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AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
    (AGE OF REASON)
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
OR SIMPLY
THE ENLIGHTENMENT OR
 AGE OF REASON

WAS ACULTURAL
MOVEMENT OF
INTELLECTUALS IN 18TH-
CENTURY EUROPE, THAT
SOUGHT TO MOBILIZE
THE POWER OF REASON,
IN ORDER TO REFORM
SOCIETY AND ADVANCE
KNOWLEDGE
THE WORLD OF THE OLD REGIME




   BUILT ON TRADITION
   WORLD OF HIERARCHY, PRIVILEGE AND
    INEQUALITY
   ALLIED WITH THE CHURCH
THE PHILOSOPHES
            18TH CENTURY FRENCH
             INTELLECTUALS
            INTEREST IN
             ADDRESSING A BROAD
             AUDIENCE
            COMMITTED TO
             REFORM
            CELEBRATED THE
             SCIENTIFIC
             REVOLUTION
            SCIENCE APPLIED TO
             SOCIETY
THE PROBLEM OF CENSORSHIP
                   THE ATTEMPT OF
                    THE OLD REGIME
                    TO CONTROL NEW
                    THINKING
                   PUBLISHERS AND
                    WRITERS
                    HOUNDED BY
                    CENSORS
                   OVER 1000
                    BOOKSELLERS AND
                    AUTHORS
                    IMPRISONED IN
                    THE BASTILLE IN
                    THE EARLY 1700’S
THE ROLE OF THE SALON
        (GATHERING)




A READING IN THE SALON OF
  MADAME GEOFFRIN, 1755
FAMOUS ENLIGHTENMENT
      THINKERS
JOHN LOCKE
(1632 –1704)
     KNOWN AS THE “FATHER
      OF LIBERALISM”
     AN ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER AND
      PHYSICIAN
     “TABULA RASA”
     OPPOSED THE DIVINE RIGHT OF
      KINGS
     NATURAL RIGHTS (LIFE AND
      FREEDOM)
     “THE GOVERNMENT WAS BOUND
      TO ITS CONSTITUENTS TO
      PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS, AND ON
      THE OCCASION THAT IT
      FAILED, THE CITIZENS COULD
      REPLACE IT WITH A NEW ONE”
DENIS DIDEROT
 (1713 –1784)
          A FRENCH PHILOSOPHER
           , ART CRITIC, AND
           WRITER
          BEST KNOWN FOR
           SERVING AS CO-
           FOUNDER AND CHIEF
           EDITOR OF AND
           CONTRIBUTOR TO
           THE ENCYCLOPÉDIE.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
        ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF
         THE PHILOSOPHES LAY
         IN THEIR
         NUMBERS, DEDICATION
         AND ORGANIZATION
        WRITTEN BETWEEN
         1751-1772
        ATTEMPTED TO
         ILLUSTRATE ALL HUMAN
         KNOWLEDGE
        EMPHASIS ON
         PRACTICAL SCIENCE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
                                 DESIRE TO CHANGE
                                  THE “GENERAL WAY OF
                                  THINKING”
                                 GREATER KNOWLEDGE
                                  LEADS TO HUMAN
                                  PROGRESS
                                 INALIENABLE RIGHTS
                                  AND THE SOCIAL
                                  CONTRACT
                                 KNOWLEDGE IMPROVES
                                  GOODNESS


"FIGURATIVE SYSTEM OF HUMAN
        KNOWLEDGE",
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU
     (1689-1755)
           A FRENCH SOCIAL
            COMMENTATOR
            AND POLITICAL THINKER
           HE IS FAMOUS FOR HIS
            ARTICULATION OF THE
            THEORY OF SEPARATION
            OF POWERS
           POWER MUST CHECK
            POWER
           THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS
            (1748)
FRANÇOIS-MARIE AROUET
      [VOLTAIRE]
     (1694 –1778)
          A FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT
           WRITER, HISTORIAN
           AND PHILOSOPHER
          FAMOUS FOR HIS ADVOCACY OF
           CIVIL
           LIBERTIES, INCLUDING FREEDOM
           OF RELIGION, FREEDOM OF
           EXPRESSION, FREE
           TRADE AND SEPARATION OF
           CHURCH AND STATE.
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
      (1712-1778)
           A GENEVAN PHILOSOPHE
            R, WRITER, AND
            COMPOSER OF 18TH-
            CENTURY ROMANTICISM
            OF FRENCH EXPRESSION.
           “THE SOCIAL CONTRACT”
            (1762) AND THE
            “GENERAL WILL”
“THE NOBLEST WORK IN EDUCATION IS TO MAKE A
REASONING MAN, AND WE EXPECT TO TRAIN A YOUNG
CHILD BY MAKING HIM REASON! THIS IS BEGINNING AT
THE END; THIS IS MAKING AN INSTRUMENT OF A RESULT.
IF CHILDREN UNDERSTOOD HOW TO REASON THEY
WOULD NOT NEED TO BE EDUCATED.”
                                –ROUSSEAU, EMILE.

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Age of reason

  • 1. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (AGE OF REASON)
  • 2. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT OR SIMPLY THE ENLIGHTENMENT OR AGE OF REASON WAS ACULTURAL MOVEMENT OF INTELLECTUALS IN 18TH- CENTURY EUROPE, THAT SOUGHT TO MOBILIZE THE POWER OF REASON, IN ORDER TO REFORM SOCIETY AND ADVANCE KNOWLEDGE
  • 3. THE WORLD OF THE OLD REGIME  BUILT ON TRADITION  WORLD OF HIERARCHY, PRIVILEGE AND INEQUALITY  ALLIED WITH THE CHURCH
  • 4. THE PHILOSOPHES  18TH CENTURY FRENCH INTELLECTUALS  INTEREST IN ADDRESSING A BROAD AUDIENCE  COMMITTED TO REFORM  CELEBRATED THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  SCIENCE APPLIED TO SOCIETY
  • 5. THE PROBLEM OF CENSORSHIP  THE ATTEMPT OF THE OLD REGIME TO CONTROL NEW THINKING  PUBLISHERS AND WRITERS HOUNDED BY CENSORS  OVER 1000 BOOKSELLERS AND AUTHORS IMPRISONED IN THE BASTILLE IN THE EARLY 1700’S
  • 6. THE ROLE OF THE SALON (GATHERING) A READING IN THE SALON OF MADAME GEOFFRIN, 1755
  • 8. JOHN LOCKE (1632 –1704)  KNOWN AS THE “FATHER OF LIBERALISM”  AN ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER AND PHYSICIAN  “TABULA RASA”  OPPOSED THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS  NATURAL RIGHTS (LIFE AND FREEDOM)  “THE GOVERNMENT WAS BOUND TO ITS CONSTITUENTS TO PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS, AND ON THE OCCASION THAT IT FAILED, THE CITIZENS COULD REPLACE IT WITH A NEW ONE”
  • 9. DENIS DIDEROT (1713 –1784)  A FRENCH PHILOSOPHER , ART CRITIC, AND WRITER  BEST KNOWN FOR SERVING AS CO- FOUNDER AND CHIEF EDITOR OF AND CONTRIBUTOR TO THE ENCYCLOPÉDIE.
  • 10. ENCYCLOPEDIA  ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE PHILOSOPHES LAY IN THEIR NUMBERS, DEDICATION AND ORGANIZATION  WRITTEN BETWEEN 1751-1772  ATTEMPTED TO ILLUSTRATE ALL HUMAN KNOWLEDGE  EMPHASIS ON PRACTICAL SCIENCE
  • 11. ENCYCLOPEDIA  DESIRE TO CHANGE THE “GENERAL WAY OF THINKING”  GREATER KNOWLEDGE LEADS TO HUMAN PROGRESS  INALIENABLE RIGHTS AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT  KNOWLEDGE IMPROVES GOODNESS "FIGURATIVE SYSTEM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE",
  • 12. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755)  A FRENCH SOCIAL COMMENTATOR AND POLITICAL THINKER  HE IS FAMOUS FOR HIS ARTICULATION OF THE THEORY OF SEPARATION OF POWERS  POWER MUST CHECK POWER  THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS (1748)
  • 13. FRANÇOIS-MARIE AROUET [VOLTAIRE] (1694 –1778)  A FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT WRITER, HISTORIAN AND PHILOSOPHER  FAMOUS FOR HIS ADVOCACY OF CIVIL LIBERTIES, INCLUDING FREEDOM OF RELIGION, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, FREE TRADE AND SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE.
  • 14. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)  A GENEVAN PHILOSOPHE R, WRITER, AND COMPOSER OF 18TH- CENTURY ROMANTICISM OF FRENCH EXPRESSION.  “THE SOCIAL CONTRACT” (1762) AND THE “GENERAL WILL”
  • 15. “THE NOBLEST WORK IN EDUCATION IS TO MAKE A REASONING MAN, AND WE EXPECT TO TRAIN A YOUNG CHILD BY MAKING HIM REASON! THIS IS BEGINNING AT THE END; THIS IS MAKING AN INSTRUMENT OF A RESULT. IF CHILDREN UNDERSTOOD HOW TO REASON THEY WOULD NOT NEED TO BE EDUCATED.” –ROUSSEAU, EMILE.

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. IT PROMOTED SCIENCE AND INTELLECTUAL INTERCHANGE AND OPPOSED SUPERSTITION, INTOLERANCE AND ABUSES IN CHURCH AND STATE.