Lesson 3.1 (ten social) Our National Heritages

नमस्ते
• नर बहादुर पुन
माउण्ट एभरेष्ट माध्यममक
विद्यालय
विरेन्द्रनगर-१ सुर्खेत
Class: 10 [Social Studies] 2nd
Period 2077 Shrawan 1

 The UNESCO has enlisted various important
sites and monuments from Nepal into the
World Heritage List. The joint effort of
government and local people is vital for the
preservation of such heritage since they
reflect our culture, history, art, nature and
glory. At the same time, they carry economic
importance too.
Lesson: 3.1 (2nd Period)
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Lesson:3.1
Teacher-Nar Bahadur Pun School: Mount Everest Secondary School Surkhet Class: 10 (Social)
email:sharad.np7@gmail.com Mobile: 9848193583

 The monuments or sites that are culturally,
religiously, historically and naturally
important are defined as national heritages.
They have been passed from one generation
to another. Nepal is very rich in heritages due
to its variation in physical features, climatic
condition and biodiversity. The multi-
cultural, multi-lingual and multi-ethnic
features of it also have enriched heritages in
Nepal. These heritages are the true assets
(Properties), pride and identity of a nation.
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According to UNESCO, heritages are broadly classified
into three types:
1. Natural Heritage: Natural heritage refers to
components of natural environment that have
aesthetic, historic, scientific and social significance. For
example: mountains, rivers, scenery, forest, wildlife
etc.
2. Cultural Heritage: Cultural heritage refers to those
sites, objects and intangible things that have historical,
aesthetic (artistic), archeological, scientific,
ethnological, anthropological, etc. values to groups
and individual. For example: temple, mosques, stupas,
church, language, literature, art, costume and way of
life etc.
3. Digital Heritage: Digital heritage is made up of
computer based materials of enduring that should be
kept for future generations.
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 UNESCO, an agency of UNO, has included four
domains (areas) from Nepal into the World
Heritage Sites. Among them, the two are cultural
– the Kathmandu Valley and Lumbini, the birth
place of Lord Buddha and other two are natural –
Sagarmatha National Park and Chitwan National
park. The Kathmandu region incorporates the
seven sites whereas each of the other stand solo
(alone) making the then sites in totality. To be a
part of world heritage Sites in a matter of
immense pride. It exposes the site in the
international arena. It is, therefore, imperative on
our part that we conserve and protect them.
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 There are six cultural and four natural criteria
to be enlisted in world heritage site of the
UNESCO. They are;
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 Situated on the bank of the Bagmati in Kathmandu,
the Pashupati Area is a very holy place of the Hindus
in Nepal and abroad. It includes pshupatinath Temple,
Aryaghat (cremation bank), electric crematorium,
Deupatan, Jayabageshwari, Gaurighat, Kutumbahal,
Gaushala, Pingalasthan and the area around the
Shleshmantak forest. The Pashupatinath temple is
built in the pagoda style with golden roof. There are
about 492 temples, shrines (place of pilgrimage),
chaityas, etc. and about 1000 shivalingas in the area.
Ancient art, architectures, sculpture and carvings are
very attractive. The Pashupati Development Trust
works to preserve and promote this area. It was
included in the World Heritage Sites in 1979 AD.
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 This temple area lies on a hill top in the north of
Bhaktpur. It is said to have been built by Lichchhavi
king Mandev in the fifth century. It is an excellent
example of pagoda style. There are beautiful idols and
statues of birds and animals at the entrance. This site
is important because of ancient inscription on stone,
wood and metal. It is a venue of some jatras and
festivals. Along with six other cultural sites of the
Kathmandu valley, Changunarayan was also included
in the list of the World Heritage Sites as a unified
cultural site in 1979 AD. It remained dangerous as it
was also badly shaken by the quake in mid 2015. The
reconstruction of the damage just started in the
beginning of 2017.
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 The Boudhanath Mahachaitya, the biggest
stupa in Nepal, lies about 7 km east from the
capital city. It is one of the sacred shrines for
the Buddhists. It is believed that the stupa
was built around the 5th century by king
Mandev in the Lichhivi Period. It is aslo called
Khasti Chaitya, the stupa is 45 m in height
and about 100m in diameter. The chaitya has
ever watching eyes of the Buddha just above
the white dome. It contains more than 45
monasteries in this area.
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 It is a very ancient temple in Kathmandu and is a
very holy place for the Buddhist pilgrims. Around
the sutpa can be seen several shrines,
monasteries and idols. No long ago, the largest
idol of Lord Buddha in Nepal was constructed in
its premises. A temple of Goddess Saraswati, the
Goddess of Learning stands there. This is an
example of religious tolerance in Nepal. It also
entered in the World Heritage Sites in 1979 AD.
Pratappur Temple was badly damaged by the
earthquake and it was just repaired later.
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 Hanumandhoka Durbar Square is situated in the
heart of Kathmandu with chowk full of cultural,
ancient crafts, drawing and handicrafts. There is
marusttal made from only one saal tree. It is also
called Kastamandap. This Kastmandap was made
by an artist in the period of King Laxminarsimha
Malla. Afterwards, the name changed into
Kathmandu. Hanumandhoka, temple of Taleju
Bhawani, temple of Panchamukhi Hanuman, the
temple of Kumari, the temple of Shiva Parbati,
Ganesh Gaddi Baithak, etc have decorated this
Durbar squre.
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 Patan Durbar Square, located in Lalitpur district,
was the residence of Mall kings during the
Medieval period. The square is full of temples,
shrines, chowks, taps, ponds and antique crafts,
carvings and paintings. There are three major
country-yards in the palace: Mul Chowk, Sundari
Chowk and Keshav Narayan Chowk. The Krishna
temple built in the Shikhar style with 21 pinnacles
is the gorgeous temple made up of stone. The
Royal Bath, another stone architecture is the
master piece of Malla art. Other temples like
Kumbheshwor Mahadev, Rato Machhiindranath,
Bhimsen, Maha Bouddha, and the statue of Yog
Narendra Malla, the windows of elephant bones
and hides, etc. are of the great interest to the
visitors.
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 Bhaktpur Durbar Square lies at a distance of
about 15 km to the east of Kathmandu. During
the Malla period there was a powerful kingdom. It
was centre of art and architecture. Now it is a
major tourist destination in the Kathmandu
Valley. Much of the existing structures such as
Nyatapola temple, and Fifty-five Windowed
Palace were constructed by King Bhupatindra
Malla. Dattatraya temple, statue of Bhupatindra
Malla, colossal bell, kettle drum and museum are
among other attractions of the area. The carvings
on the walls, windows and doors of the Fifty-five
Windowed Palace are exquisitely beautiful. In
1979 AD it was listed as a World Heritage Site
along with the two other Durbar Squares and four
religious sites of the valley. This monument zone
was also badly damaged the earthquake of 2015.
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 Lumbini is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. It is
the most sacred place of the Buddhists from round
the world. There stands a famous stone pillar
erected by Indian Emperor Ashoka, who visited the
place in 245 BC. Pusharini Pond and Mayadevi
Temple are also very famous. The Lumbini
Development Committee of 13 countries including
Nepal was formed in 1970 AD to carry out a
master plan for the development of this area.
Beautiful stupas, monasteries, vihars, libraries, a
museum and a research centre are constructed
there. Many countries such as China, Myanmar,
Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Thailand,
France and Germany have erected vihars there.
Lumbini was included in the list of the World
Heritage Sites in 1997 AD
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 Located in Solukhumbu district of Sagarmatha
Zone, Sagarmatha National Park lies at the
highest altitude above 3,000 meters covering
an area of 1148 sq km. It includes various
higher peaks of the world such a Mt. Everest,
Lhotse, Choyu, Nuptse, Pumori, Amadablam,
etc. It also preserves various flora and funna.
The rhododendron, pine, spruce, fir, etc. are
the chief vegetation found here. It is the
habitat of animals like snow leopard, red
panda, polar cheetah, wild yak, mongoose,
musk deer and birds like lophoporous
(danphe).
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 Chitwan National Park is situated in Chitwan,
Makawanapur and Parsa districts. It is nearly
120 km south-west of Kathmandu and
occupies an area of 932 sq km of forests,
marshes and rivers. It preserves rare and
endangered animals like one-horned rhino,
spotted tiger, elephant, leopard, bear,
crocodile and birds like hornbill and peacock.
It is a famous destination for tourists. It was
recognized as a World Heritage Site in 1984
AD.
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 The list of our heritage sites does not end
here. There are many more heritages in Nepal
such as Bardiya National Park, Shivapuri
National Park, Halesi Mahadev of Khotang,
Ram Janaki Temple of Janakpur,
Jayabageshwari of Nepalgunj, Chandannath of
Jumla, Muktinath of Mustang, Pathivara of
Taplejung, Chhintang Devi of Dhankuta,
Vindyabasini and Talbarahi of Pokhara, Kalika
of Baglung, Gosainkunda of Rasuwa and
Swargadawri of Pyuthan. All these heritages
sites should be preserved and promoted. The
government, organizations and individuals
have their parts to play for this.
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Lesson:3.1

 “National heritages reflect our identity and
glory.” Justify.
 Why do you think so many countries have
established monasteries in Lumbini? Write in
four points.
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Lesson 3.1 (ten social) Our National Heritages

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