet
Assignment Models (FAM) which
commonly used by the airlines industry,
namely Basic Fleet Assignment Model.
The basic FAM serves as the basis for most
of other variations. Before describing the
model in detail, the complete list of notation
as follow.
Notation
Sets
A : the set of airports indexed by o.
L : the set of flight legs in the flight
schedule indexed by i.
K: the set of different fleet types indexed
by k.
T : the sorted set of all event (departure or
availability) times at all airports,
indexed by tj.
The event at time tj occurs before the
event at time tj+1 |T|=m
N: the set of nodes in the timeline network
indexed by {k,o,tj}
Nk,i: the set of copies of flight leg 𝑖 ∈ 𝐿 for
fleet type 𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
CL(k): the set of flight legs that pass the
count time when flown by fleet type k.
I(k,o,t): the set of inbound flight legs to node
{k,o,tj}.
O(k,o,t): the set of outbound flight legs from
node {k,o,tj}.
𝑓𝑘 𝑖
�
𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁 𝑘 ∈
𝑓𝑛 𝑘 𝑖
: the
∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
: the
𝑘 ∈ 𝐾 is
: th
𝑘
f
4. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
34
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
Decision Variables
𝑓𝑘,𝑖
= �
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁 is assigned
to fleet type 𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
0, otherwise
𝑓𝑛,𝑘,𝑖
= �
1, 𝑖𝑓 copy 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁𝑘,𝑖of flight leg 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁
is assigned to fleet type 𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
0, otherwise
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝒋
: the number of fleet type 𝑘 ∈
𝐾 aircraft that are on the ground at
airport 𝑜 ∈ 𝐴 immediately after
time 𝑡� ∈ 𝑇
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝒋
: the number of fleet type k aircraft
that are on the ground at airport
𝑜 ∈ 𝐴 immediately before time
𝑡� ∈ 𝑇 . If t1 and t2 are the times
associated with adjacent events,
then 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝟏
= 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝟐
Parameters/Data
Nk : the number of aircraft in fleet type k,
∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
Ck,i : the assignment cost when fleet type ,
𝑘 ∈ 𝐾 is assigned to flight leg 𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
Cn,k,i : the assignment cost when fleet type
𝑘 ∈ 𝐾 is assigned to copy 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁𝑘𝑖of
flight leg 𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
Data Input
Most fleet assignment models require
three types of data input:
1. flight schedule
2. demand and fare data associated with
the given flight schedule, and
3. fleet characteristics
Basic Fleet Assignment Model
The kernel of most Fleet Assignment
Models can be described as:
maximize : fleeting contribution
(or minimize : assignment cost)
subject to : all flights flown by
exactly one aircraft type
Or mathematically as:
Subject to:
Constraint (2) are cover constraints
ensuring that each flight is covered once and
only once by a fleet type. Constraint (3) are
conservation of flow constraints ensuring
aircraft balance, that is, aircraft going into
a station at a particular time must leave that
station at some later time. Constraint (4)
are count constraints ensuring that only the
available number of aircraft of each type
are used in the assignment. The objective
function coefficient Ck,i
is the summation of
the following components:
1. Operating costs
2. Carrying cost
3. Spill cost
4. Recaptured revenue
Note that FAM assumes flight leg
independence. Specifically, the objective
function coefficient, Ck,i
, is determined
for assignment of fleet type k to flight leg
i independently of any other flight legs in
the network.
Variations on fleet assignment approaches
can be found in Dantzig (1954), Daskin
Or mathematically as:
𝑀𝑖𝑛 � � 𝐶𝑘,𝑖
𝑘∈𝐾
𝑓𝑘,𝑖
𝑖∈𝐿
Subject to:
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 1, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑘∈𝐾
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕− + � 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 − 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕+ −
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 0, ∀𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡�
+
𝑜∈�
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑘, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
𝑖∈𝐶𝐿(𝑘)
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ∈ {0,1}, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡 ≥ 0, ∀𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡
5. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
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and Panayotopoulos (1989), Abara (1989),
Berge and Hopperstad (1993), Clarke et.al
(1996), Talluri (1996), Rushmeier and
Kontogiorgis (1997), Barnhart et. al (1998)
and Lohatepanont (2001), for example.
FAM Solution
Hane et. al (1995) demonstrate solution
techniques for this model using an airline
network with 2600 flights and 11 fleet types.
The techniques they employ include:
1. node consolidation: an algebraic
substitution technique that results in
significant reductions in problem size;
2. island construction: an exploitation of
special problem structure that achieves
further reduction in problem size; and
3. specialised branching strategies and
priorities: branching based on special
ordered sets (SOS) and selection of
variables on which to branch based on
a measure of variability of the objective
coefficients.
In summary, there are several aspects
of the problem that are modeled only
approximately or entirely ignored, hence,
room for improvement exists. The basic
fleet assignment model by Hane, et al
(1995), in particular, will serve as a basis
for development and discussion throughout
this paper.
Scheduled Design and Fleet Assignment
Generating an optimal schedule for
any given period is of utmost interest and
importance to the airlines. In the past,
these tasks have hadbeen separated and
optimized in a sequential manner, because
the integrated model to optimize the entire
process is wasunsolvable. Today, advanced
technologies and better understanding
of the problems have allowed operations
researcherstobeginintegratingandglobally
optimizing these sequential tasks.
Demand and Supply Interactions
Demand and supply interaction is a
crucial element in the construction of
an airline schedule. Understanding this
element is essential for the development of
an efficient flight schedule.
Demand
The demand for air travel is a derived
demand (Simpson and belobaba, 1992); it
is derived from other needs of individuals.
For the purpose of schedule design and
fleet assignment, a market is defined by
an origin and destination pair. There are
alternative ways to estimate total market
demand for air travel. Teodovoric (1989)
details a methodology for estimating total
air travel demand using a classical four step
transport planning process, namely:
1. Trip generation;
2. Trip distribution;
3. Modal split; and
4. Trip assignment.
For the purpose of schedule design for
a given airline, we are interested in the
unconstrained market demand, that is, the
maximum fraction of the total demand in
a market, termed market share, that the
airline is able to capture.
Supply
To compete for market share, the
airline develops its flight network. The first
step in developing the flight network is to
adopt an appropriate network structure.
Simpson and Belobaba (1992) present three
basic network structures, namely:
1. a linear network;
2. a hub and spoke network;
3. a point to point (complete) network.
Figure 4 depicts these network structures
for 4 locations (nodes).
6. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
A B
C D
A B
C D
A B
C D
(a) Linear
Network
(b) Hub and Spoke
Network
(c) Complete
Network
Figure 4. Basic Network Structures
Hub and spoke network has been
adopted by most major U.S airlines since
their deregulation in 1978 (Wheeler, 1989).
Its main advantage derives from connecting
opportunities at the hub airport enabling
airlines to consolidate demand from several
markets onto each flight. This enables
airlines to serve more markets especially
when the demans in some markets do
not warrant direct services. Simpson and
Belobaba (1992) note that the hub and
spoke network structure creates more stable
demand at the flight leg level. By mixing
and consolidating demands from deifferent
markets on each flight leg, the hub and
spoke network can reduce variations in the
number of passengers at the flight leg level,
because market have demand distributions.
Integrated Models for Schedule Design
and Fleet Assignment
Barnhart et. al (2001) proposed the
developmentofintegratedmodelsforairline
schedule design and fleet assignment for
two markets (constant markets and variable
markets). They assume their schedule is
daily, that is, the schedule repeats everyday.
Because conservation of aircraft is always
maintained, they can count the number
of aircraft in the network, by taking a
snapshot of the network at a pre-specified
point in time and counting the number of
aircraft both in the air and on the ground at
stations.
Previous works on integrated schedule
design and fleet assignment approaches can
be found in Chan (1972), Simpson (1966),
Soumis, Ferland, and Rousseau (1980),
Dobson and Lederer (1993), Marsten et.al
(1996), and Berge (1994), for example.
Notation
Sets
P : the set of itineraries in a market indexed
by p or r.
P0
: the set of optional itineraries indexed by
q.
A : the set of airports indexed by o.
L : the set of flight legs in the flight
schedule indexed by i.
LF
: the set of mandatory flight indexed by i.
LO
:the set of optional flight indexed by i.
K: the set of different fleet types indexed
by k.
T : the sorted set of all event (departure or
availability) times at all airports,
indexed by tj.
The event at time tj occurs before the
event at time tj+1 |T|=m
N: the set of nodes in the timeline network
indexed by {k,o,tj}
CL(k): the set of flight legs that pass the
count time when flown by fleet type k.
I(k,o,t): the set of inbound flight legs to node
{k,o,tj}.
O(k,o,t): the set of outbound flight legs from
node {k,o,tj}.
L(q): the set of flightlegs in itinerary q.
Decision Variables
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
: the number of passengers requesting
itinerary p but the airline attempts to
redirect to itinerary r.
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = �
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁 is
assigned to fleet type 𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
0, otherwise
𝑍𝑞 = �
1, 𝑖𝑓 itinerary 𝑞 ∈ 𝑃𝑜
is selected;
0, otherwise
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝒋
: the number of fleet type 𝑘 ∈
𝐾 aircraft that are on the ground at
airport 𝑜
time 𝑡� ∈ 𝑇
𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕�
𝒋
the numbe
that are o
𝑜 ∈ 𝐴 im
𝑡� ∈ 𝑇 . If
associated
then 𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕�
𝟏
: the number o
leg (assuming flee
: the numb
aircraft of fleet type
: the number of
∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
: the number of f
: the unconstrai
i.e., the
requesting itin
: the unconstra
when all itiner
: the fare for it
𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝
� : the carryin
itinerary
𝑏𝑝
𝑟
: recapture rate fr
passengers spil
the airline suc
itinerary
𝛿𝑖
𝑝
�
𝑖𝑓 𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
: demand corre
as a result of ca
7. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
37
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
a market indexed
raries indexed by
xed by
gs in the flight
ght indexed by
t indexed by
et types indexed
ent (departure or
at all airports,
occurs before the
timeline network
gs that pass the
by fleet type
light legs to node
d flight legs from
itinerary q.
ngers requesting
rline attempts to
𝑔 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁
𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
∈ 𝑃𝑜
fleet type 𝑘 ∈
on the ground at
airport 𝑜 ∈ 𝐴 immediately after
time 𝑡� ∈ 𝑇
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝒋
: the number of fleet type k aircraft
that are on the ground at airport
𝑜 ∈ 𝐴 immediately before time
𝑡� ∈ 𝑇 . If t1 and t2 are the times
associated with adjacent events,
then 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝟏
= 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕�
𝟐
Parameters/Data
CAPi : the number of seats available in flight
leg i (assuming fleeted schedule)
SEATSk : the number of seats available in
aircraft of fleet type k
Nk : the number of aircraft in fleet type k,
∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
Nq : the number of flight legs in itinerary q.
Dp : the unconstrained demand for itinerary
p, i.e., the number of passengers
requesting itinerary p.
Qi : the unconstrained demand on leg i
when all itineraries are flown.
farep : the fare for itinerary p
𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝
� : the carrying cost adjusted fare for
itinerary p.
𝑏𝑝
𝑟
: recapture rate from p to r; the fraction of
passengers spilled from itinerary p that
the airline succeeds in redirecting to
itinerary r.
𝛿𝑖
𝑝
= �
1, 𝑖𝑓 itinerary 𝑝 ∈ 𝑃 includes flight leg 𝑖 ∈ 𝑁;
0, otherwise
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
: demand correction term for itinerary p
as a result of cancelling itinerary q
Schedule Design with Constant Market
Share
Integrated Schedule Design and Fleet
Assignment (ISD-FAM) is commonly term
for constant market share model. In this
model, the assumptions made is the market
shares of the carrier are constant, that is,
although changes are made to the schedule,
the unconstrained market demands of the
carries of interest are not affected.
ISD-FAM is built upon the Itinerary
based Fleet Assignment Model (IFAM)
by Barnhart, Kniker, and Lohatepanont
(2001). The model assume that markets are
independentofoneanother,thatis,demands
in any market do not interact with demands
in any other markets. This enables them to
adjust demand for each market only if the
schedule for that market is altered.
Equation (1) computes the initial
unconstrained revenue for the schedule
given unconstrained demand associated
with all optional flight legs flown. Equations
(2) and (3) measure the changes in revenue
due to spill and recapture, respectively.
Objective Function
The objective of ISD-FAM is to maximize
schedule contribution, defined as revenue
generated less operating cost incurres. The
operating cost of a schedule, denoted O, can
be computed as ∑ ∑ 𝐶�,�𝑓�,�
�∈�
�∈� once
fleet-flight assignments are determined. The
total revenue of a schedule can be computed
from the folowing components:
1. Initial unconstrained revenue (R)
𝐑 = � 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒�𝐷�,
�∈�
2. Lost revenue due to spill (S)
𝐒 = � � 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒�𝑡�
𝑟
,
𝑟∈�
�∈�
and
3. Recaptured revenue from recapturing
spilled passengers (M)
𝐌 = � � 𝑏�
𝑟
�𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑡�
𝑟
𝑟∈�
�∈�
8. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
38
Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
𝑀𝑖𝑛 � � 𝐶𝑘,𝑖𝑓𝑘,𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
𝑖∈𝐿
� �(𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝
� − 𝑏𝑝
𝑟
�𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
� )𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
𝑝∈𝑃
Subject to
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 1, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 1, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕− + � 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 − 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕+ −
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 0, ∀{𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡} ∈ 𝑁
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡�
+
𝑜∈𝐴
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑘, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
𝑖∈𝐶𝐿(𝑘)
� 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑘
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
−
𝑟∈𝑃
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑏𝑟
𝑝
�𝑡𝑟
𝑝
≥ 𝑄𝑖, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑟∈𝑃
� 𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
≤ 𝐷𝑝, ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ∈ {0,1}, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡 ≥ 0, ∀{𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡} ∈ 𝑁
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
≥ 0, ∀𝑝, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑃
Formulation :
Subject to :
Constraints (2) are cover constraints
for mandatory flights ensuring that every
manadatory flight is assigned to a fleet
type. Constraints (3) are conver constraints
for optional flights allowing the model
to choose whether or not to fly flight i
in the resulting schedule; if flight i is
selected, a fleet type has to be assigned to
it. Constraints (4) ensure the conservation
of aircraft flow. Constraints (5) are count
constraints ensuring that only available
aircraft used. Constraints (6) are capacity
constraints ensuring that the number of
passengers on each flight i does not exceed
its capacity. Constraints (7) are demand
constraints ensuring that we do not spill
more passengers demand for the itinerary.
Schedule Design with Variable Market
Share
In this section we present the Extended
Schedule Design and Fleet Assignment
Model (ESD-FAM) proposed by Barnhart
et.al (2001), in which market shares are
simultatneously updated as changes are
made to the schedule.
Objective Function
Like in ISD-FAM, all average
unconstrained itinerary demands are
computed for the schedule with all optional
flights flown. The objective of ESD-FAM
is to maximize schedule contribution,
defined as revenue generated less operating
cost incurred. As explained in the previous
section, an additional terms is requireddue
to the introduction of demand correction
terms:
changes in unconstrained revenue due to
market share changes because of flight
leg addition or deletion (∆R),
Formulation
ESD-FAM can be formulated as shown
below.
subject to :
eg addition or deletion (∆𝐑
∆𝐑 = � (𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐷𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝∆𝑞
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃:𝑝�𝑞
𝑞∈𝑃�
) ∙ (1 − 𝑍𝑞)
𝑀𝑖𝑛 � � 𝐶𝑘,𝑖𝑓𝑘,𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
𝑖∈𝐿
� �(𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝
� − 𝑏𝑝
𝑟
�𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
� )𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
𝑝∈𝑃
+ � (𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐷𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝∆𝑞
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃 𝑝�𝑞
𝑞∈𝑃�
∙
− 𝑍𝑞
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≤ ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕− � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 − 𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕+ −
𝑖∈� 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ∀ 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁
𝑖∈� 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡
� 𝑦𝑘 𝑜 𝑡�
𝑜∈𝐴
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑘 ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
𝑖∈𝐶𝐿 𝑘
� � 𝛿𝑡
𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
� − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
𝑝∈𝑃
� 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑘
𝑓𝑘 𝑖
𝑘∈𝐾
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
−
𝑟∈𝑃
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑏𝑟
𝑝
�𝑡𝑟
𝑝
𝑟∈𝑃
≥ 𝑄𝑖 ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
� ∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
� − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
� 𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
≤ 𝐷𝑝 ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃
𝑍𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≤ ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿 𝑞
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑍𝑞 − � � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≥ − 𝑁𝑞 ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑖∈𝐿 𝑞
𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ∈ ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾 ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑍𝑞 ∈ ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
𝑦𝑘 𝑜 𝑡 ≥ ∀ 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
≥ ∀𝑝 𝑟 ∈ 𝑃
The term 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐷𝑞 is the total unconstrained
revenue of itinerary q. The term
∑ 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝∆𝑞
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃:𝑝�𝑞 is the total change in
unconstrained revenue on all other
itineraries p (≠ q) in the same market due to
deletion of itinerary q. Recall that Zq equals
1 if q is flown and 0 otherwise. Thus,
equation is the change in unconstrained
revenue due to the deletion of itinerary q.
Constraints (2) to (5) are similar to ISD-
FAM. The term ∑ ∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
� − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
Constraints (7) corrects the unconstrained
demand for itinerary 𝑝 ∈ 𝑃 when optional
itineraries𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
are deleted. Similarly the
term ∑ ∑ 𝛿�
𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
� − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
𝑝∈𝑃
Constraints (6) represents corrected demand
but at the flight level. Constraints (8) (9)
are itinerary status constraints that control
the {0,1} variable , for itinerary
𝑀𝑖𝑛 � � 𝐶𝑘,𝑖𝑓𝑘,𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
𝑖∈𝐿
� �(𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝
� − 𝑏𝑝
𝑟
�𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑟
� )𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
𝑝∈𝑃
+ � (𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐷𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝∆𝑞
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃:𝑝�𝑞
𝑞∈𝑃�
) ∙ (1 − 𝑍𝑞)
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 1, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 1, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕− + � 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 − 𝒚𝒌,𝒐,𝒕+ −
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 = 0, ∀{𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡} ∈ 𝑁
𝑖∈�(𝑘,𝑜,𝑡)
� 𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡�
+
𝑜∈𝐴
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑘, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
𝑖∈𝐶𝐿(𝑘)
� � 𝛿𝑡
𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
�1 − 𝑍𝑞� +
𝑞∈𝑃�
𝑝∈𝑃
� 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑘
𝑓𝑘 𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
−
𝑟∈𝑃
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑏𝑟
𝑝
�𝑡𝑟
𝑝
𝑟∈𝑃
≥ 𝑄𝑖 ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
� ∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
� − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
� 𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
≤ 𝐷𝑝 ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃
𝑍𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≤ ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿 𝑞
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑍𝑞 − � � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≥ − 𝑁𝑞 ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑖∈𝐿 𝑞
9. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ≤ ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿�
𝑘∈𝐾
𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕− � 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 − 𝒚𝒌 𝒐 𝒕+ −
𝑖∈� 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡
� 𝑓𝑘 𝑖 ∀ 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁
𝑖∈� 𝑘 𝑜 𝑡
� 𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡�
+
𝑜∈𝐴
� 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑘, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾
𝑖∈𝐶𝐿(𝑘)
� � 𝛿𝑡
𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
�1 − 𝑍𝑞� +
𝑞∈𝑃�
𝑝∈𝑃
� 𝐶𝐴𝑃𝑘
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 +
𝑘∈𝐾
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
−
𝑟∈𝑃
� � 𝛿𝑖
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃
𝑏𝑟
𝑝
�𝑡𝑟
𝑝
𝑟∈𝑃
≥ 𝑄𝑖, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
� ∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
�1 − 𝑍𝑞� +
𝑞∈𝑃�
� 𝑡𝑝
𝑟
𝑟∈𝑃
≤ 𝐷𝑝, ∀𝑝 ∈ 𝑃
𝑍𝑞 − � 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≤ 0, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿(𝑞)
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑍𝑞 − � � 𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ≥ 1 − 𝑁𝑞, ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
𝑘∈𝑘
𝑖∈𝐿(𝑞)
𝑓𝑘,𝑖 ∈ {0,1}, ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐾, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐿
𝑍𝑞 ∈ {0,1}, ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
𝑦𝑘,𝑜,𝑡 ≥ 0, ∀{𝑘, 𝑜, 𝑡} ∈ 𝑁
𝑡𝑝
𝑟
≥ 0, ∀𝑝, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑃
The term 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑞𝐷𝑞 is the total unconstrained
revenue of itinerary . The term
∑ 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝∆𝑞
𝑝
𝑝∈𝑃 𝑝�𝑞 is the total change in
unconstrained revenue on all other
itineraries (≠ q) in the same market due to
deletion of itinerary . Recall that equals
1 if is flown and 0 otherwise. Thus,
equation is the change in unconstrained
revenue due to the deletion of itinerary .
Constraints (2) to (5) are similar to ISD-
FAM. The term ∑ ∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
�1 − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃� in
Constraints (7) corrects the unconstrained
demand for itinerary 𝑝 ∈ 𝑃 when optional
itineraries𝑞 ∈ 𝑃�
are deleted. Similarly the
term ∑ ∑ 𝛿�
𝑝
∆𝐷𝑞
𝑝
�1 − 𝑍𝑞�
𝑞∈𝑃�
𝑝∈𝑃 in
Constraints (6) represents corrected demand
but at the flight level. Constraints (8) – (9)
are itinerary status constraints that control
the {0,1} variable Zq, for itinerary q.
Demand corrections can be innacurate
when two or more itineraries are cancelled
at the same time. These inaccuracies can
be obviated by adding another set of {0,1}
variables indicating the status combinations
of itineraries and associating additional
demandcorrectiontermswiththesevariables.
Summary
Inthissectionwereviewedtwointegrated
models for airline schedule design and fleet
assignment:
1. the integrated schedule design and fleet
assignment model (ISD-FAM),
2. the extended schedule design and fleet
assignment model (ESD-FAM).
ESD-FAM utilizes demand correction
terms to adjust carrier market shares as
schedules are altered. ISD-FAM, on other
hand,ignoresthesecomplicatedinteractions
and instead utilizes recapture rates to adjust
demand, assuming constant market share.
Note for Future Research Direction
In this paper, we present and review basic
FAM and Integrated Scheduled Design and
Fleet Assignment (IFAM) model. As with
any modelling, a number of assumptions
should be made in efforts to tackle the
schedule design and fleet assignment
problems. These assumptions are necessary
to simplify the problem and increase
tractability, while others are made to
facilitate operation. Future research should
see some relaxation of these assumptions.
If full relaxation in infeasible, measures to
validate included assumptions are needed.
Demand and supply interaction issues
in the schedule design problem represent a
major research area that is yet to be fully
investigated, understood and modeled.
With better understanding of these
interactions, efficient modelling techniques
can be developed to tackle schedule design
problem. Competitor’s reactions may also
be modeled in the form of demand and
supply interactions.
In addition, current ISD-FAM and ESD-
FAM proposed by Barnhart et.al (2001)
ignoreanumberofoperationalissues.These
issues include, for example, maintenance
of hub structure airline presence in
markets, minimum or maximum frequency
in markets, gate and slots availability,
etc. Thus, an operational model requires
addition of these considerations to ensure
an appropriate schedule.
Last, all the aforementioned fleet
assignment model works are applicable
for existing airlines with a given fleet size
of different aircraft categories. However,
if a new airline is going to be established
to serve some predetermined destinations
with known demand and decided aircraft
types in each one, the above models are not
capable of producing an optimum solution
regarding the minimisation of the fleet size
10. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
to operate in all the routes. Therefore, it is
necessary to develop a new optimisation
model to solve this problem for future
work.
Notes:
This literature review was done during
the course of master degree at National
University of Singapore (NUS) as part of
project assignment for CE6001 Operation
and Management Infrastructure Systems.
He graduated from Department of Civi-
land Environmental Engineering of Na-
tional University of Singapore (NUS).
References
Abara, J. 1989. Applying Integer Linear
Programming to the FleetAssignment
Problem. Interfaces 19(4): 20-28.
Barnhart, C., Kniker, TS., & Lohatepanont,
M. 2002. Itinerary Based Airline
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Barnhart, C., Lu, F., & Shenoi, R. 1998a.
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Barnhart, C., Belobaba, P., & Odoni, AR.
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11. Airline Fleet Assignment And Schedule Planning
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721
Appendix
Figure 1 Airline Planning Process
12. Nugroho Aditya, Abdul Majid Suharto
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Jurnal ManajemenTransportasi & Logistik (JMTransLog) -Vol. 01 No. 01, Maret 2014
ISSN 2355-4721