Green energy and its future;describes solar,biofuel,hydrogen,wind

1. GREEN ENERGY
PRESENTED BY:
MOHAMMED SHAZ JAMALUDDIN
II YEAR –B.TECH-CHEMICAL
ST. MICHAEL COLLEGE OF ENGG&TECH.
KALAYARKOIL, SIVAGANGA.

2. INTRODUCTION
 It is a means to create electricity and fuels, with a smaller environmental
footprint and minimize pollution.
 Green energy comes from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
plants, algae and geothermal heat. These energy resources are renewable,
meaning they're naturally replenished. In contrast, fossil fuels are a finite
resource that take millions of years to develop and will continue to diminish
with use
 Clean Edge, a clean technology research firm definition "a diverse range of
products, services, and processes that harness renewable materials and energy
sources, dramatically reduce the use of natural resources, and cut or eliminate
emissions and wastes.“

3. TYPES OF CLEAN ENERGY
 Hydrogen cell
 Bio fuels
 Wind
 Hydro electric power

4. HYDROGEN CELL
• Energy efficient and compatible with renewable energy.
• Less environmental impact than other conventional energy sources
and technologies.
• Hydrogen cannot be depleted because the basic source is water.
• In principle, a Hydrogen cell operates like a battery.
• It produces energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel
is supplied.
• The fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity
without combustion by combining oxygen from the air with
hydrogen gas.
• The only by-products are water and heat.

5. TYPES OF HYDROGEN FUEL
CELLS
 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
 Alkaline Fuel Cells
 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
 Regenerative Fuel Cells

6. SCIENCE OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
Anode:
2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
Net Reaction:
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

7. THE FUTURE OF HYDROGEN
CELL
 Used to power personal electronic devices: cell phones,
iPods, laptops
 Enough energy to run for days, or weeks (instead of
hours)
 Potentially power all cars, airplanes, ships, etc.
 60 million tons of carbon dioxide could be eliminated
from yearly greenhouse gas production
 Development of cheaper and more reliable catalysts
 Higher demand = cheaper

8. BIOFUELS
• A biofuel is defined as any fuel whose energy is obtained
through a process of biological carbon fixation.
• Carbon fixation is a process that takes inorganic carbon and
converts it into organic compounds. In other words, any
process that converts co2 into a molecule that would be
found in a living organism.
• If this process occurs in a living organism, it is referred to as
'biological carbon fixation'.
• Carbon fixation can lead to a number of different
compounds, like proteins, fats, and alcohols (just to name a
few). If any of those molecules can be used to provide
energy in a mechanical setting, we call it a fuel.

9. COMPARISON OF BIOFUELS WITH
THEIR FOSSIL FUEL COUNTERPARTS
Biofuel
Fossil
Fuel
Differences
Ethanol
Gasoline/
Ethane
Ethanol has about half the energy per mass of
gasoline. It burns cleaner than gasoline,
ie.,producing less CO. It produces more o3 than
gasoline & contributes substantially to smog.
Engines must be modified to run on ethanol.
Biodiesel Diesel
Has only slightly less energy than diesel. It is
more corrosive to engine parts than standard
diesel. It burns cleaner than diesel, producing
less particulate and fewer sulfur compounds.

10. BIOFUEL CARBON CYCLE

11. THE FUTURE OF BIOFUEL
• A decade ago, subsidies for biofuel growth and
development in many countries (especially the U.S.)
Were high.
• Better understanding of global warming, increased
awareness of the fragility of the food supply, and a
general trend toward “greener” alternatives have all led
to a decline in the popularity of biofuels.
• Last problem presented by biofuels that needs to be
addressed: biodiversity.
• “Super pests” produced in the effort to grow biofuels
can also threaten food crops.

12. Advantages
• Cost:Biofuels have the potential to be
significantly less expensive than
gasoline and other fossil fuels.
• Source material: biofuels can be
manufactured from a wide range of
materials including crop waste,
manure, and other byproducts.
• Renewability: It takes a very long
time for fossil fuels to be produced,
but biofuels are much more easily
renewable as new crops are grown and
waste material is collected.
Disadvantages
• Food prices: As demand for food
crops such as corn grows for biofuel
production, it could also raise prices
for necessary staple food crops.
• Food shortages: There is concern that
using valuable cropland to grow fuel
crops could have an impact on the cost
of food and could possibly lead to
food shortages.
• Water use: Massive quantities of
water are required for proper irrigation
of biofuel crops as well as to
manufacture the fuel, which could
strain local and regional water
resources.
• High cost: A high initial investment
is often required.

13. WIND POWER
• Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a
useful form of energy.
• Such as using wind turbine to produce electrical power,
windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water
pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
• The first windmill used for the production of electricity
was built in Scotland in july 1887 by prof james blyth
of
Anderson's college, Glasgow (the precursor of
strathclyde university).

15. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind
turbines as there are around other artificial structures.
• Although many artificial structures can kill birds,
wind power has a disproportionate effect on certain
endangered bird species.
• An especially vulnerable group are raptors, which are
slow to reproduce and favor the high wind speed
corridors that wind turbine companies build turbines
in, to maximize energy production.
• Although they have a negligible effect on most birds,
but has effect on the golden eagle and raptor species.

16. HYDROELECTRICITY
 Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower;.
 The production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
 It is the most widely used form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation –
3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010.
 The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a
competitive source of renewable electricity.

17. GENERATING METHODS
• Conventional (dams)
• Pumped-storage
• Run of the river
• Tide
• Underground

19. Advantages
• Renewable - Hydroelectric
energy is renewable
• Green - Generating electricity
with hydro energy is not
polluting itself.
• Reliable - Hydroelectricity is
very reliable energy.
• Clean - Hydroelectric power
uses water as its fuel, which
puts no harmful emissions or
chemicals in the air or water.
Disadvantages
• Droughts - low water levels
and droughts can negatively
impact the amount of electricity
generation capacity.
• Aquatic movement -
impoundment plants can
prevent fish from moving
upstream by the dam and
downstream by the turbines.
• High construction cost -
impoundment plants have high
capital costs .

20. THANK YOU