Vitamin is an organic compound required in small amounts to sustain life. Addition of fats, carbohydrates, protein, mineral etc. Human body either does not produce enough of them or none at all.

1. Vitamins
CourseTitle: Pharmaceutical
Technology and Dispensing
Course Code: ACCE 310
Name: Shaikh Ashraful Alam
Applied Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering

2. What is vitamin?
Organic compound required in small amounts to sustain
life.
Addition of fats, carbohydrates, protein, mineral etc.
Human body either does not produce enough of them or
none at all.

3. Classification:
Divided in two categories:
 Fat soluble- Exp: vitamins(A,K,D,E)
 Water Soluble- Exp: Vitamin (B,C)

4. Vitamin A
Definition: Vitamin A is group of unsaturated nutritional organic
compounds That includes retinol,retinal,retinoic acid.
 Structure of retinol,one of the major forms of vitamin A
Deficiency:
 Hypovitaminosis A is lack of Vitamin A in blood and tissues.
 Causes childhood blindness
 Night blindness is occur due to lack of Vitamin A. Dry skin
Source:
Milk,Butter,Cheese,Egg yolk,Liver,Vegetable etc.

5. Synthesis of vitamin A1
According to van dorp,1946
vitamin A1
Beta-ionone

6. Vitamin B
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins .Individual B vitamin
supplements referred to by the specific name of each vitamin
(eg. B1,B2,B3, etc)

7. Vitamin B1(Thiamine)
Deficiency:
 Cause malasia,weight loss,irritability and confusion.
 Well-known syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency include
beriberi,korsakoff’s syndrome,and optic neuropathy.
Structure:
Source:Rice.wheat,egg,meat,beans,peas etc.Small quantity present in
animal organs.

8. Vitamin B2(Riboflavin)
Structure:
Source: Yeast,liver,wheat,germ,milk,egg,fish,meat and green
vegetables.
Deficiency:
Result in stomatitis including painful red tongue.
The eyes can be become itchy,waterly,bloodshot and sensitive to light.
During pregnancy results in birth defects for the lack of reboflavin

9. Vitamin B3 –
nicotinic acid (also known as niacin)
Structure:
nicotinic acid
Source:Meat,seafoods and spices.
Deficiency:
 Causes Pellagra.
 Mild niacin deficiency has been shown to slow metabolism,causing decreased
tolerance to cold.

10. Vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid
Structure:
Vitamin B6 - pyridoxine
Structure:

11. Vitamin B7 - Biotin
Structure:
Vitamin B9 - Folic acid
Structure:

12. Vitamin B12 - cobalamin.
(also hydroxycobalamin, adenosylcobalamin).
Structure:

13. Vitamin C - asorbic acid
Structure:
Source:Citrus fruits,tomatoes,red peppers and potatoes
Deficiency:
 Causes scurvy.
 Cardiovascular diseases
 Many other chronic diseases.

14. Vitamin D refers to a group of similar lipid-soluble molecules
(major forms are D2 and D3, also D1, D4, D5).
Structure:
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) Vitamin D2 (Calciferol)
Con………
Vitamin D is a fat soluble
and
chemically related to
steroids,
and essential for normal
bone.
They include-
1.Calciferol, Vitamin D2
2.Cholecalciferol,Vitamin
D3

15. Deficiency:
Causes osteomalacia(or rickets when it occurs in children)
Causes skin pigmentation.
Vitamin D obtain from:
-Egg yolk
-Cod liver oil
-Liver oil from other fishes
Vitamin D

16. Function of Vitamin D
1.Favours calcium absorption from intestine.
2.It promotes the absorption of phosphate if there is increased of
calcium.
3.It helps to calcification of new bone.
4.Helps in the development of teeth.
5.Its also protect high blood pressure, cancer and other diseases.

17. Mode Of Action
-Mainly by promoting the transport Ca
-Secondarily phosphate in the
bloodstream.

18. Vitamin E
Structure:
Deficiency:
Causing some diseases, e.g spinocerebellar ataxia.myopathies,ataxia,retinopathy
etc.

19. HISTORY OF VITA-E
1922: Evans and Bishop, described Vitamin E deficiency
1936: Evans et al, Isolated α-tocopherol
1960s: Vitamin E deficiency was described in children with fat mal
absorption syndromes.

20. Chemical nature of vit-E
Vitamin E is naturally occuring anti-oxidant.
It is known as “anti-sterility vitamin” because it helps
normal reproduction in animals.
 An alcohol was capable to prevent reproductive
failure in animals.
 Vitamin E is chemically known as tocopherol
Vitamin E is a Fat soluble vitamin.
Also known a beauty vitamin.

21. Chemistry:
 Vitamin E is named from the group
tocopherols and tocotrienols
8 tocopherols have been identified
The antioxidant property is due to the
chromane ring
There are four main forms of tocopherols i.e
α -tocopherol ,
β –tocopherol,
γ -tocopherol and
δ -tocopherol
Alpha- tocopherol is most active
Tocotrienols : There are four related vitamin
E compounds called α,β,γ and δ tocotrienols

22. Function of Vitamin E
 Prevention of oxidative stress
 It prevents cancer
 Supporting healthy skin
 Vitamin E inhibits platelet aggregation
 Vitamin E may be involved in signal transduction in neuronal cells

23. Sources of vitamin E
Sunflower Seeds
Almonds
Hazelnuts (4.3 mg)
 Peanuts (2.2 mg)
Pine nuts (2.6 mg)
Milk
Tomatoes

24. Deficiency of Vitamin E
Real blood cell destruction
Hepatic necrosis
Desorption sterility
Neurological symptoms
Increased risk and cardiovascular diseases
Haemolytic anemia
Dry hair or loss of hair
Muscular weakness
Slow tissue healing
Leg cramps

25. Vitamin E deficiency in Children
Chronic liver disease
Gross lack of coordination of muscle movements
Loss of vibration and position senses
Muscle weakness
Slow growth in children
Vitamin E deficiency in Adults
 Mild anemia
 Fragile red blood cells
 Age spots
 Decrease in sex drive

26. Vitamin K
phylloquinone
Structure:
Vitamin K is required for proper blood clotting.
Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is rare.

27. Vitamin - K
• Vitamin – K is an essential vitamin required by the body but is never
popular.
• Vitamin K is the only fat soluble vitamin with a specific coenzyme
function
• It is required for the production of blood clotting factors, essential for
coagulation (in German – Koagulation; hence called as vitamin K)
• It is not a single nutrient, but a group of nutrients namely Vitamin K1 and
Vitamin K2. (Vitamin K3 is man made and not for dietary purposes.)

28. Source of vitamin k
• Good sources of vitamin K are: leafy green vegetables, dairy products,
like milk and yogurt, pork etc.
• Brussels sprouts, kale, cabbage and broccoli
• Chili powder, paprika and cayenne
• Cucumber
• Kiwi fruit and grapes

29. Vitamin K- Chemistry
Vitamin K family are naphthoquinone derivatives .
Phylloquinone and menaquinones, both have a long isoprenoid side
chain.
The length of the side chain differs.
Phylloquinone have a 20 C side chain , whereas menaquinones have a 30
C side chain.
The isoprenoid chain makes these vitamin hydrophobic or lipophilic.
The synthetic vitamin K (menadione, menadiol diacetate) have only
hydrogen in place of isoprenoid side chain that makes these vitamin
water-soluble.

30. Vitamin k-chemistry

31. Function of vitamin k
• Vitamin K helps in the maintenance of normal levels of the blood clotting
proteins.
• Vitamin –K is crucial for normal blood clotting in the body.
• It helps maintain good bone health.
• It plays a key role in treating osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s.
• It also protects against cancer and heart disease.

32. Vitamin k deficiency
• Cholestatic liver diseases (biliary atresia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Prolonged diarrhea can cause vitamin k deficiency especially in breast-
fed infants.
• Sterile intestinal flora
• Bleeding of gums
• Dark circles under eyes