The document defines manufacturing and discusses its need. It classifies manufacturing processes into primary categories including primary shaping, deforming, machining, surface finishing, joining, and material property modification. Within each category, common processes are listed and briefly described. Diagrams provide visual examples of various casting, forming, machining, joining, and polymer processing techniques. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the classification, common examples, and basic workings of different manufacturing process types.

1. What is Manufacturing?
The word manufacture is derived from two Latin words
manus (hand) and factus (make); the combination means
“made by hand”
 “Made by hand” accurately described the fabrication
methods that were used when the English word
“manufacture” was first coined around 1567 A.D.
 Now a day, most modern manufacturing operations are
accomplished by mechanized and automated
equipment that is supervised by human workers

3. Need of Manufacturing
Role of manufacturing is to satisfy the needs of human beings through offering the improved
products and services for the facility of mankind.
 To produce goods to support the living and improve the standard of living
 To take advantage of the economies of scale and produce large quantities in low cost
 As resources are limited, we need to optimize the use of resources to increase the
productivity
“More goods are produced using less resources” or “Reduce Wastages”
Six Sigma, TQM, TPM, Kaizen, Quality Circles, lean and Agile Manufacturing

4. Classification of Manufacturing
Processes
Various processes applied in manufacturing to convert raw materials into
finished goods can be classified in the following broad categories:
 Primary Shaping (Forming Processes)
 Deforming Processes
 Machining/ Material Removal Processes
 Surface Machining Processes
 Joining Processes
 Material Properties Modification Processes

5. Primary Shaping (Forming Processes)
Its an additive manufacturing in which the products are made by addition.
Cohesion is normally observed among particles
 Casting
 Powder Metallurgy
 3D Printers
 Plastic Technology

6. Deforming Processes
These processes make suitable use of stresses like compression, tensile and
shearing or combined to cause plastic deformation of materials to convert
them into the desired shapes:
 Forging
 Rolling
 Extrusion
 Drawing
 Embossing
 Sheet Metal Working

7. Machining/ Material Removal
Processes
In these processes desired surface is produced by providing suitable relative
motion between the tool and workpiece. In this case the material is removed
by shearing so the workpiece is subjected to comparatively lower stresses
than Deformation processes:
 Turning
 Drilling
 Milling
 Shaping
 Grinding
 Broaching
 Slotting
 Hobbing
 Boring
 Threading
 Knurling
 Parting

8. Surface Finishing Operations
These operations are used to provide good surface finish on the metal surfaces. Small or
negligible amount of material is added or removed:
 Honing
 Lapping
 Buffing
 Tumbling
 Galvanizing
 Pickling
 Sand blasting
 Electroplating
 Plastic and metal coating

9. Joining Processes
In these processes two or more metal pieces are united together to make a final
product permanently or temporarily:
 Welding
 Riveting
 Soldering
 Brazing
 Sintering
 Couplings
 Nuts & Bolts
 Keys and Cotters

10. Material Properties Modification
Processes
In this process properties of the material are changed to suit the desirable
characteristics without changing the shape
 Heat Treatment
 Shot Peening
 Surface Chemical Treatment

11. Manufacturing Processes: Casting
Schematic illustration of various casting processes

12. Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
Schematic illustration of various bulk deformation processes

13. Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
Schematic illustration of various sheet metal forming processes

14. Manufacturing Processes: Machining
Schematic illustrations of various machining and finishing processes.

15. Manufacturing Processes: Joining
Schematic illustration of various joining processes

16. Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
Schematic illustration of various polymer processing methods