The document provides an overview of the Indian financial system. It discusses that the financial system includes financial intermediaries like banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies; financial markets like money markets, capital markets, and derivatives markets; and financial assets/instruments like equity, debt, and indirect securities. The financial system mobilizes savings from households and channels them to corporations and governments through these various institutions and markets, in order to facilitate capital formation and meet short and long-term financing needs.

1. INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
By: Dr. Silony Gupta
Assistant Professor, Department of MBA,
Quantum School of Management,
Roorkee, Uttarakhand

2.  “Financial system", implies a set of complex and
closely connected or interlined institutions,
agents, practices, markets, transactions, claims,
and liabilities in the economy”.
 is the system that allows the transfer of money
between savers (and investors) and borrowers.
 is the set of Financial Intermediaries, Financial
Markets and Financial Assets.
 helps in the formation of capital.
 meets the short term and long term capital needs
of households, corporate houses, Govt. and
foreigners.
 its responsibility is to mobilize the savings in the
form of money and invest them in the productive
manner.

4.  To link the savers & investors.
 To inspire the operators to monitor the
performance of the investment.
 To achieve optimum allocation of risk
bearing.
 It makes available price - related
information.
 It helps in promoting the process of financial
deepening and broadening

5. Financial
system
Financial
Intermediaries
Financial
Markets
Financial
Assets

7.  Come in between the ultimate borrowers
and ultimate lenders
 provide key financial services such as
merchant banking, leasing, credit rating,
factoring etc.
 Services provided by them are:
Convenience( maturity and divisibility),
Lower Risk(diversification), Expert
Management and Economies of Scale.

8. Financial
Intermediaries
Banks NBFCs Mutual Funds
Insurance
Organizations

9.  Collect savings primarily in the form of
deposits and traditionally finance working
capital requirement of corporates
 With the emerging needs of economic and
financial system banks have entered in to:
 Term lending business particularly in the
infrastructure sector,
 Capital market directly and indirectly,
 Retail finance such as housing finance,
consumer finance……
 Enlarged geographical and functional
coverage

10.  A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a
company registered under the Companies Act,
1956 engaged in the business of loans and
advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/
bonds/debentures/securities issued by
Government or local authority or other
marketable securities of a like nature, leasing,
hire-purchase, insurance business, etc.
 Provide variety of fund/asset-based and non-
fund based/advisory services.
 Their funds are raised in the form of public
deposits ranging between 1 to 7 years maturity.

11.  Depending upon the nature and type of
service provided, they are categorised into:
 Asset finance companies
 Housing finance companies
 Venture capital funds
 Merchant banking organisations
 Credit rating agencies
 Factoring and forfaiting organisations
 Housing finance companies
 Stock brokering firms
 Depositories

12.  A mutual fund is a company that pools money
from many investors and invests in well
diversified portfolio of sound investment.
 issues securities (units) to the investors (unit
holders) in accordance with the quantum of
money invested by them.
 profit shared by the investors in proportion to
their investments.
 set up in the form of trust and has a sponsor,
trustee, asset management company and
custodian
 advantages in terms of convenience, lower risk,
expert management and reduced transaction
cost.

14.  They invest the savings of their policy
holders in exchange promise them a
specified sum at a later stage or upon the
happening of a certain event.
 Provide the combination of savings and
protection
 Through the contractual payment of
premium creates the desire in people to
save.

15.  It is a place where funds from surplus units
are transferred to deficit units.
 It is a market for creation and exchange of
financial assets
 They are not the source of finance but link
between savers and investors.
 Corporations, financial institutions,
individuals and governments trade in
financial products on this market either
directly or indirectly.

16. Financial
Market
Money
Market
Capital/
Securities
Market
Secondary/
Stock Market
Primary
Market

17.  A market for dealing in monetary assets of short
term nature, less than one year.
 enables raising up of short term funds for
meeting temporary shortage of fund and
obligations and temporary deployment of excess
fund.
 Major participant are: RBI and Commercial Banks
 Major objectives:
 equilibrium mechanism for evening out short
term surpluses and deficits
 focal point for influencing liquidity in economy
 access to users of short term funds at reasonable
cost

18. Money
Market
Call
Market
T-bills
Market
Bills
Market
CP
Market
CD
Market
Repo
Market

19.  A market for long term funds
 focus on financing of fixed investments
 main participants are mutual funds, insurance
organizations, foreign institutional investors,
corporate and individuals.
 two segments: Primary market and secondary
market

20.  A market for new issues i.e. a market for
fresh capital.
 provides the channel for sale of new
securities, not previously available.
 provides opportunity to issuers of securities;
government as well as corporates.
 to raise resources to meet their requirements
of investment and/or discharge some
obligation.
 does not have any organizational setup
 performs triple-service function: origination,
underwriting and distribution.

21.  A market for old/existing securities.
 a place where buyers and sellers of securities
can enter into transactions to purchase and sell
shares, bonds, debentures etc.
 enables corporates, entrepreneurs to raise
resources for their companies and business
ventures through public issues.
 has physical existence
 vital functions are:
 nexus between savings and investments
 liquidity to investors
 continuous price formation

22. Financial
Instruments
Primary Securities Indirect Securities Derivatives

23. Securities issued by the non-financial economic units
 Equity Shares: An equity share are the ownership
securities. They bear the risk and enjoy the rewards of
ownership.
 Preference Shares: Holders enjoy preferential right as
to: (a) payment of dividend at a fixed rate during the life
time of the Company; and (b) the return of capital on
winding up of the Company
 Debentures: An creditorship security. Holders are
entitled to predetermined interest and claim on the
assets of the company.

24.  Innovative Debt instruments: A variety of debt
innovative instruments emerges with the growth of
financial system to make them more attractive.
 Participative Debentures: participate in the excess
profits of the company after the payment of dividend.
 Convertible debentures with options:
 Third party convertible debentures: entitle the holder to
subscribe to the equity of another firm at a preferential
price.
 Convertible debenture redeemable at premium: issued
at face value with option to sell at premium.
 Debt equity swap: offers to swap debentures for equity.
 Zero coupon convertible notes : convertible in to shares
and all the accrued /unpaid interest is forgone.

25.  Warrants: entitles the holder to purchase specified
number of shares at a stated price before a stated date.
Issued with shares or debentures.
 Secured premium notes with detachable warrants:
 redeemable after lock-in period
 warrants entitle the holder to receive shares after the
SPN is fully paid
 no interest during lock-in period
 option to sell back SPN to company at par after lock-in.
 no interest/ premium on redemption if option exercised
 right to receive principal+interest in instalments, in case
of redemption after expiry of the term
 detachables required to be converted in to shares within
specified period.

26.  Non -Convertible debenture with detachable equity
warrants: option to buy a specified no. of share at a
specified price and time.
 Zero interest Fully Convertible debentures: carries no
interest and convertible in to shares after lock-in period.
 Secured zero interest partly convertible debentures with
detachable and separately tradable warrants:
 Having two parts
 Part A convertible at a fixed amount on the date of
allotment
 Part B redeemable at par after specified period from
date of allotment.
 Carries warrants of equity shares at a price to be
determined by company

27.  Fully convertible debentures with interest(optional):
 No interest for short period
 After that option to apply for equities at premium
without paying for premium.
 Interest is made from first conversion date to the
second/final conversion date

28.  Issued by financial intermediaries.
 such as units of mutual funds, policies of insurance
companies, deposits of banks, etc.
 Better suited to small investors
 Benefits of pooling of funds by intermediaries
 Convenience, lower risk and expert management.

29.  Derivative is a product whose value is derived
from the value of one or more basic variables
called base, in a contractual manner
 The underlying asset can be equity/forex or any
other assets.
 The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
(SCIA) defined derivative to include-
1. A security derived from a debt instrument,
share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk
instrument or contract for differences or any
other form of security.
2. A contract which derives its value from the
prices, or index of prices, of underlying
securities.

30. Derivatives
Forward
Contract
Indirect
Securities
Options

31.  is a customized contract between two
entities, where settlement takes place on a
specific date in the future at today's pre-
agreed price.
 At the end offsetting is done by paying the
difference in the price.

32.  is an agreement between two parties to buy
or sell an asset at a certain time in the
future at a certain price.
 They are special types of forward contracts
which are standardized exchange-traded
contracts.

33.  Contracts that give the buyer the right to
buy or sell securities at a predetermined
price within/at the end of a specified period.
 Two types - calls and puts.
 Calls give the buyer the right but not the
obligation to buy a given quantity of the
underlying asset, at a given price on or
before a given future date.
 Puts give the buyer the right, but not the
obligation to sell a given quantity of the
underlying asset at a given price on or before
a given date.