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Sustainable Strawberry Production in the Absence of Soil Fumigation
- 1. Funding provided by the National Strawberry Sustainability Initiative
- 2. Evalua&on of Compost on Strawberry Root Health and Plant Growth Four commercial composts Five field sites Disease suppression Root health Plant produc7vity Dr. Tom Gordon and Margaret Lloyd
- 5. Flat fumigation Bed fumigation 1. Change in fumigation materials: methyl bromide phaseout 2. Change in fumigation methods from flat to bed fumigation
- 8. 1. Compost Characterization 2. Plant Productivity 3. Root Development 4. Disease Suppression Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Evalua&on of Compost on Strawberry Root Health and Plant Growth
- 9. Material Name Descrip7on of source material 1 Yard Trimmings Compost 100% Yard trimmings 2 Manure Compost 20% steer manure 30-‐40% green waste fines 35-‐45% mix of: Waste + straw bedding from stalls <5% vegetable waste 3 Vermicompost 100% Composted dairy manure + rice hull bedding, fed to worms 4 Mushroom Compost Spent mushroom compost from buPon mushrooms composted horse manure + straw Amended with gypsum and peat post-‐decomposi7on The Composts Yard trimming Manure Vermicompost Mushroom Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 10. PHYSIOCHEMICAL Mushroom Compost Manure Compost Yard Trimmings Compost Vermicompost Nitrate-‐N* (ppm) 120 234 6.6 502 pH 7.3 8.1 7.6 7 EC (dS/m) 4.8 28 4.5 7.1 C:N 14:01 12:01 17:01 13:01 Cost $3-‐5/T $5/T $21/T $500/yd Applica7on method Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Apply to rootzone OMRI Approved ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Compost Characteriza&on: Composi&on Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 11. Compost Characteriza&on Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Microbial Activity Total fungal and bacterial populations 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Yard trimmings Mushroom Vermcompost Manure FDA hydrolysis (ugFDA/gDw*min) Microbial activity of each compost
- 12. Central Coast, CA (Santa Cruz & Monterey Coun7es) 4. Methyl bromide (MB)-‐ Fumigated, conven7onal field 5. Organic Commercial Field North Coast, CA (San Mateo County) 3. Organic Commercial Field Central Valley (Sacramento County) 1. Fumigated (non-‐MB), conven7onal field 2. Fumigated (non-‐MB), conven7onal field Field Sites 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Central Valley Central Coast ∨ ∨ North Coast
- 13. -‐0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Yard Trimmings Mushroom Manure Vermicompost Control FDA hydrolysis (ug FDA/gDw*min) MB, Central Coast Conv, Central Valley Org, Central Coast Org, North Coast Conv, Central Valley Compost Characteriza&on Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion High Intermediate Low Microbial ac&vity of field soil 2 weeks aSer compost incorpora&on 1. Compost significantly increases microbial activity in field soil 2. Regardless of the native soil, the effect each compost bestows on microbial activity is similar
- 14. Compost Characteriza&on Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Microbial ac&vity of field soil 10 weeks aSer compost incorpora&on 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 Yard Trimmings Spent Mushroom Manure Vermicompost Control FDA hydrolysis (ug FDA/gDw*min) Conv, Central Valley MB, Central Coast Org, North Coast 1. Overall microbial activity is lower 2. Differences between composts is less
- 15. Day neutral Short day Cul7var name Albion Chandler Seasonal growth curve Slow, steady produc1on for 6+ months Peaks and troughs in produc1vity Total fruit produc7on (per season) Significantly higher Significantly lower Root development and canopy growth Slower, less vigorous ini1ally Strong early growth, large canopy Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Strawberry Type and Cultivar
- 16. Plant Produc&vity 1. Plants grown in methyl bromide fumigated field are significantly larger than those in organic fields. 2. In organic fields, general trend shows greater growth in mushroom and vermicomposts. Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 17. Plant Produc&vity 1. Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion 1. Plant growth on the coast is significantly greater than inland in the central valley.
- 18. Plant Produc&vity 1. Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion 1. Plant growth on the coast is significantly more than inland in the central valley. 2. Yard trimming and manure compost result is slightly less growth, whereas vermicompost and mushroom tend to have slightly greater growth, along with control +N
- 19. ORGANIC FIELD, Central Coast Effect of compost on strawberry yield Plant Produc&vity Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 20. ORGANIC FIELD, Central Coast Effect of compost on strawberry yield Plant Produc&vity Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion YIELD CURVE
- 21. Weekly yield of two strawberry cul7vars grown in different composts Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Effect of compost on strawberry yield Plant Produc&vity ORGANIC FIELD, North Coast
- 22. Effect of compost on strawberry yield Plant Produc&vity
- 23. Root development Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Strawberry crown and canopy Drip line
- 24. Root development Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 25. METHODS • Albion • Grown in 10% compost • 3 weeks • Greenhouse • Ver1cillium dahliae microsclero7a infested sand inoculum What is the effect of compost on root infec&ons by Ver$cillium dahliae? Total root length analysis 3 week growth period V. dahliae root assay Compost Amendment Field Soil V. dahliae inoculum 0% 100% ✔ 10% Steer manure 90% ✔ 10% Mushroom 90% ✔ 10% Vermicompost 90% ✔ 10% Yard trimming 90% ✔ Effect of compost on suppression of plant pathogens with strawberries Treatment pots planted with strawberries Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 26. 3 weeks V. dahliae root assaysTotal root length is analyzed Treatment pots planted with strawberries Effect of compost on suppression of plant pathogens Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 27. Control (-) P.ultimum Control (+) P.ultimum Mushroom compost (+) P.ultimum Vermicompost (+) P.ultimum Manure compost (+) P.ultimum Yard trimmings compost (+) P.ultimum Pythium ultimum surrogate assay for disease suppression • 10% compost + Sunshine potting mix • Soil mix is inoculated with P. ultimum. • After 5 days, 7 cucumber seeds are sown per pot
- 28. Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Summary Root Development: • Vermicompost led to significantly more root development in field and potted trials Yield • Control + Nitrogen has the highest yield at this point • Vermicompost and mushroom compost are also showing greater productivity early in the season Root infection • Manure compost is showing suppression of both Pythium ultimum and Verticillium dahliae • Vermicompost led to reduced frequency of infection from V. dahliae All composts significantly increased microbial activity All composts led to greater root development in the field All composts reduce infection by Pythium ultimum
- 29. WEBSITE AND BLOG Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 30. Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion
- 31. This could not have been possible with out the following support Introduction Compost characterization Plant productivity Root Development Disease suppression Conclusion Funding provided by UC Davis Dr. Tom Gordon, advisor Dr. Dan Kluepfel, USDA, thesis committee Dr. Mike Davis, thesis committee Sharon Kirkpatrick, Gordon lab manager Team Green: Emmi Koivunen, lab technician Lola Quasebarth, lab technician Peter Henry, lab technician Ana Maria Pastrana Leon, visiting scholar Athina Ruangkanit, lab intern North Coast Field Trial Matt Quinn, North Coast field harvester Tim Campion , grower collaborator Jim Cochrane, grower collaborator Central Coast Don Yoshimura, grower collaborator Gina Colfer, Earthbound Asso. collaborator Ian Greene, grower collaborator Jack Anderson, field support Sacramento Field Trials Chuck Ingels, UCCE farm advisor Sacramento Co. Kyle Garrett, UCCE field assistant Luke, UCCE field assistant Anthony and Sidney Saetern, grower collaborator Lo Saetern, grower collaborator Compost Collaborators Tom Ford, Central Coast Compost Alex Sharpe, Z Best Jack Chambers, Sonoma Valley Worm Farm Greg Tuttle, Monterey Mushroom Margaret Lloyd mglloyd@ucdavis.edu
- 32. Funding provided by the National Strawberry Sustainability Initiative
- 33. Group 1 (smallest) Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 (largest) How does each compost influence strawberry root growth? How does strawberry root growth differ in each compost? 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 1 2 3 4 Total Root Length (cm) Group # ALBION CROWNS AT PLANTING WHEN? 1.Crown size at planting 2. Roots at harvest –March 3. Roots mid-harvest (July) 4. Roots at end (Sept) HOW? Destructive sampling 3 plants per rep Hydropneumatic root elutriator + root scanner
- 35. DEL REY CROWNS at PLANTING
- 36. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Totalrootlength Compost type Effect of Compost on Root Growth Total Root Length Root Infection Trial 1 (Rep1, 2, 3)
- 37. M. LLOYD AND THE QUESTIONNAIRES
- 38. The industry-‐wide shij in strawberry produc7on from tradi7onal fumiga7on methods generates a tremendous need for knowledge transfer and grower support. Accordingly, as a complement to the biological research, we are conduc7ng a social network analysis and grower-‐ iden7fied needs assessment, to iden7fy pathways of knowledge transfer among strawberry growers and to bePer understand grower percep7ons of their goals, needs and management styles to best develop MB-‐alterna7ve outreach. Approach 1. Establish # of growers in region (community profile) 2. Reach growers (determine # that’s good enough) 1. Phone 2. Mail 3. Meetings 4. Individuals QUESTIONNAIRES
- 39. Microbial Community Analysis Soil samples from each field site are taken for DNA extrac7on four 7mes: (1) Plan7ng, (2) Harvest (March), (3) Midharvest (July) (4) End of harvest (Sept)
- 40. Does field soil amended with compost suppress Ver$cillium dahliae microsclero&a viability? In the absence of a plant host, biological control by compost could be affec7ng microsclero7a viability through mechanisms of fungistasis. To elucidate the role of the amendment on microsclero7a viability, field soil is amended with 50% compost, spiked with V. dahliae microsclero7a and put in 4” pots in a greenhouse for 9 months. Every three months, soil is assayed for V. dahliae viability. 50% compost 50% field soil Sand inoculum (104 million/g sand) Assay every 3 months Greenhouse
- 41. Pythium ul$mum Surrogate Assay In this trial, field soil is taken from the field trial, sieved to homogenize par7cle size and spiked with P. ul1mum. For five days, this mixture is maintained in the growth chamber with moisture before 20 Cherry Belle radish seeds (P.ul1mum-‐ suscep7ble) are sown per pot. Ajer 14 days, the number of surviving seedlings is counted and used as a proxy to compare disease suppression by each treatment. Does field soil amended with compost suppress pathogens? METHODS 1. Field soil from trials 2. Sieve 3. Mix with P. ul1mum 4. Wait 5 days 5. Sow with radish or cucumber seeds 6. Wait 14 days 7. Count surviving seeds 4. Effect of compost on suppression of plant pathogens