Past, Present, Future

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2. Organoids Culture in Cancer
By: Samieh Asadian.
Molecular Medicine Ph.D candidate.
School of Medicine, QUMS.
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3.  Organoid is a buzzword today. Everyone is talking
about organoids in the mass media and biomedical
literature. But what are organoids?
 How can we define it?
 In simple terms organoid is miniature organ in vitro,
but scientifically, definition could be more complex.
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4. Introduction
 Mammalian organs are challenging to study as they are fairly
inaccessible to experimental manipulation and optical
observation.
 Recent advances in three-dimensional(3D) culture
techniques, coupled with the ability to independently
manipulate genetic and microenvironmental factors, have
enabled the real-time study of mammalian tissues.
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5. History
 The first anatomical basis studies
 organs represented combinations of a few
fundamental tissues.
 First definition of epithelium, connective
tissue,nerve,muscle and blood as the
universal tissues.
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6. https://Openbio.co.uk
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7. Biology of spheroids:
CSCs grown as spheroids
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www.mdpi.com

8. Cancer cell lines
patient-derived tumor xenografts
organoids
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9. Https://Nature.com
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10.  First provide an overview of the commonly
used cellular inputs and culture formats.
 Discuss how these experimental systems
have been used.
 Provide examples of how 3D culture
techniques can be used to advance
therapeutic approaches.
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11. Cellular inputs into 3D culture
 Whole-organ and organ-slice cultures.
 Tissue organoids.
 Stem cell organoids.
 Reaggregated single-cell suspensions.
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13. The major categories of cell
culture.
2.5D cultures.
3D-embedded cultures.
Mechanically supported
cultures.
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16. The role of the microenvironment in regulating
epithelial function.
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17. Therapeutic applications of three-
dimensional culture
 Predictive assays
 Prognostic assays
 Preclinical therapeutic testing
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19. Key Strengths and Weaknesses of 3D Models
•Advantages
• Cell morphology and signaling are often more physiological than
routine 2D cell culture
•Permit rapid experimental manipulations and testing of hypotheses
• Permit much better real-time and/or fixed imaging by microscopy than
in animals
Disadvantages
• Vary in their ability to mimic in vivo tissue conditions
• Currently lack vasculature and normal transport of small molecules,
host immune responses, and other cell-cell interactions
• Generally mimic static or short-term conditions, whereas in vivo
systems often progress
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.006
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20. Benign organoid culture
Dr. Hans Clevers
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21. Cancer organoid cultures
 Prostate cancer organoids
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22. Human breast tumors are readily digested into tumor organoids to study
the biology of tumor cell clusters in complex environments using patient
tissues.
http://research.fhcrc.org/cheung/en/research.html
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23. A New Era of Personalized
Medicine
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24.  The landscape of translational
oncology has shifted dramatically over
the past 10 years, characterized by
the introduction of ever-more-
sophisticated molecular tools into the
clinic
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25.  Translational cancer-biology studies
have markedly improved preclinical
models applicable for therapeutics
development, as well as our
understanding of the roles of
inflammation and altered intermediary
metabolism in carcinogenesis.
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26.  Translational cancer diagnostics and
therapeutics have been revolutionized by
the molecular characterization of human
tumours, a process that now underlies
the development of molecularly-targeted,
rather than broadly cytotoxic, anticancer
therapies
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27.  Improvements in molecular tumour-
classification techniques will permit their
widespread application for patients at
diagnosis, disease recurrence, and
during therapy, supporting continuous
adaptation of therapeutic approaches to
evolving tumour characteristics
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28. Professor Hans Clevers, a senior author
at the Hubrecht Institute
 "Often, the jump from studying a cancer treatment in cells to
performing a successful patient trial is too wide. Organoids
are so experimentally tractable that they can answer many of
our questions about cancers, bridging this gap. Not only can
organoids save time and resources, we hope that they will
one day let us see how treatments will work in an individual's
unique cancer."
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29. An Exploding Field
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30. References
 Three-dimensional organotypic culture: experimental models of mammalian
biology and disease Eliah R. Shamir and Andrew J. Ewald. Nature Reviews
Molecular Cell Biology | AOP, published online 17 September 2014;
doi:10.1038/nrm3873.
 Modeling Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer in 3D .Kenneth M. Yamada1,
and Edna Cukierman. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.006.
 Organoid Development in Cancer Genome Discovery. Dong Gao1 and Yu
Chen1, Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2015 February ; 30: 42–48.
doi:10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.007.
 Organoids derived from digestive tract, liver, and pancreas. An Tao XU, Jin
Lu TONG & Zhi Hua RAN. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2016; 17; 3–10.
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31.  Organoid cultures for the analysis of cancer phenotypes. Norman Sachs and
Hans Clevers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.012 .
 Translational research in oncology—10 years of progress and future
prospects. James H. Doroshow and Shivaani Kummar. Doroshow, J. H. &
Kummar, S. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 11, 649–662 (2014); published online 7
October 2014.
 Contribution of three-dimensional culture to cancer research. Critical
Reviews in Oncology:Hematology 36 (2000) 59–60.
 Concise Review: The Relevance of Human Stem Cell-Derived Organoid
Models for Epithelial Translational Medicine. ROBERT E. HYNDS, ADAM
GIANGRECO. Received October 1, 2012; accepted for publication
November 15, 2012; first published online in STEM CELLS EXPRESS
December 3, 2012.
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