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Lect 13
- 1. Lecture13 Synapses & their transmission Dr Shamshad Majamaah University
- 2. Objectives 1.Define synapse 2. Discuss the classification of synapses 3.Describe the functional anatomy of synapse 4.Describe the events occurring at the synapse 5.Discuss the properties of synapse Reference: Guyton and Hall-TB of Medical Physiology 13th edition: page 543-55
- 3. Defn: A junction point where axon or other part of nerve cell (presynaptic cell) terminates on the dendrites or other part of another neuron (postsynaptic cell).
- 7. III:Anatomical ( Responsive action)
- 8. Type I (Grayâs I synapses) Type II (Grayâs II synapses) Structure Asymmetric symmetric Synaptic space wide Narrow Post synaptic membrane thickened thin ECF in cleft present absent NTs. NT:5HT,Glutamate, NE,E,DOPA NT GABA,Glycine Action Excitatory Inhibitory Type Axo-dendritic Axo-somatic
- 9. Structure of chemical synapse 1. Presynaptic ⢠A flat, ⢠20-Οm2 membrane area, ⢠Synaptic knob , ⢠tuft, bulb of axon 2. Synaptic cleft ⢠(20-30 nm) 3. Postsynaptic neuron ⢠Grid ⢠Sub synaptic membrane, ⢠Sub synaptic web.
- 11. Post synaptic receptors - 2 components 1. Binding site that face the cleft to bind the NT 2. Ionophore: It passes through the membrane to the interior.
- 12. Ion channels Channels Cation channels Anion channels Ions Na+ (most common) ClÂŻ (mainly) Other ions K+,Ca2 + Action Opening of Na+ channels increase membrane potential in positive direction toward threshold level of excitation ď (+) neuron. Opening of ClÂŻ channels ď diffusion of negative charges into the membrane decrease membrane potential making it more negativeď away from threshold level ď (-) neuron.
- 13. Second messenger system in the post-synaptic membrane. Significance: when prolonged post-synaptic changes are needed to stay for days,months,Years Ex: memory storage.
- 14. Chemical (common) Electrical NT NT liberated No NT Synaptic Cleft 20-30 nm 2 nm Delay 1-3 msec Absent Sensitive hypoxia Sensitive Insensitive Process Active Passive Transmission Slower Fast Direction of flow Unidirectional pre-post. Bi/Unidirectional Inhibitory Effect Inhibitory +/- No Post synaptic duration Longer-mediated by second messengers. No Direction of Ions current transmission From outside to inside From cell inside to inside.
- 17. Types of neural circuit 1:Convering 2:Diverging
- 18. 3:Reverberating Defn: Impulse pass from presynaptic neuron & again back to presynaptic neuron to cause continuous stimulation of presynaptic neuron. Significance: Breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up, & short term memory.
- 19. 4:Parallel after discharge circuits: Defn: Involve a single presynaptic cell that stimulates a group of neurons ,which then synapse with a common postsynaptic cell. Significance : Precise activities like calculations
- 20. Graded Potentials ⢠Amplitude varies with conditions of initiating ⢠Can be summed up. ⢠No threshold, refractory period ⢠Duration varies with initiating conditions ⢠Can be depolarization/ hyperpolarization ⢠Mechanism depends on ligand-sensitive channels or other chemical or physical changes ⢠Initiated by environmental stimulus (receptor) ⢠Affects only limited portion of cell membrane.
- 21. 1:One way conduction 2:Synaptic delay 3:Post Synaptic Potential: A: EPSP I: Spatial and II: Temporal summation B: IPSP: I :Presynaptic inhibition II :Postsynaptic inhibition III :Reciprocal inhibition Properties of synapses
- 22. 6: Conversions and divergence 7: Occlusion and subliminal fringe phenomenon 8: Facilitation 9: Synaptic fatigue 10: Recruitment 11: Synaptic plasticity ,learning and habituation 12: Reverberation 13: Reciprocal inhibition 14: After discharge 15: Effect of Acidosis & alkalosis,Hypoxia,Drugs..
- 23. One way conduction Bell Magendie law: Forward /Orthodromic conduction. Synapses allow only one way conduction from pre to post synaptic neuron. Antidromic /backward conduction IF spread back over soma or dendrites. It produce no effect. Significance: for orderly conduction of impulses in one direction only.
- 24. Synaptic delay Defn: Time between arrival of an AP to the synaptic knob & the occurrence of response in the postsynaptic neuron. Generation of Post Synaptic Potential & its summation to generate AP. Mechanism: Release and diffusion of the NTs. Binding of the NTs. to the post Synaptic membrane. Minimum delay : 0.5 msec. Significance: can be used to determine the number of synapses present in a polysynaptic reflex.
- 25. EPSP IPSP Cause by binding of the excitatory NT & makes post SM generate an AP. by the inhibitory NT & makes Post SM membrane less likely to generate an AP Ions Flow +vly ions. âvly ions. Leads to Depolarization. Brings the Post SM towards threshold. Hyperpolarization. Takes the post SM away from threshold. Effect on Post SM Excited. Facilitated the firing of an AP on Post SM. Less excited. Lowers the firing of an AP on the post SM. NTs & ions involved Glutamate or Na+ aspartate ions Glycine and GABA Cl-.
- 26. Temporal (Time): When repeated stimuli applied in short duration. Spatial (Space): When post synaptic membrane receives impulses simultaneously from large number of presynaptic terminals.
- 27. Inhibition Postsynaptic : Direct by releasing inhibitory NT due to refractory period. By development of IPSP . Golgi-tendon inhibition Presynaptic: Release of GABA opens K+ or Cl channelsâleads to diffusion of K ions or Cl ions . Hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane by inhibitory.
- 28. Location: In spinal alpha motor neuron Neuron inhibit those neuron which excite it Significance: It serves to limit excitability of motor neurons. Feedback (Renshaw cell inhibition)
- 29. Neuron connected through 2 pathways Excitatory and inhibitory. It allows brief and precisely timed excitation. EX : Deep neural circuit of cerebellum Significance : For restriction over neurons and muscles to react properly and appropriately Feed forward inhibition.
- 30. Fatigue Defn: Progressive decline in rate of discharge of the Post SN, Following intense prolonged stimulation of the PreSN . If sever can lead to compete stop called synaptic block Temporary in nature. Cause: Fatigue is mainly due to exhaustion of Nm substances . Due to lack of time to resynthesize and reuptake of NT. Significance: Protects CNS from over excitability.
- 31. Dale law Defn: Only one type of NT is released at one synapse. Either excitatory or Inhibitory. Occlusion Defn: Response to stimulation of 2 presynaptic neurons is less than sum total of the response obtained when stimulated separately.
- 32. Synaptic plasticity , and learning Defn: Synaptic transmission can be increased or decreased on the basis of past experience Defn: When presynaptic axon is stimulated with several consecutive individual stimuli each evokes larger post synaptic potential than previous stimuli Post tetanic potentiation:
- 33. Synaptic plasticity , and learning Also called post tetanic facilitation or potentiation. Mechanism: By excess rise of Ca ions in the synaptic knob which causes more vesicle to release NT ,producing a greater response of the Post SN. Significance: Not known. May be short term memory
- 34. Long term potentiation Similar to post tetanic potentiation. Last for several days. Mechanism: It is initiated by an increase of intracellular calcium ion in post SN through opening of Ca 2+ channels in post SM after binding of glutamate to its specific NMDA receptors
- 35. Significance: Seen in many parts of CNS Mainly in hippocampus Play role in long term memory and learning.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Channels: Connexon Diameter is 2nm 6 subunits: connexin
- Axodendritic Axosomatic Marked thickening slight thickening which is not continous Wider 30nm 20nm Filled with dense extrcellular tissue no such tissue is present Sites CC , C LIMBING FIBRES A.N.S, BASKET CELLS 1. SPHERICAL-E Small-molecule NT (synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons and packed into vesicles by the Golgi complex) 2. HORIZONTAL/FLAT-I (synthesized in the soma by ribosomes and packed into vesicles by the somaâs Golgi complex and then moved down to the terminals by microtubules) Clear vesicles acetylcholine) Dense-core vesicles(catecholamine) Small-molecule transmitters (synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons and packed into vessicles by the Golgi complex) Large-molecule (peptide) transmitters (synthesized in the soma by ribosomes and packed into vessicles by the somaâs Golgi complex and then moved down to the terminals by microtubules)
- A chemical synapse consists Chemical synapses between neurons are generally small, often less than 1 Îźm in diameter, which means that their detailed structure can be seen only with an electron microscope; light microscope, brain synapses are usually visible only as swellings along or at the termination of the axons . . Synapses are polarized, which means that their two apposed sides have different structures. This polarity reflects the fact that most synapses transmit information in one direction but not in the other (we will see that some rare exceptions do exist). The presynaptic side contains numerous clear vesicles, 40 to 50 nm in diameter, that appear empty when viewed by transmission electron microscopy. Synaptic termini may also contain large (100 to 200 nm in diameter), dense-core secretory granules that are morphologically quite similar to the secretory granules of endocrine cells. These granules contain neuropeptides, that is, peptides or small proteins that act as neurotransmitters and for which receptors exist in the postsynaptic membranes . Endocrine hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and cholecystokinin are found in dense-core secretory granules present in the terminals of certain central and peripheral neurons. The clear synaptic vesicles (i.e., not the dense-core granules) are anchored and shifted about by a dense network of cytoskeletal proteins. Some vesicles are clustered close to the part of the presynaptic membrane that apposes the synaptic contact; these vesicle attachment sites are called active zones. Synaptic vesicles are lined up several deep along the active zones, which are probably the regions of actual exocytosis. The number of active zones per synapse varies greatly (active zones . Most synapses in the central nervous system (CNS) have relatively few active zones, often only 1 but occasionally as many as 10 or 20 (versus the hundreds in the neuromuscular junction). If we could view the presynaptic face of an active zone from the perspective of a synaptic vesicle, we would see filaments and particles projecting from the presynaptic membrane, often forming a regular hexagonal arrangement called a presynaptic grid. Specific points along the grid are thought to be the vesicle release sites. Unlike the clear synaptic vesicles containing non-peptide transmitters, dense-core secretory granules are distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminus. They are not concentrated at the presynaptic density, and they do not appear to release their contents at the active zone. Although the molecular pathways that control exocytosis of the neuronal dense-core granules are still being elucidated, it appears that a rise in [Ca2+]i is a primary stimulus.
- An action potential consists of a temporary change in a neuronâs electrical potential The neuron must recover to Resting Potential