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1. UNIT 37

2. • DESCRIBE / EXPLAIN HOW PERSONAL AND SALON HYGIENE
MEASURES HELP TO PREVENT CROSS INFECTION
• ANALYSE THE IMPORTANCE OF COOLING EFFECT OF
EVAPORATION WITH REFERENCE TO BODY AND BEAUTY
THERAPY
• EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF ‘MIXTURE’, ‘SOLUTION’, ‘SOLVENT’, ‘SOLUTE’,
‘EMULSION’ AND ‘FOAM’, USING EXAMPLES FROM BEAUTY THERAPY
• EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF ‘ACID’, ‘ALKALI’, ‘PH’, ‘OXIDISING AGENT’,
USING EXAMPLES FROM BEAUTY THERAPY
• STATE POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS AND VOLATILE SUBSTANCES
USED IN THE SALON OR LABORATORY
• DESCRIBE HOW POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS AND VOLATILE
SUBSTANCES SHOULD BE USED AND STORED IN THE SALON
OR LABORATORY

3. DESCRIBE /EXPLAIN HOWPERSONAL
ANDSALON HYGIENE MEASURES
HELPTOPREVENT CROSS INFECTION
• EXPECTED STANDARD OF PERSONAL HYGIENE:
• HOW DOES THIS PREVENT CROSS-INFECTION?
• EXPECTED STANDARD OF SALON HYGIENE
• HOW DOES THIS PREVENT CROSS-INFECTION?

4. ANALYSE THE IMPORTANCE OF
COOLING EFFECT OF EVAPORATION
WITHREFERENCE TOBODY AND
BEAUTY THERAPY

5. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF ‘MIXTURE’,
‘SOLUTION’, ‘SOLVENT’, ‘SOLUTE’,
‘EMULSION’ AND ‘FOAM’, USING
EXAMPLES FROM BEAUTY THERAPY
• THE FOLLOWING ARE ALL TYPES OF MIXTURES
1.SOLUTION
2. COLLOIDAL
3.SUSPENSION
• THEY ARE CONSIDERED MIXTURES AS THEY ARE A
COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE PARTICLES.

6. SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, & COLLOIDS
MIXTURE CHEMISTRY
SOLUTIONS
A SOLUTION IS A EQUAL MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE
COMPONENTS.
THE DISSOLVING AGENT IS THE SOLVENT.
THE SUBSTANCE WHICH IS DISSOLVED IS THE SOLUTE.
EXAMPLE: SUGAR AND WATER

7. THEY ALL SOUND THE SAME!
• SOLUTION - THE MIXTURE FORMED WHEN A SUBSTANCE
DISSOLVES IN IT
• SOLUTE - THE SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOLVES
• SOLVENT - THE LIQUID IN THE SOLUTION
• DISSOLVE - MIXING OF A SUBSTANCE IN A LIQUID
• SOLUBLE - A SUBSTANCE WHICH CAN DISSOLVE (MIX IN A
LIQUID)
• INSOLUBLE - A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT DISSOLVE (MIX IN
Solute Solvent Solution

8. SUSPENSIONS
THE PARTICLES IN SUSPENSIONS ARE LARGER THAN
THOSE FOUND IN SOLUTIONS. COMPONENTS OF A
SUSPENSION CAN BE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED BY A
MECHANICAL MEANS, LIKE BY SHAKING THE CONTENTS,
BUT THE COMPONENTS WILL SETTLE OUT.
EXAMPLE: OIL AND WATER

9. COLLOIDS
• PARTICLES INTERMEDIATE IN SIZE BETWEEN THOSE FOUND
IN SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS CAN BE MIXED SUCH THAT
THEY REMAIN EVENLY DISTRIBUTEDWITHOUT SETTLING
OUT.
LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, AND GASES ALL MAY BE MIXED TO FORM
COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS.
• AEROSOLS: SOLID OR LIQUID PARTICLES IN A GAS.
EXAMPLES: SMOKE IS A SOLID IN A GAS. FOG IS A LIQUID IN A
GAS. .
• EMULSIONS: LIQUID PARTICLES IN LIQUID.
EXAMPLE: MAYONNAISE IS OIL IN WATER.
• GELS: LIQUIDS IN SOLID.
EXAMPLES: GELATIN IS PROTEIN IN WATER. QUICKSAND IS
SAND IN WATER.

10. Telling ThemApart
• COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSIONS WILL EVENTUALLY SEPARATE.
• COLLOIDS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM SOLUTIONS USING THE
LIGHT
• A BEAM OF LIGHT PASSING THROUGH A TRUE SOLUTION, SUCH
AS AIR, IS NOT VISIBLE.
• LIGHT PASSING THROUGH A COLLOIDAL DISPERSION, SUCH AS
SMOKY OR FOGGY AIR, WILL BE REFLECTED BY THE LARGER
PARTICLES AND THE LIGHT BEAM WILL BE VISIBLE.

11. SOLUTION, COLLOID OR
SUSPENSION??

12. Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C

13. There is a solution in beaker A (as it is transparent), even though it is
coloured red
Milk (beaker B) contains a colloid water + fat. The fat has not
completely dissolved in the liquid as it is cloudy
Flour is insoluble. This is why it settles at the bottom (stirring makes it
go cloudy, but eventually the flour particles settle to the bottom)
A solution is always transparent – even if it has a colour
If our liquid remains cloudy, then the solute has not completely
dissolved
If a substance will not dissolve (insoluble) then it will settle and be
obvious
HOW DO WE KNOW?

14. FILL IN THE WORDS!
• READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND FILL IN THE KEY
WORDS.
If particles are combined, we have a ________. If you mix
_____with water then the grains seem to disappear. This is
because the grains have split up and mixed with the water. They
have ___________. A substance that ______ is said to be
________.
A solid dissolved in liquid makes a _______. In a ________the
liquid is called the ________, and the solid is called the _____.
A solid that does not dissolve in a liquid is called ________. If a
solid has completely dissolved in a liquid, then the ________is
always __________, even if it has a colour.

15. If particles are combined, we have a mixture. If you mix salt with
water then the grains seem to disappear. This is because the
grains have split up and mixed with the water. They have
dissolved. A substance that dissolves is said to be soluble.
A solid dissolved in liquid makes a solution. In a solution the
liquid is called the solvent, and the solid is called the solute. A
solid that does not dissolve in a liquid is called insoluble. If a
solid has completely dissolved in a liquid, then the solution is
always transparent, even if it has a colour.
Solution - the mixture formed when a substance dissolves in it
Solute - the substance that dissolves
Solvent - the liquid in the solution
Dissolve - mixing of a substance in a liquid
Soluble - a substance which can dissolve (mix in a liquid)
Insoluble - a substance which cannot dissolve (mix in a liquid)

16. WHAT IS FOAM? SOLUTION, COLLOID
OR SUSPENSION? EXPLAIN....

17. Foam is a dispersion of a gas in a liquid (liquid foams) or in a solid (solid
foams).
Among the liquid foams, we have the ones produced by soaps and
detergents, and various foods such as wine, beer and many others.
Among the solid foams we have Pumice stone, earthenware, sponges,
expanded plastics like expanded polystyrene and expanded polyurethane.
.

18. PHANDACIDITY
• PHANDACIDITY
• AN ACID IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH DISSOCIATES TO PRODUCE
HYDROGEN IONS IN SOLUTION. A BASE (ALKALINE) IS A
SUBSTANCE WHICH PRODUCES HYDROXYL IONS IN SOLUTION.
IT CAN EQUALLY BE STATED THAT AN ACID IS A SUBSTANCE
WHICH DONATES A PROTON AND A BASE IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH
ACCEPTS A PROTON.
• THE SYMBOL PH IS USED TO DENOTE ACIDITY; IT IS INVERSELY
RELATED TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION.
• NEUTRALITY IS PH 7
ACIDITY IS LESS THAN PH 7
ALKALINITY IS MORE THAN PH 7

19. • WHAT IS AN ACID?
• WHAT MUST I MEASURE ON THE PH SCALE?
• WHAT COLOUR DO I GO ON LITMUS PAPER?
• AM I DANGEROUS?
• WHERE AM I FOUND?
AM I USED IN BEAUTY THERAPY? WHERE?

20. • WHAT IS AN ALKALI?
• WHAT MUST I MEASURE ON THE PH SCALE?
• WHAT COLOUR DO I GO ON LITMUS PAPER?
• WHERE AM I FOUND?
• I USED IN BEAUTY THERAPY? WHERE?
• WHAT IS AN “OXIDIZING AGENT”?
• WHAT DO I DO?
• HOW DO I DO THIS?

21. • STATE POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS ANDVOLATILE
SUBSTANCES USEDIN THE SALON ORLABORATORY
• DESCRIBE HOWPOTENTIAL HAZARDOUS ANDVOLATILE
SUBSTANCES SHOULDBE USEDANDSTOREDIN THE
SALON ORLABORATORY
• USED:
• STORED: