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NICE

This presentation is for students of NICE Balangir to help them cover their CCN course. It cannot be called complete but I have made all efforts to make it simple and easy to understand. For suggestions please mail me at sambit_khuas@yahoo.co.in

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SIGNALS
TYPES OF SIGNALS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ANALOG SIGNALS ,[object Object]
PERIODIC ,[object Object]
NON-PERIODIC SIGNAL ,[object Object]
ANALOG PERODIC SIGNAL
 
ANALOG NON-PERIODIC SIGNAL
FREQUENCY ,[object Object]
 
TIME PERIOD ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
WAVELENGHT ,[object Object]
 
PHASE ,[object Object]
 
 
TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ,[object Object]
 
COMPOSITE SIGNAL ,[object Object]
 
BAND WIDTH ,[object Object]
 
DIGITAL SIGNALS ,[object Object]
2 LEVEL DIGITAL SIGNAL
6 LEVEL DIGITAL SIGNAL
BIT RATE ,[object Object]
BIT DURATION ,[object Object]
BIT LENGHT ,[object Object],[object Object]
CHANNELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
High Pass Channel
Low Pass Channel
Band Pass Channel
OSCILLOSCOPE
 
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ,[object Object],[object Object]
BASEBAND ,[object Object],[object Object]
BROADBAND ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FEATURES OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FEATURES OF ANALOG ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WHEN TO USE WHAT? ,[object Object],[object Object]
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],Attenuation Distortion Noise
Attenuation ,[object Object]
Signal After Attenuation
Distortion ,[object Object]
 
 
Noise ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
LINE CODING ,[object Object]
 
Signal Level Vs Data Level ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Self Synchronization ,[object Object]
[object Object]
Line coding Schemes
Unipolar ,[object Object]
 
Polar ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
NRZ (Non Return to Zero) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NRZ - L ,[object Object],[object Object]
NRZ-I ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
RZ (Return to Zero) ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
MANCHESTER ,[object Object]
 
Differential Manchester ,[object Object]
 
BIPOLAR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) ,[object Object]
 
2B1Q ,[object Object]
 
MLT-3 ,[object Object]
 
BLOCK CODING ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DIVISION ,[object Object]
SUBSTITUTION ,[object Object],[object Object]
LINE CODING ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SAMPLING ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
SAMPLE NUMBER AMPLITUDE 1 2.5 2 5 3 4 4 2.7 5 3 6 4 7 2.5 8 0.5 9 -2.3 10 -4.6 11 -5 12 -4 13 -1.7
Quantization ,[object Object]
SAMPLE NUMBER AMPLITUDE QUANTIZED VALUES QUANTIZATION ERROR 1 2.5 2.5 0 2 5 5 0 3 4 4 0 4 2.7 3 +0.3 5 3 3 0 6 4 4 0 7 2.5 2.5 0 8 0.5 1 +0.5 9 -2.3 -2 +0.3 10 -4.6 -5 -0.4 11 -5 -5 0 12 -4 -4 0 13 -1.7 -2 -0.3
Quantized Digital Signal
TRANSMISSION MODES
PARALLEL TRANSMISSION ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
SERIAL TRANSMISSION ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
 
[object Object]
 
CHAPTER 5 ,[object Object]
We know that… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
We will further discuss… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Modulation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Digital modulation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Why is it needed? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Techniques for digital modulation
Bit Rate Vs Baud Rate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Carrier signal ,[object Object]
Amplitude-shift keying ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Frequency-shift keying ,[object Object]
 
Phase-shift keying ,[object Object]
 
[object Object]
 
[object Object]
 
Amplitude modulation ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Frequency Modulation ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Phase modulation ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
CHAPTER 6 ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Why is it required? ,[object Object]
 
FDM ,[object Object]
Guard bands ,[object Object]
Total channel width= 42 KHz Total Signal Width= 37 KHz 1 st Signal (10 KHz) Guard Band (2 KHz) 2 nd Signal (20 KHz) Guard Band (3 KHz) 3 rd Signal (7 KHz)
Step 1 (Multiplexing):- ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
Uses ,[object Object],[object Object]
Analog Hierarchy ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
WDM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
TDM ,[object Object]
 
 
The Process of TDM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inerleaving ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Framing bits ,[object Object]
 
Bit Padding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Uses of TDM ,[object Object]
 
T-Lines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
CHAPTER 8 ,[object Object]
Switching ,[object Object],[object Object]
Why do we need switching? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of switching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Circuit switching ,[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Circuit switching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Space-Division switch ,[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Space-Division Switching ,[object Object],[object Object]
Crossbar switch ,[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object]
Multistage switch ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Blocking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Time division switch ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Time –Slot interchange ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Working of TSI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
TDM Bus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Space-Time Division Switching ,[object Object]
 
[object Object]
APPLICATION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATALINK PHYSICAL
[object Object],[object Object]
Functions… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter 9 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of errors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Burst error ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Error detection ,[object Object],[object Object]
Redundancy ,[object Object],[object Object]
Double transmission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Parity check ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
Performance ,[object Object],[object Object]
Two-dimensional parity check ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Cyclic Redundancy Check ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
 
Polynomials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Checksum ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Checksum checker ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error correction ,[object Object],[object Object]
Error correction by Retransmission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Forward error correction ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Hamming code ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
K = 8, r = 4
 
 
[object Object]
Calculating the values of redundant bits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Burst error correction
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flow control ,[object Object]
Need of Flow Control ,[object Object],[object Object]
Error Control ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Stop and Wait ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Operation
Lost/Damaged Frames
Lost ACK
Delayed ACK
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
GO BACK-N ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Working ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Control Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
??? ,[object Object]
Let M=2
 
Selective Repeat ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Piggybacking
HDLC ,[object Object]
HDLC Operation Modes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NRM ,[object Object]
NRM
ABM ,[object Object]
ABM
HDLC FRAME ,[object Object],[object Object]
HDLC Frame Format
FLAG ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
ADDRESS ,[object Object]
FCS ,[object Object]
[object Object]
CONTROL ,[object Object]
INFORMATION ,[object Object]
Frame Classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
I-Frames ,[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
S-Frames ,[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
U-Frames ,[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Some Common Commands
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Random Access ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Random Access Methods
ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Pure ALOHA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
 
Vulnerable Time = 2 Ft
Slotted ALOHA ,[object Object]
Vulnerable Time = Ft
Carrier Sense Multiple Access  ( CSMA ) ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
Types of CSMA ,[object Object],[object Object]
Nonpersistent CSMA ,[object Object]
1-persistent CSMA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
p - persistent   CSMA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection(CSMA/CD) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Controlled Access ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reservations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Polling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Token Passing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Architecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
BSS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
ESS ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Station Mobility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Physical Layer Specifications
FHSS ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
DSSS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
OFDM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HR-DSSS ,[object Object],[object Object]
OFDM-g ,[object Object]
Virtual circuit-switching ,[object Object]
[object Object]
Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object]
Frame Relay ,[object Object],[object Object]
Working ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Advantages  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Why ATM…?
[object Object],[object Object]
ATM Standards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ATM Network ,[object Object]
ATM Interfaces ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ATM Cell
Working ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARP ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Steps Involved:- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
IP ,[object Object],[object Object]
Fragmentation: ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
ICMP ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of ICMP Messages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Error Reporting Messages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IPv6 ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object]
CONGESTION CONTROL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
QUALITY OF SERVICE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS ,[object Object],[object Object]
Scheduling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Traffic Shaping ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process to Process Delivery ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IANA Ranges Type Range Description Well Known Ports 0-1023 Assigned and controlled by IANA Registered Ports 1024-49,151 Not assigned by IANA but can be registered with it to prevent duplication Dynamic Ports 49,152-65,535 Neither assigned nor registered with IANA
User Datagram Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
User Datagram Format
Transmission Control Protocol ,[object Object]
TCP Services ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stream Delivery Service
Bytes and Segments & Sending and Receiving Buffers
[object Object]
Client Server Model ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Domain Name System ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
Working ,[object Object]
How is this done? ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
 
 
File Transfer Protocol ,[object Object],[object Object]
Working ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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