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By Jimena Sullivan
TABLE OF CONTENTS


    IMPERFECT
    PRETERITE(SNAKE)
   PRETERITE(-CAR-GAR-ZAR)
   PRETERITE(CUCA)
   PRETERITE(SPOCK)
   MODAL
   ADVERB
   PROGRESSIVE
   FUTURE
   SUPERLATIVES
   FORMAL COMMANDS
   PREPOSITIONS
   CONDITIONAL
   DEMONSTRATIVES
Uses:
                                                         ~ongoing action
imperfect            -AR             -ER/-IR             (was/were)
                                                         ~repeated action
Yo                   aba             ía
                                                         (used to)
tú                   Abas            Ías                 ~no definite
Él/ella/usted        Aba             ía                  beginning/end
Nosotros             ábamos          íamos               ~time/date/age/fe
                                                         elings/description
Ellos/ellas/ustedes aban             ían                 s
                                                         Interrupted
                                                         activity (cuando
                     Ir       Ser              Ver
Yo                   Iba      Era              veía
tú                   Ibas     Eras             veías
Él/ella/usted        Iba      Era              veía
Nosotros             Íbamos   éramos           veíamos
Ellos/ellas/ustede                             veían
s
Preterite (snake&snakey)
  STEM CHANGERS
  -Dormir
         dormí
         dormimos
         dormiste
         durmió
         durmieron
  Y CHANGERS
  -Leer (creer & oir)
         leí
         leimos
         leiste
         leyó
         leyeron
Preterite (-car, -gar, -zar)
-car        Yo           -qué
-gar        Yo           -gué
-zar        Yo           -cé
Preterite (cucarachas) ER/IR
Andar      Anduve-
Estar      Estuve-      -e
Poder      Pud-         -iste
Poner      Pus-         -o
Quere      Quis-        -imos
Saber      Sup-         -isteis
Tener      Tuv-         -ieron
Venir      Vin-
Conducir   Conduj-      AR
Producir   Produj-      -é
Traducir   Traduj-      -aste
Decir      Dij-         -ó
Traer      Traj-        -amos
                        -aron
Preterite (spock)
 Dar…give
    Di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron
 Ver…see
    Vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron
 Ir…go
    Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
 Ser…be
    Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
 Hacer…do/make
    Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
modal
= a new meaning
 ir+a+infinitive = going to do something
 Poder+infinitive=are able to do something
 Querer+infinitive=want to do something
 Deber+infinitive=should do something
 Tener+que+infinitive=to have to do something
 Soler+infinitive=to be accustomed to
 Necisitar+infinitive=to need to do something
adverb
 Ex:
    Claro  clara+ -mente = claramente
   ***but if the adj. can’t be changed to the feminine form,
     just add –mente
     ex:
               dificil + -mente = dificilmente
   *** and when there are more than one advs. Modifying
     one verb, only add –mente to the 2nd one
progressive
present   Infinitive-             Estoy bailando. I am dancing.
          ar+ando/iendo
past      Use imperfect form      Estaba          I was walking.
          of estar along w/ the   bailando.
          present progressive
          form
future
 Infinitive verb +   Caber
                      Decir
                               to fit
                               to say
                                        cabr-
                                        dir-
   É
                      Hacer    to do    har-
    Ás               Poder    be able podr-
                      Poner    to put pondr-
   á                 Querer   to want querr-
    Emos             Saber    to know sabr-
                      Salir    to leave saldr-
    án               Tener    to have tendr-
                      Valer    be worth valdr-
                      Venir    to come vendr-
                      Haber    to have habr-
superlatives
 article + noun + más/menos + adj. + de…
 Ramon es el chico más guapo de la escuela.
Formal commands
 Use “yo” form of verb, but switch to opposite vowel
 Negative?+ no in front of verb
   Ex: swim…nadar…nado…nada.
            negative: no nada
prepositions
 Izquierda left
 Derecha          right
 Delante          in front of
 Detrás           behind
 Cerca/lejos      near/far
 Abajo            down
 Arriba           up
 Enfrente         across from
 Encima           on top of
conditoinal
 =probability/possibility….would/could/must
  have/probably
 Infinitive + ía
   Ías
   Ía
   Íamos
   Íais
   Ían
demonstratives
 This!
    Este.esta. AQUí
 That!!
    Ese. Esa. ALLí
 That over there!!!
    Aquel. Aquella. ALLá
 These!
    Estos. Estas. AQUí
 Those!!
    Esos. Esas. ALLí
 Those over there!!!
    Aquellos. Aquellas. ALLá

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Grammar book 2 Linares~JIMENA

  • 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS   IMPERFECT PRETERITE(SNAKE)  PRETERITE(-CAR-GAR-ZAR)  PRETERITE(CUCA)  PRETERITE(SPOCK)  MODAL  ADVERB  PROGRESSIVE  FUTURE  SUPERLATIVES  FORMAL COMMANDS  PREPOSITIONS  CONDITIONAL  DEMONSTRATIVES
  • 3. Uses: ~ongoing action imperfect -AR -ER/-IR (was/were) ~repeated action Yo aba ía (used to) tú Abas Ías ~no definite Él/ella/usted Aba ía beginning/end Nosotros ábamos íamos ~time/date/age/fe elings/description Ellos/ellas/ustedes aban ían s Interrupted activity (cuando Ir Ser Ver Yo Iba Era veía tú Ibas Eras veías Él/ella/usted Iba Era veía Nosotros Íbamos éramos veíamos Ellos/ellas/ustede veían s
  • 4. Preterite (snake&snakey) STEM CHANGERS -Dormir dormí dormimos dormiste durmió durmieron Y CHANGERS -Leer (creer & oir) leí leimos leiste leyó leyeron
  • 5. Preterite (-car, -gar, -zar) -car Yo -qué -gar Yo -gué -zar Yo -cé
  • 6. Preterite (cucarachas) ER/IR Andar Anduve- Estar Estuve- -e Poder Pud- -iste Poner Pus- -o Quere Quis- -imos Saber Sup- -isteis Tener Tuv- -ieron Venir Vin- Conducir Conduj- AR Producir Produj- -é Traducir Traduj- -aste Decir Dij- -ó Traer Traj- -amos -aron
  • 7. Preterite (spock)  Dar…give  Di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron  Ver…see  Vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron  Ir…go  Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron  Ser…be  Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron  Hacer…do/make  Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
  • 8. modal = a new meaning  ir+a+infinitive = going to do something  Poder+infinitive=are able to do something  Querer+infinitive=want to do something  Deber+infinitive=should do something  Tener+que+infinitive=to have to do something  Soler+infinitive=to be accustomed to  Necisitar+infinitive=to need to do something
  • 9. adverb  Ex:  Claro  clara+ -mente = claramente ***but if the adj. can’t be changed to the feminine form, just add –mente ex: dificil + -mente = dificilmente *** and when there are more than one advs. Modifying one verb, only add –mente to the 2nd one
  • 10. progressive present Infinitive- Estoy bailando. I am dancing. ar+ando/iendo past Use imperfect form Estaba I was walking. of estar along w/ the bailando. present progressive form
  • 11. future  Infinitive verb + Caber Decir to fit to say cabr- dir- É Hacer to do har-  Ás Poder be able podr- Poner to put pondr- á Querer to want querr-  Emos Saber to know sabr- Salir to leave saldr-  án Tener to have tendr- Valer be worth valdr- Venir to come vendr- Haber to have habr-
  • 12. superlatives  article + noun + más/menos + adj. + de…  Ramon es el chico más guapo de la escuela.
  • 13. Formal commands  Use “yo” form of verb, but switch to opposite vowel  Negative?+ no in front of verb  Ex: swim…nadar…nado…nada. negative: no nada
  • 14. prepositions  Izquierda left  Derecha right  Delante in front of  Detrás behind  Cerca/lejos near/far  Abajo down  Arriba up  Enfrente across from  Encima on top of
  • 15. conditoinal  =probability/possibility….would/could/must have/probably  Infinitive + ía  Ías  Ía  Íamos  Íais  Ían
  • 16. demonstratives  This!  Este.esta. AQUí  That!!  Ese. Esa. ALLí  That over there!!!  Aquel. Aquella. ALLá  These!  Estos. Estas. AQUí  Those!!  Esos. Esas. ALLí  Those over there!!!  Aquellos. Aquellas. ALLá