Introduction to OS, types of OS,history of OS

2. An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as
"OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded
into the computer by a boot program, manages all
the other programs in a computer. The other
programs are called applications or
application program.
What is an operating system?

3. 1.1 General Definition
An OS is a program which acts as an interface
between computer system users and the computer
hardware.
It provides a user-friendly environment in which a
user may easily develop and execute programs.
 Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be
mandatory for computer programming.
So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of
hardware from uninterested users.

4. 1.1 General Definition
In general, a computer system has some resources
which may be utilized to solve a problem. They are
Memory
Processor(s)
I/O
File System
etc.

5. 1.1 General Definition
The OS manages these resources of the computer
system and allocates them to specific programs and
users.
An OS provides services for
Processor Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Concurrency Control

6. Another aspect for the usage
of OS is that; it is used as a
predefined library for
hardware-software
interaction.
This is why, system
programs apply to the
installed OS since they
cannot reach hardware
directly.
Application Programs
System Programs
Operating System
Machine Language
HARDWARE

7. 1.1 General Definition
A simple program
segment with no
hardware
consideration
A more sophisticated
program segment with
hardware consideration
Hardware
response
OS Machine
Language

8. 1.2 History of Operating
Systems
The 1940's - First Generations
The earliest electronic digital computers had no
operating systems. Machines of the time were so
primitive that programs were often entered one bit
at time on rows of mechanical switches (plug
boards). Programming languages were unknown (not
even assembly languages). Operating systems were
unheard of .

9. By the early 1950's, the routine had improved
somewhat with the introduction of punch cards. The
General Motors Research Laboratories implemented
the first operating systems in early 1950's for their
IBM 701. The system of the 50's generally ran one job
at a time. These were called single-stream batch
processing systems because programs and data were
submitted in groups or batches.
The 1950's - Second Generation

10. The 1960's - Third Generation
The systems of the 1960's were also batch processing
systems, but they were able to take better advantage
of the computer's resources by running several jobs
at once. So operating systems designers developed
the concept of multiprogramming in which several
jobs are in main memory at once; a processor is
switched from job to job as needed to keep several
jobs advancing while keeping the peripheral devices
in use.

11. For example, on the system with no
multiprogramming, when the current job paused to
wait for other I/O operation to complete, the CPU
simply sat idle until the I/O finished. The solution for
this problem that evolved was to partition memory
into several pieces, with a different job in each
partition. While one job was waiting for I/O to
complete, another job could be using the CPU.

12. Another major feature in third-generation operating
system was the technique called spooling
(simultaneous peripheral operations on line).
spooling refers to a process of transferring data by
placing it in a temporary working area where another
program may access it for processing at a later point
in time.
Spooling refers to putting jobs in a buffer, a special
area in memory or on a disk where a device can access
them when it is ready. Spooling is useful because
devices access data at different rates.

13. Another feature present in this generation was time-
sharing technique, a variant of multiprogramming
technique, in which each user has an on-line (i.e.,
directly connected) terminal. Because the user is
present and interacting with the computer, the
computer system must respond quickly to user
requests, otherwise user productivity could suffer.
Timesharing systems were developed to
multiprogramming large number of simultaneous
interactive users.

14. With the development of LSI (Large Scale
Integration) circuits, chips, operating system entered
in the system entered in the personal computer and
the workstation age. Microprocessor technology
evolved to the point that it become possible to build
desktop computers as powerful as the mainframes of
the 1970s.
Fourth Generation

15. Two operating systems have dominated the personal
computer scene: MS-DOS, written by Microsoft, Inc.
for the IBM PC and other machines using the Intel
8088 CPU and its successors, and UNIX, which is
dominant on the large personal computers using the
Motorola 6899 CPU family.

17. Batch operating system
The users of batch operating system do not interact with
the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an
off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with
similar needs are batched together and run as a group.
Thus, the programmers left their programs with the
operator. The operator then sorts programs into batches
with similar requirements.

18. The problems with Batch Systems are following.
Lack of interaction between the user and job.
CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical
I/O devices is slower than CPU.
Difficult to provide the desired priority.
Benefits:
It can shift the time of job processing to when the
computing resources are less busy.
It allows the system to use different properties for
interactive and non-interactive work.

19. Time sharing operating system
A time sharing system allows many users to share the
computer resources simultaneously. In other
words, time sharing refers to the allocation of
computer resources in time slots to several programs
simultaneously. For example a mainframe computer
that has many users logged on to it. Each user uses
the resources of the mainframe -i.e. memory,cpu etc.
The users feel that they are exclusive user of the CPU,
even though this is not possible with one CPU i.e.
shared among different users.

20. A time shared system uses CPU scheduling and
multiprogramming to provide each user with a
small portion of a time-shared computer. It allows
many users to share the computer resources
simultaneously.
As the system switches rapidly from one user to the
other, a short time slot is given to each user for their
executions.
The time sharing system provides the direct access to
a large number of users where CPU time is divided
among all the users on scheduled basis. The OS
allocates a set of time to each user. When this time is
expired, it passes control to the next user on the
system

21. In above figure the user 5
is active but user 1, user 2,
user 3, and user 4 are in
waiting state whereas user 6
is in ready status.
As soon as the time slice of
user 5 is completed, the
control moves on to the next
ready user i.e. user 6.
In this state user 2, user 3,
user 4, and user 5 are in
waiting state and user 1 is in
ready state. The process
continues in the same way
and so on.

22. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are
following
Provide advantage of quick response.
Avoids duplication of software.
Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are
following.
Problem of reliability.
Question of security and integrity of user programs
and data.

23. Distributed Operating System
is a model where distributed applications are running
on multiple computers linked by communications. A
distributed operating system is an extension of the
network operating system that supports higher levels of
communication and integration of the machines on the
network.
These systems are referred as loosely coupled systems
where each processor has its own local memory and
processors communicate with one another through
various communication lines, such as high speed buses
or telephone lines.

24. By loosely coupled systems, we mean that such
computers possess no hardware connections at the
CPU- memory bus level, but are connected by
external interfaces that run under the control of
software.
The Distributed Os involves a collection of
autonomous computer systems, capable of
communicating and cooperating with each other
through a LAN / WAN. A Distributed Os provides a
virtual machine abstraction to its users and wide
sharing of resources like as computational capacity, I/O
and files etc.

25.  There is also a Operating System which is known as
Real Time Processing System. In this Response Time is
already fixed. Means time to Display the Results after
Possessing has fixed by the Processor or CPU.
Real-time operating system has well-defined, fixed time
constraints otherwise system will fail. For example
Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, and
home-appliances controllers, Air traffic control system
etc.
Real Time System

26. There are two types of real time operating system:
Hard real-time systems
Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks
complete on time. In hard real-time systems secondary
storage is limited or missing with data stored in ROM. In
these systems virtual memory is almost never found.
Soft real-time systems
Soft real time systems are less restrictive. Critical real-
time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the
priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have
limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example,
Multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects
like undersea exploration and planetary rovers etc.