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final year project for b.tech electrical engineering student, based on speed and direction control of dc motor with bluetooth module operated on Blynk app
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng in Digital Systems and Computer Engineering (course number 2ELE0065) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this project are to design, develop and test software for an embedded system that will smoothly control the rotation of a stepper motor, taking into account the physical constraints on the maximum operating speed of the motor.
Each student will be required to design a ‘C’ program can rotate a stepper motor to a number of user-defined positions as quickly as possible. This will include sensing of the marker pulse, the implementation of an appropriate speed profile and the use of timer-generated interrupts.
ATM' An electronic banking outlet, which allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. There are two primary types of automated teller machines.
This document discusses the architecture and components of smart sensors. It describes key features of smart sensors such as automatic calibration and data storage. The main components discussed include sensing elements, data acquisition systems, signal conditioning devices, conversion devices, filters, processors, and communication interfaces. It provides details on signal conditioning, different types of signal conditioners, and their requirements. It also covers analog to digital conversion methods including sampling, quantization, and coding.
This document describes a temperature controlled fan project. It contains a block diagram showing the main components: an 8051 microcontroller, temperature sensor, ADC, motor driver, fan motor, and 7-segment displays. It also provides details on the working, which involves measuring temperature, displaying it on the 7-segment displays, and varying the fan speed based on the temperature using PWM. Simulation results and hardware implementation snapshots are included. The project aims to automatically control fan speed based on sensed temperature.
Obstacle detection using ultra sonic sensorsatyashanker
The document summarizes the working principles and applications of ultrasonic sensors, specifically the HC-SR04 sensor. It describes how ultrasonic sensors use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect sound waves to measure the distance to targets. The HC-SR04 sensor can detect objects from 2cm to 400cm away and is unaffected by light or dark surfaces. Its operation involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to determine distance. Common applications of ultrasonic sensors include obstacle detection, motion sensing, and liquid level measurement.
The L298 Driver is a high voltage, high current dual ful bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing resistor.
final year project for b.tech electrical engineering student, based on speed and direction control of dc motor with bluetooth module operated on Blynk app
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng in Digital Systems and Computer Engineering (course number 2ELE0065) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this project are to design, develop and test software for an embedded system that will smoothly control the rotation of a stepper motor, taking into account the physical constraints on the maximum operating speed of the motor.
Each student will be required to design a ‘C’ program can rotate a stepper motor to a number of user-defined positions as quickly as possible. This will include sensing of the marker pulse, the implementation of an appropriate speed profile and the use of timer-generated interrupts.
ATM' An electronic banking outlet, which allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. There are two primary types of automated teller machines.
This document discusses the architecture and components of smart sensors. It describes key features of smart sensors such as automatic calibration and data storage. The main components discussed include sensing elements, data acquisition systems, signal conditioning devices, conversion devices, filters, processors, and communication interfaces. It provides details on signal conditioning, different types of signal conditioners, and their requirements. It also covers analog to digital conversion methods including sampling, quantization, and coding.
This document describes a temperature controlled fan project. It contains a block diagram showing the main components: an 8051 microcontroller, temperature sensor, ADC, motor driver, fan motor, and 7-segment displays. It also provides details on the working, which involves measuring temperature, displaying it on the 7-segment displays, and varying the fan speed based on the temperature using PWM. Simulation results and hardware implementation snapshots are included. The project aims to automatically control fan speed based on sensed temperature.
Obstacle detection using ultra sonic sensorsatyashanker
The document summarizes the working principles and applications of ultrasonic sensors, specifically the HC-SR04 sensor. It describes how ultrasonic sensors use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect sound waves to measure the distance to targets. The HC-SR04 sensor can detect objects from 2cm to 400cm away and is unaffected by light or dark surfaces. Its operation involves transmitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to determine distance. Common applications of ultrasonic sensors include obstacle detection, motion sensing, and liquid level measurement.
The L298 Driver is a high voltage, high current dual ful bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing resistor.
The Atmega328 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR architecture that can achieve throughputs of 1 MIPS per MHz. It has 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM, 2KB of SRAM, 3 I/O ports, 32 general purpose registers, and a 16-bit timer/counter that can generate delays of up to 262ms when running on a 16MHz oscillator.
The document describes a final year project report on a gesture controlled car. It includes an introduction describing gesture recognition technology and the components used in the project. The main chapters provide detailed descriptions of the accelerometer, encoder, decoder, microcontroller, motors, and connection diagrams. The implementation chapter explains how the accelerometer outputs analog voltages corresponding to hand movements, which are converted to digital signals and transmitted to control the car.
Answer you will get after reading it -
What is an accelerometer?
How The work?
Static vs Dynamic acceleration
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Piezoresistive Accelerometer
Capacitive accelerometers
Seismic accelerometer
Thermal convection accelerometer
Hall Effect Accelerometer
This project displays the current time and temperature using an Arduino board, LM35 temperature sensor, and DS1307 RTC module. The LM35 and DS1307 are connected to analog pins on the Arduino, which uses its onboard ADC to read the analog voltage values and display the converted time and temperature readings on an LCD screen. The key components required are the Arduino, sensors, LCD, and supporting electronics. The document provides details on how each component functions and how they interconnect and cooperate to continuously display the time and surrounding temperature.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
This document discusses controlling servo motors using an Arduino board. It defines servo motors as motors that can be commanded to precise angular positions between 0 and 180 degrees. It explains that servo motors have three pins - power, ground, and a signal pin to which an angle command is sent. The Arduino language has built-in support for controlling servos. The document outlines the key parts of a servo motor and its working principle, which involves sensing the shaft position and comparing it to the commanded position to minimize error. Controlling servos with Arduino provides benefits like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient position control.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
The document describes an automatic DC fan controller project using a thermistor. The project involves designing a circuit that can automatically control the speed of a DC fan based on temperature readings from a thermistor. The circuit uses an LM741 operational amplifier, NTC thermistor, resistors, and other components. As temperature increases, the thermistor's resistance decreases, causing the fan speed to increase accordingly to regulate the temperature. The document provides details of the circuit design and components, working principle, testing and potential applications of the automatic temperature-controlled fan system.
1. The document describes a proposed automatic rain-protected drying shed system for farmers that uses a rain sensor, microcontroller, and DC motor.
2. When the rain sensor detects rain, it sends a signal to the microcontroller which activates the DC motor to wrap a protective covering around the roof of the drying shed, shielding crops from rain and moisture.
3. The system aims to prevent crop destruction and degradation that can occur when rained on before sale, protecting farmers' yields and livelihoods.
Patient Health Monitoring System Using Arduino & ESP8266Rishav Pandey
Sometimes it happens when patients struggles to find hospital beds but due to high number of covid patients they are forced to stay at home and aren't monitored by any doctor. This Health Monitoring System designed with the help of Arduino UNO board and ESP8266 wifi microchip helps the doctor to monitor the patient remotely (connected via an IoT based platform ThingSpeak). ESP8266 wi-fi microchip is used to provide internet connectivity to our project (or we can connect our project to any wifi using same). The system consists of a pulse sensor and and an LM35 temperature sensor which measures the patient's heart beats per minute and body temperature respectively. The Arduino reads the sensor data, converts them into string, passes them to the IoT platform (ThingSpeak) and also displays the BPM and body temperature on LCD display.
In this way a doctor can remotely monitor the patients and take appropriate actions when required.
With the increase in need of water for irrigation, there is also a case where we use more water for irrigation than it’s needed for crops. That results in the wastage of water and causes the problem in the growth of crops. To overcome this problem, this paper puts together a study of a system based on Irrigation using IOT (Internet of things). This system targets on sensing the soil moisture and temperature using the sensors and provide the data to the Thing speak server after which the farmer can decide whether to ON or OFF the pump.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IOT APPROACH ON AQUACULTURE MONITORING (1).pptxakram051
The document describes a project to design and develop an IoT-based aquaculture monitoring and control system. It discusses:
- Issues with traditional aquaculture techniques like lack of monitoring of water parameters and overfeeding.
- The objective is to design a system using sensors like TDS and temperature to automatically monitor and control water quality.
- Two fish tanks were set up, one with monitoring/control (Tank A) and one without (Tank B). Results showed the fish in Tank A had better growth in length and weight, and water quality was better maintained.
- The system uses an Arduino, sensors, and Android app to remotely monitor and control a water filter based on TDS
The document describes an electronic mosquito repellent circuit that uses ultrasound to repel mosquitoes. It uses a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate ultrasound pulses in the range of 20-38 kHz, which are inaudible to humans but cause stress to mosquitoes' antennae, repelling them. The circuit drives a piezoelectric buzzer that produces the ultrasound pulses. By varying a potentiometer, the output frequency can be adjusted to maximize repellent effects. The circuit provides a safe, chemical-free way to repel mosquitoes compared to common repellents that release toxic fumes.
A real time autonomous soldier health monitoring andSudhakar Kumar
This presentation is based on the paper titled "A Real Time Autonomous Soldier Health Monitoring and Reporting System Using COTS Available Entities," available on http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7306769/.
The project uses a PIR motion sensor to detect motion and trigger a camera. An Arduino microcontroller coordinates and controls the system, activating the camera when the PIR sensor detects motion.
The document discusses Arduino, an open-source hardware and software system for building electronics projects. It describes Arduino boards, which use AVR microcontrollers and can be programmed with a simplified version of C/C++. Arduino makes microcontrollers easy to use through an open development environment and standardized hardware/software components. A variety of Arduino boards and shields are available to add functionality like Ethernet, Bluetooth, and more. Alternative platforms like BascomAVR are also presented.
Water scarcity nowadays is a big concern for farmers and with this growing population of our country agriculture becomes a serious and main problem that our framers are facing today. The main objective of the project is providing automatic irrigation system that switches a motor pump ONOFF by sensing moisture content of the soil through application of Internet of Things (IOT). Human intervention can be reduced by proper method of irrigation. The project consists of Arduino microcontroller and sensor, where Arduino microcontroller is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moisture condition of the soil through sensor. Once the controller receives these signal, the output then relay on operating the water pump. The sensing arrangement is made up of two metallic rods inserted to the agriculture field which is required to be controlled. Priyanka Lahande | Dr. Basavaraj Mathpathi"IoT Based Smart Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15827.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/15827/iot-based-smart-irrigation-system/priyanka-lahande
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect objects and measure distances with millimeter precision under many conditions. Passive infrared (PIR) sensors detect infrared light given off by objects to trigger motion detectors. Temperature sensors like the TMP36 output a voltage linearly proportional to temperature in degrees Celsius without external calibration.
This document describes a minor project report submitted for a bachelor's degree in electronics and communication engineering. The project involves designing and building an automatic street light circuit that uses a light dependent resistor and timer IC to automatically turn street lights on at night and off during the day, saving electricity. The circuit components include a battery, NE555 timer IC, light dependent resistor, resistors, LEDs, and switches. Detailed descriptions of each component and the working principle and design of the circuit are provided.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
This document provides an overview of waveform generators and special function integrated circuits. It discusses various waveform generator circuits like sine wave generators using RC phase shift oscillators and Wien bridge oscillators. It also discusses multivibrators circuits like astable and monostable multivibrators that can generate square waves. In addition, it covers the 555 timer IC which can be used in monostable and astable configurations to generate pulses, and function generator ICs like the ICL8038 that can produce sine, square and triangular waves.
The Atmega328 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR architecture that can achieve throughputs of 1 MIPS per MHz. It has 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM, 2KB of SRAM, 3 I/O ports, 32 general purpose registers, and a 16-bit timer/counter that can generate delays of up to 262ms when running on a 16MHz oscillator.
The document describes a final year project report on a gesture controlled car. It includes an introduction describing gesture recognition technology and the components used in the project. The main chapters provide detailed descriptions of the accelerometer, encoder, decoder, microcontroller, motors, and connection diagrams. The implementation chapter explains how the accelerometer outputs analog voltages corresponding to hand movements, which are converted to digital signals and transmitted to control the car.
Answer you will get after reading it -
What is an accelerometer?
How The work?
Static vs Dynamic acceleration
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Piezoresistive Accelerometer
Capacitive accelerometers
Seismic accelerometer
Thermal convection accelerometer
Hall Effect Accelerometer
This project displays the current time and temperature using an Arduino board, LM35 temperature sensor, and DS1307 RTC module. The LM35 and DS1307 are connected to analog pins on the Arduino, which uses its onboard ADC to read the analog voltage values and display the converted time and temperature readings on an LCD screen. The key components required are the Arduino, sensors, LCD, and supporting electronics. The document provides details on how each component functions and how they interconnect and cooperate to continuously display the time and surrounding temperature.
This presentation discuss about the Ultrasonic Sensor long with its working principle and simple test with sample of Arduino program. The ultrasonic Sensor featured in this presentation is HC-SR04.
This document discusses controlling servo motors using an Arduino board. It defines servo motors as motors that can be commanded to precise angular positions between 0 and 180 degrees. It explains that servo motors have three pins - power, ground, and a signal pin to which an angle command is sent. The Arduino language has built-in support for controlling servos. The document outlines the key parts of a servo motor and its working principle, which involves sensing the shaft position and comparing it to the commanded position to minimize error. Controlling servos with Arduino provides benefits like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient position control.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
The document describes an automatic DC fan controller project using a thermistor. The project involves designing a circuit that can automatically control the speed of a DC fan based on temperature readings from a thermistor. The circuit uses an LM741 operational amplifier, NTC thermistor, resistors, and other components. As temperature increases, the thermistor's resistance decreases, causing the fan speed to increase accordingly to regulate the temperature. The document provides details of the circuit design and components, working principle, testing and potential applications of the automatic temperature-controlled fan system.
1. The document describes a proposed automatic rain-protected drying shed system for farmers that uses a rain sensor, microcontroller, and DC motor.
2. When the rain sensor detects rain, it sends a signal to the microcontroller which activates the DC motor to wrap a protective covering around the roof of the drying shed, shielding crops from rain and moisture.
3. The system aims to prevent crop destruction and degradation that can occur when rained on before sale, protecting farmers' yields and livelihoods.
Patient Health Monitoring System Using Arduino & ESP8266Rishav Pandey
Sometimes it happens when patients struggles to find hospital beds but due to high number of covid patients they are forced to stay at home and aren't monitored by any doctor. This Health Monitoring System designed with the help of Arduino UNO board and ESP8266 wifi microchip helps the doctor to monitor the patient remotely (connected via an IoT based platform ThingSpeak). ESP8266 wi-fi microchip is used to provide internet connectivity to our project (or we can connect our project to any wifi using same). The system consists of a pulse sensor and and an LM35 temperature sensor which measures the patient's heart beats per minute and body temperature respectively. The Arduino reads the sensor data, converts them into string, passes them to the IoT platform (ThingSpeak) and also displays the BPM and body temperature on LCD display.
In this way a doctor can remotely monitor the patients and take appropriate actions when required.
With the increase in need of water for irrigation, there is also a case where we use more water for irrigation than it’s needed for crops. That results in the wastage of water and causes the problem in the growth of crops. To overcome this problem, this paper puts together a study of a system based on Irrigation using IOT (Internet of things). This system targets on sensing the soil moisture and temperature using the sensors and provide the data to the Thing speak server after which the farmer can decide whether to ON or OFF the pump.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IOT APPROACH ON AQUACULTURE MONITORING (1).pptxakram051
The document describes a project to design and develop an IoT-based aquaculture monitoring and control system. It discusses:
- Issues with traditional aquaculture techniques like lack of monitoring of water parameters and overfeeding.
- The objective is to design a system using sensors like TDS and temperature to automatically monitor and control water quality.
- Two fish tanks were set up, one with monitoring/control (Tank A) and one without (Tank B). Results showed the fish in Tank A had better growth in length and weight, and water quality was better maintained.
- The system uses an Arduino, sensors, and Android app to remotely monitor and control a water filter based on TDS
The document describes an electronic mosquito repellent circuit that uses ultrasound to repel mosquitoes. It uses a 555 timer integrated circuit to generate ultrasound pulses in the range of 20-38 kHz, which are inaudible to humans but cause stress to mosquitoes' antennae, repelling them. The circuit drives a piezoelectric buzzer that produces the ultrasound pulses. By varying a potentiometer, the output frequency can be adjusted to maximize repellent effects. The circuit provides a safe, chemical-free way to repel mosquitoes compared to common repellents that release toxic fumes.
A real time autonomous soldier health monitoring andSudhakar Kumar
This presentation is based on the paper titled "A Real Time Autonomous Soldier Health Monitoring and Reporting System Using COTS Available Entities," available on http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7306769/.
The project uses a PIR motion sensor to detect motion and trigger a camera. An Arduino microcontroller coordinates and controls the system, activating the camera when the PIR sensor detects motion.
The document discusses Arduino, an open-source hardware and software system for building electronics projects. It describes Arduino boards, which use AVR microcontrollers and can be programmed with a simplified version of C/C++. Arduino makes microcontrollers easy to use through an open development environment and standardized hardware/software components. A variety of Arduino boards and shields are available to add functionality like Ethernet, Bluetooth, and more. Alternative platforms like BascomAVR are also presented.
Water scarcity nowadays is a big concern for farmers and with this growing population of our country agriculture becomes a serious and main problem that our framers are facing today. The main objective of the project is providing automatic irrigation system that switches a motor pump ONOFF by sensing moisture content of the soil through application of Internet of Things (IOT). Human intervention can be reduced by proper method of irrigation. The project consists of Arduino microcontroller and sensor, where Arduino microcontroller is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moisture condition of the soil through sensor. Once the controller receives these signal, the output then relay on operating the water pump. The sensing arrangement is made up of two metallic rods inserted to the agriculture field which is required to be controlled. Priyanka Lahande | Dr. Basavaraj Mathpathi"IoT Based Smart Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15827.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/15827/iot-based-smart-irrigation-system/priyanka-lahande
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect objects and measure distances with millimeter precision under many conditions. Passive infrared (PIR) sensors detect infrared light given off by objects to trigger motion detectors. Temperature sensors like the TMP36 output a voltage linearly proportional to temperature in degrees Celsius without external calibration.
This document describes a minor project report submitted for a bachelor's degree in electronics and communication engineering. The project involves designing and building an automatic street light circuit that uses a light dependent resistor and timer IC to automatically turn street lights on at night and off during the day, saving electricity. The circuit components include a battery, NE555 timer IC, light dependent resistor, resistors, LEDs, and switches. Detailed descriptions of each component and the working principle and design of the circuit are provided.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
This document provides an overview of waveform generators and special function integrated circuits. It discusses various waveform generator circuits like sine wave generators using RC phase shift oscillators and Wien bridge oscillators. It also discusses multivibrators circuits like astable and monostable multivibrators that can generate square waves. In addition, it covers the 555 timer IC which can be used in monostable and astable configurations to generate pulses, and function generator ICs like the ICL8038 that can produce sine, square and triangular waves.
1. An oscillator generates an alternating signal without an external input by using positive feedback to convert DC energy into an AC signal at a specific frequency.
2. Oscillators are classified by waveform, frequency range, components used, and include signal generators, function generators, and sweep generators.
3. The Barkhausen criterion establishes the conditions for oscillation as a loop gain greater than 1 and a total phase shift of 0 or a multiple of 360 degrees.
A signal generator produces standardized electronic signals that can be modulated in amplitude, frequency, or other properties. It is used to test electronic devices and components. A standard signal generator generates stable, controllable voltages that can be amplitude or frequency modulated. It is commonly used to test radios and transmitters. A function generator produces common waveform types like sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves over a wide frequency range for testing purposes.
The document provides information about the basic electronics course offered at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, topics covered in different modules and units. The key topics covered are characteristics of diodes and transistors, biasing of BJT and FET, feedback amplifiers, oscillators, operational amplifiers and data converters. Feedback concepts like types of negative feedback, effects on gain, bandwidth and impedances are discussed. RC phase shift, Wien bridge, LC and crystal oscillators are qualitatively described.
This presentation summarizes an operational amplifier based function generator that can produce sine, square, triangular, and sawtooth waveforms. It describes the working of the square wave generator using an op-amp and capacitor to charge and discharge, producing a switching output. A triangular wave is generated by charging and discharging a capacitor with a constant current. This triangular wave can then be shaped into a sine wave using a diode clipping circuit. The function generator can output different frequencies and amplitudes and is used to test electronic equipment.
Design and Development of Gate Signal for 36 Volt 1000Hz Three Phase InverterIJMER
The sinusoidal PWM gating signals generation is most popular PWM method, which reduce
harmonic reduction in output. SPWM can be generated by FPGA, micro controller and micro processor but
this kind of device needs programming and coding hence avoided in using power system of aircraft. This
paper present an experiment using SPWM method to generate 1000 Hz gating signals suitable for 36 Volt ,
1000 Hz, 3 phase, three wire supply. Discrete components design approach is chosen to provide noise
immunity at higher amplitude level of signal and a large flexibility to adjust and process various operating
parameters of signals. The circuit is proved with commercial components however MIL version of
components can be easily incorporated in design in later stage
A sweep frequency generator is a type of signal generator that generates a sinusoidal output signal whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. It uses two oscillators - a master oscillator that produces a constant frequency and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency varies. A mixer combines the outputs of the two oscillators to produce a sinusoidal output whose frequency is swept between the frequencies of the two oscillators. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electrical components over various frequency bands.
A sweep frequency generator generates a sinusoidal output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands. The frequency is varied either linearly or logarithmically over the entire sweep range, while the signal amplitude remains constant.
1) There are several methods to control the output voltage of single phase inverters including external control of AC output voltage, external control of DC input voltage, and internal control of the inverter.
2) Internal control of the inverter through pulse width modulation is commonly used as it requires no additional components. Pulse width modulation controls the output voltage by adjusting the ON and OFF periods of the inverter components.
3) Harmonic reduction can be achieved through techniques like multiple pulse modulation, sinusoidal pulse modulation, and combining output voltages from multiple inverters with transformer connections. Internal control of the inverter through advanced PWM techniques is effective in minimizing harmonics in the output voltage.
This document summarizes a student presentation on function generators. It discusses that function generators can produce sine, square, triangular, ramp and pulse waveforms over a wide frequency range. It describes analog and digital function generators and how they work using digital to analog conversion, filtering and waveform generation integrated circuits controlled by a microcontroller. It provides details on specifications like waveform distortion levels, modulation, output amplitude and impedance. Function generator working is explained as using a capacitor charged and discharged by a current source to generate triangle waves which can then be shaped into other waveforms.
A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment or software that generates different types of electrical waveforms like sine, square, triangular, and sawtooth shapes over a wide range of frequencies. It has features like continuous tuning over wide frequency bands, output amplitudes, and modulation capabilities. Function generators are used to test and develop electronic equipment by providing signal sources, and produce waveforms by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source.
A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment or software that generates different types of electrical waveforms like sine, square, triangular, and sawtooth shapes over a wide range of frequencies. It has features like continuous tuning over wide frequency bands, output amplitudes, and modulation capabilities. Function generators are used to test and develop electronic equipment by providing signal sources, and produce waveforms by repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitor from a constant current source.
Function generators are electronic test equipment that generate common waveforms like sine, square, and triangular waves over a wide frequency range. They are used to test and develop electronic equipment. Simple function generators generate waveforms by charging and discharging a capacitor with a constant current source, while more advanced arbitrary waveform generators can produce any digitally defined shape using direct digital synthesis techniques. Function generators provide important features like continuous tuning over a broad frequency band, modulation capabilities, and the ability to sweep output frequencies.
The document discusses oscillators and feedback amplifiers. It defines positive and negative feedback, and describes their effects on gain. Oscillators generate an output signal without an external input through the use of positive feedback in an amplifier circuit. The two main types of oscillators are sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillators. Common oscillator circuits discussed include the RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley oscillator, and common emitter amplifier configuration.
The document discusses sweep frequency generators, which generate a sinusoidal output signal that is automatically varied or swept between two selectable frequencies. It describes the key components of a sweep frequency generator, including the master oscillator which produces a constant frequency signal, and a voltage controlled oscillator whose output frequency varies. The outputs of these oscillators are combined using a mixer to produce the swept frequency output signal. Sweep frequency generators are used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electronic components over different frequency bands.
The document discusses different types of oscillators. It begins by defining an oscillator as an electronic circuit that generates a periodic waveform without an external signal, using feedback to convert DC to AC. It then provides examples of oscillator applications and describes different oscillator types including RC oscillators like the Wien bridge and phase-shift oscillators, and LC oscillators. The document focuses on explaining the working principles of the Wien bridge and phase-shift RC oscillators, deriving equations for their oscillation frequencies.
Electrical signal processing and transmissionBishal Rimal
The document discusses operational amplifiers and electrical signal processing. It begins by defining an operational amplifier as a differential amplifier that amplifies the difference between voltages at its two input terminals. It then discusses key characteristics of op-amps like input resistance, output resistance, and bandwidth. The document also covers op-amp configurations like inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers. It discusses applications of op-amps in signal amplification, integration, differentiation and noise reduction. Finally, it provides an overview of optical communication systems and how data is transmitted using optical fibers.
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates an alternating current signal through feedback and amplification. The oscillator contains a feedback path where part of the output signal is fed back to the input. For oscillation to be sustained, the feedback signal must be larger than and in phase with the input signal. Common waveforms produced by oscillators include sinusoidal and square waves. Oscillators are classified by the waveform type and frequency range. Sine wave oscillators use inductors and capacitors (LC oscillators) or crystals to control frequency, while relaxation oscillators produce square waves. Oscillators are essential components in electronic devices and are used as stable frequency sources in applications like timers, calculators, and oscilloscopes.
This document discusses types and applications of inverters. It begins with an introduction defining inverters as devices that produce AC power from DC power using switching components. It then covers the history of inverters from early mechanical designs to modern solid state designs. The document classifies inverters based on output waveform, power source, load type, PWM technique, and number of output levels. It also discusses harmonics and describes common types of PV inverters and switching devices used. Applications covered include PV systems, wind turbines, variable frequency drives, and UPS systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
AC Signal Sources.
1. TOPIC–AC SIGNAL SOURCES
SUBJECT – M & I (MEASUREMENT & INSTRUMENTATION )
PREPARED BY - GANDHA DHAIRYA (180433117005)
BRANCH – IC
SEMESTER – 4TH
COLLEGE – SHANTILAL SHAH
ENGG.,BHAVNAGAR
2. INTRODUCTION
■ AC Signal generators provide a variety of waveforms for testing of electronic circuits at low
power levels.There are various types of signal generators, but the following characteristics are
common to all types:
■ 1. Always a stable generator with desired frequency signals should be generated.
■ 2. Generated signal amplitude should be regulated over a wide range from very small to
relatively large level.
■ 3. Generated signal should be free from any distortions.There are many variations of the above
requirements, especially for specialised signal generators such as function generators, pulse
generators and pulse frequency generators.
■ Sine wave generators, both in audio and radio frequency ranges are called oscillators.
■ Although, the terminology is not universal, the term oscillator is generally used for an
instrument that provides only a sinusoidal output signal.
■ The term function generator is applied to an instrument that provides several output
waveforms, including sine wave, square wave, triangular wave and pulse trains as well as
amplitude modulation of the output signal.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar
2
3. Sinusoid Basics
3
General form of the sinusoid:
v(t) =Vm sin(2pf t + f) [V]
• Vm is the amplitude
• f is the frequency
• f is the phase
• 2Vm =Vpp (peak-to-peak)
t
We usually write w = 2pf, and w is the angular frequency. But note that what
you set on the function generator is f, not w.
v(t)
Vm Vpp
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4. Sinusoid Basics
4
A sinusoid may also have a dc offset.
v(t) =Vm sin(2pf t) [V] +Vdc
v(t)
t
Vdc0
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar
5. SINEWAVE GENERATOR
■ The demand of sine waves in many electronic applications is very high.
■ The circuit is the scheme to implement a mathematical relationship between the sine and
cosine trigonometric functions.
■ By integrating a sine wave, an inverted cosine wave is obtained.
■ A cosine waveform is actually the same waveform as the sine wave but shifted 90° in phase.
■ If that cosine wave is integrated and another 90° phase shift is achieved, it produces a negative
sine wave.
■ Of course, each op-amp integrator introduces an inversion as well, so the output of the first
integrator is actually a non-inverted cosine wave.
■ This is reversed again by the second integrator, so its output is still a negative sine wave. By
inverting the negative sine wave, the original sine wave can be restored.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 5
6. ■ In this circuit, R1 is adjusted to ensure that oscillations start and to help set the output
amplitude.
■ The Zener diodes serve to limit the output signal amplitude by limiting the gain of the cosine
amplifier beyond the desired level.
■ This prevents the circuit from amplifying the signal beyond its ±12 volt limits.
A SINEWAVE GENERATORCIRCUIT
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 6
7. SWEEP FREQUENCY GENERATOR
■ A sweep frequency generator is a special type of signal generator which generates a sinusoidal
output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies.
■ One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep.The rate at which the
frequency is varied can be either linear or logarithmic, depending upon the design of a
particular instrument.
■ However, the amplitude of the signal output is designed to remain constant over the entire
frequency range of the sweep.
■ Sweep-frequency generators are primarily employed for measurement of responses of
amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 7
8. ■ The frequency range of a sweep-frequency generator usually extends over three bands: 0.001
Hz−100 kHz (low frequency to audio), 100 kHz−1,500 MHz (RF range), and 1 − 200 GHz
(microwave range).
■ Performance of measurement of bandwidth over a wide frequency range with a manually
tuned oscillator is a time-consuming task.
■ With the use of a sweepfrequency generator, a sinusoidal signal that is automatically swept
between two chosen frequencies can be applied to the circuit under test and its response
against frequency can be displayed on an oscilloscope or X-Y recorder.
■ Thus, the measurement time and effort is considerably reduced.
■ Sweep generators may also be employed for checking and repairing amplifiers used inTV and
radar receivers.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 8
9. ■ the main component of a sweep-frequency generator is a master oscillator, usually an RF type,
with several operating ranges which are selected by a range switch.
■ The frequency of the output signal of the signal generator may be varied either mechanically or
electronically.
■ In the mechanically varied models, the frequency of the output signal of the master oscillator is
varied (tuned) by a motor-driven capacitor.
■ In the electronically tuned models, the frequency of the master oscillator is kept fixed and a
varying frequency signal is produced in another oscillator, called theVoltageControlled
Oscillator (VCO).
■ TheVCO contains an element whose capacitance depends upon the voltage applied across it.
This element is employed for varying the frequency of the sinusoidal output of theVCO.
■ The output of theVCO is then combined with the output of the master oscillator in a special
electronic device, called the mixer.
■ The output of the mixer is sinusoidal, whose frequency depends on the difference of
frequencies of the output signals of the master oscillator andVCO.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 9
11. ■ The sweep rates of sweep frequency generators can be adjusted to vary from 100 to 0.01
seconds per sweep.
■ A voltage varying linearly or logarithmically according to sweep rate can be used for driving the
X-axis of an oscilloscope or X-Y recorder synchronously.
■ In the electronically tuned sweep generators, the same voltage which drives theVCO serves as
this voltage.The frequency of various points along the frequency-response curve can be
interpolated from the values of the end frequencies if it is known how does the frequency vary
(i.e. linearly or logarithmically).
■ A basic system for the sweep generator is shown in Figure. A low-frequency sawtooth wave is
generated from some form of oscillator or waveform generator.
■ The instantaneous voltage of the sawtooth wave controls the frequency of an RF oscillator with
its centre frequency set at the centre frequency of the device under test (filter or IF channel
etc).
■ Over a single sweep of frequency, RF output voltage from the device, as a function of time, is a
plot of the filter response.
■ By rectifying and RF filtering in a simple AM detector, the output is converted to a dc voltage
varying as a function of time and this voltage is applied to the vertical input of the CRO.
■ By synchronising the sweep of the CRO with the sawtooth output, the device response is
plotted on the CRO screen.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 11
12. HARMONIC DISTORTION ANALYSERS
■ Generally, the output waveform of an electronic device, such as an amplifier, should become an
exact replica of the input waveform.
■ However, in most of the cases that does not happen due to the introduction of various types of
distortions.
■ Distortions may be a result of the inherent non-linear characteristics of components used in the
electronic circuit.
■ Non-linear behaviour of circuit elements introduces harmonics in the output waveform and the
resultant distortion is often termed Harmonic Distortion (HD).
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 12
13. ■ Types of DistortionThe various types of distortions which occur are explained below.
■ 1. Frequency DistortionThis distortion occurs due to the amplification factor of the amplifier is
different for different frequencies.
■ 2. Phase distortionThis distortion occurs due to the presence of energy-storage elements in
the system, which cause the output signal to be displaced in phase with the input signal.
■ If signals of all frequencies are displaced by the same amount, the phase shift distortion would
not be observed.
■ However, in actual practice, signals at different frequencies are shifted in phase by different
angles and therefore, the phase-shift distortion becomes noticeable.
■ 3. Amplitude Distortion Harmonic distortion occurs due to the fact that the amplifier generates
harmonics of the fundamental of the input signal.
■ Harmonics always give rise to amplitude distortion, for example, when an amplifier is
overdriven and clips the input signals.
■ 4. Inter-modulation DistortionThis type of distortion occurs as a consequence of interaction or
heterodyning of two frequencies, giving an output which is the sum or difference of the two
original frequencies.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 13
14. ■ 5. Cross-over DistortionThis type of distortion occurs in push-pull amplifier due to incorrect
bias levels.
■ 6.Total Harmonic DistortionA non-linear system produces harmonics of an input sine wave,
the harmonics consists of a sine wave with frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental
of the input signal.
■ TheTotal Harmonic Distortion (THD) is measured in terms of the harmonic contents of the
wave, as given by In a measurement system, noise is read in addition to harmonics, and the
total waveform, consisting of harmonics, noise and fundamental, is measured instead of the
fundamental alone.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 14
15. FUNCTION GENERATORS
■ A function generator is a signal source that has the capability of producing different types of
waveforms as its output signal.
■ The most common output waveforms are sine waves, triangular waves square waves and
sawtooth waves.
■ The frequencies of such waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of a hertz to several
hundred kilohertz.
■ Actually, the function generators are very versatile instruments as they are capable of
producing a wide variety of waveforms and frequencies.
■ In fact, each of the waveforms they generate are particularly suitable for a different group of
applications.
■ The uses of sinusoidal outputs and square-wave outputs have already been described in the
earlier Sections.
■ The triangular-wave and sawtooth wave outputs of function generators are commonly used for
those applications which need a signal that increases (or reduces) at a specific linear rate.
■ They are also used in driving sweep oscillators in oscilloscopes and the X-axis of X-Y recorders.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 15
16. ■ Many function generators are also capable of generating two different waveforms
simultaneously (from different output terminals, of course).
■ This can be a useful feature when two generated signals are required for a particular
application.
■ For instance, by providing a square wave for linearity measurements in an audio-system, a
simultaneous sawtooth output may be used to drive the horizontal deflection amplifier of an
oscilloscope, providing a visual display of the measurement result.
■ For another example, a triangular wave and a sine wave of equal frequencies can be produced
simultaneously.
■ If the zero crossings of both the waves are made to occur at the same time, a linearly varying
waveform is available which can be started at the point of zero phase of a sine wave.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 16
17. ■ Another important feature of some function generators is their capability of phase locking to
an external signal source.
■ One function generator may be used to phase lock a second function generator, and the two
output signals can be displaced in phase by an adjustable amount.
■ In addition, one function generator may be phase locked to a harmonic of the sine wave of
another function generator. By adjustment of the phase and the amplitude of the harmonics,
almost any waveform may be produced by the summation of the fundamental frequency
generated by one function generator and the harmonics generated by the other function
generator.
■ The function generator can also be phase locked to an accurate frequency standard, and all its
output waveforms will have the same frequency, stability and accuracy as the standard.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 17
18. ■ The block diagram of a function generator is given in Figure.
■ In this instrument, the frequency is controlled by varying the magnitude of current that drives
the integrator.
■ This instrument provides different types of waveforms (such as sinusoidal, triangular and
square waves) as its output signal with a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz.
■ The frequency-controlled voltage regulates two current supply sources.
■ The current supply source 1 supplies constant current to the integrator whose output voltage
rises linearly with time.
■ An increase or decrease in the current increases or reduces the slope of the output voltage and
thus, controls the frequency
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar 18
21. Displays and Output
21
The default setting is
1 [kHz], displayed here…
…and 100 [mV] peak-peak
amplitude, displayed by
pressing this button.
Next, connect Output to
the oscilloscope using a
BNC-to-BNC cable.
scope
You won’t get an output until
you press “Output”.
BNC to BNC
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22. Oscilloscope
22
From Function GeneratorPower
The oscilloscope displays input signal as voltage vs. time.
Voltage
time
(You don’t have these inputs.)
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23. Scale Factors
23
Vertical scale factor
(inVolts/Div)
Horizontal scale
factor (in sec/Div)
Convince yourself that the signal frequency and amplitude are what
is stated on the function generator display.
Change the scale factors to see how the display is changed on the
‘scope.
f = 1/T T
20 mV/ 500 uS/
Vpp
scale factor adjustments
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24. Waveform (Function)
24
Step through the functions to
observe each one.
A ramp with a 50%
asymmetry is a
triangle wave…
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25. Amplitude
25
Use the keypad and theVpp* button…
…or…
…the wheel and the
“ten’s place”
buttons.
To adjust the amplitude:
v(t)
Vm
t
v(t) =Vm sin(2pf t) [V]
* For this course, we recommend that you set your signal generator to be
driving a high impedance (resistance in this case) load.
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar
26. Frequency
26
Use the keypad and the Hz,
kHz, or MHz button…
…or…
…the wheel and the
“ten’s place”
buttons.
To adjust the frequency:
v(t)
t
T
v(t) =Vm sin(2pf t) [V]
T = 1/f
Shantilal Shah Engineering College , Bhavnagar
27. AC Offset
27
Use the keypad and theVpp* button…
…or…
…the wheel and the
“ten’s place” buttons.
To adjust the offset:
v(t)
t
v(t) =Vm sin(2pf t) [V] +Vdc
Vdc
* This procedure will give you twice the offset you key in,
unless the load is 50 W, or you set it to “High Z Load”.
0
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28. The “T” Connector
28
output
connected to
BNC “T”
The three BNC connectors are in parallel,
effectively providing two FGEN outputs.
Typically one will go to the scope and the
other will be your circuit input.
scope
circuit input
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29. Coupling
29
Whether or not you observe the dc
component on the scope depends on the
coupling.
2. Select whichever channel your signal is connected to.
3.Toggle through the coupling options:
dc: dc AND ac components are displayed.
ac: only the ac component is displayed.
1. Generate a signal with a dc offset, and connect it
to the oscilloscope.
The dc coupling option is named
badly. It should be called
something like, “everything”.
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30. RMS Measurements
30
Another way to characterize the amplitude of a
periodic waveform is the rms (root-mean-
square) amplitude:
When set to measure ac voltage
or current, the Agilent
automatically displays rms.
0
0
21
( ) .
t T
rms
t
V v t dt
T
If v(t) is a sine or cosine (sinusoid), then
.
2
m
rms
V
V
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31. Triggering
31
When the oscilloscope is properly triggered, the image is “stable” because
it is displayed the same way each time it sweeps across the screen. By
“the same way”, we mean that it starts at the same point every time. If
the triggering is not correct, the image looks garbled , like it is “running”
across the screen. Try adjusting the trigger level, and see what happens.
Trigger Menu
Trigger Level
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32. ExternalTriggering
32
An external trigger signal is provided by the SYNC output of the
function generator.This provides a square wave of about 3[Vpp]
amplitude at the frequency of the Output waveform, and
synchronized with it. So as long as your signal is coming from the
Output of the signal generator, the scope knows exactly when to
trigger!
The external trigger input
of the oscilloscope is on the
back, at the top.
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