Ageing India - Women Senior Citizens

Ageing India
Women Senior Citizens
Sophia Centre for Women’s Studies and Development
By
Sailesh Mishra
Founder President , Silver Inning Foundation
Founder Secretary , ARDSI Greater Mumbai Chapter
Silver Inning Foundation1

"Trees grow stronger over the years, rivers wider.
Likewise, with age, human beings gain
immeasurable depth and breadth of experience
and wisdom. That is why older persons should
be not only respected and revered; they should
be utilized as the rich resource to society that
they are”: United Nations Ex. Secretary-General
Kofi Annan
Love ,Care and Respect will give them Dignity and
better Life
Silver Inning
Foundation
3

Close Your Eye’s
 Who is Old ?
 What do you think life is like for older
people?

Fauza Singh 103 yrs

EX PM
81 Years

Ratan Tata
73 Years

Olga Kotelko
The 92-year-old Canadian super-athlete holds 23 world records and 17 in the
90-to-95 age bracket for track and field events in 2010, Since that time, she has
picked up seven wins at the 2011 World Masters Athletics Championships last
July.

Dr. Lis Kirkby
At 93-years old, former soap star and NSW politician Lis Kirkby in 2014 became
Sydney University's oldest ever PhD graduate. At 90 in 2011 she was Graduate

Sobha De
66 Young

@old age home

Abhi to maine jawan hoon !!!

Silver Inning Foundation
WHO IS OLD , can be called Senior
Citizen ?
 Defined in chronological terms, in terms of
physiological changes, social functions, personal
subjective definition of age.
 But these definitions simplistic as wide variety in
people above 60.
 Prof. Marian Rabinowitz said that a persons age
judged by capacity in six fields of performance:
chronological, biological, cognitive, emotional,
social and functional.
 These are persons six ages.
 Only a few age uniformly over all six.
13

Myths of Ageing
1. Senility is a Normal Part of Aging
2. Most Elders are alone and lonely
3. Most Elders are in poor health
4. Elders are more likely to be victims of crime
5. Most Elders live in poverty
6. Elders become more religious with age
7. Elder workers are less productive than younger
workers
8. Retirees suffer decline in health and early death
9. Most Elders have no interest in or capacity for
sexual relations
10. Most Elders end up in Nursing Homes

Ageing In India
 India is a vast country both in terms of area as well
as population. It has a total area of 3,288,000
square kilometers. Its Total population as on
2001 was over 1 Billion
 India is gradually undergoing a demographic
change. With decline in fertility and mortality rates
accompanied by an improvement in child survival
and increased life expectancy, a significant feature
of demographic change is the progressive
increase in the number of elderly persons
 Elderly are the most ignored and neglected
segment

 In India, old age was never a problem.
 Earlier, the elder persons in the family were
respected a lot and they continued to live with
respect till their death.
 But now the times have changed. The elders are
treated as burden , often neglected / ignored and
the story is different if you suffer from some form of
mental illness/ Dementia or you are Caregiver for
your parents/elders or you are in sandwich
generation
Old Age in India

Ageing Scenario 2014
 India has the second largest aged population the
world.
 Currently there are an estimated 104 million elderly in
India by 2050 it is said to reach 326 million
(projections made by UN in their 1996 revision).
 55 million elderly sleep on an empty stomach every
night.
 75% of persons of age 60 and above reside in rural
areas.
 1 out 8 elderly feel no one cares they exist.
 12 million people in India are blind 70 - 80% of these
are elderly. 62.6 % are blind due to cataract.Silver Inning Foundation17

Ageing Scenario 2014 …….
 33 % are below the poverty line (BPL) and
majority of them are illiterate.
 6.5 million feel no one even knows they exist.
 Only about 11% of India's workforce participates
in any sort of guaranteed retirement income.
 Within the next five years, the number of adults
aged 65 & over will outnumber children under the
age of 5.

Ageing Scenario 2014 ……..
 India is said to be the World Capital for heart diseases.
 It is estimated that by year 2015, nearly 7 lakh elderly
in India within the age bracket of 60 – 69 will die of
coronary Heart Diseases.
 More than two third of the Oldest Old (80+) are
financially dependent on others.
 Nearly 71 percent of India's elderly aged between
60 to 80 years are compelled to work, said a survey
conducted by United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA)
India. The survey, partnered with many other
organisations, noted that 71 percent elderly work due to
economic necessity and not by choice, and that there is
a close link between current work participation and
poverty and illiteracy

Key Figures ….Contd
 According to UNICEF Life expectancy in India :
 In 1951 42 yrs
 In 1970 49 yrs
 In 1990 58 yrs
 In 2005 64 yrs
 In 2008 68.6 yrs
 There is 60% increase in 60 yrs of lifespan
 63 % old population in 1991 (36 million) was in the age
group 60-69years.
 53% Female & 47% Male Aged and out of total aged
50% are widow
 Drastic change in 3 segment :Young Old (60- 69 yrs ), Old
Old ( 70 – 79yrs ) Very Old ( 80+ yrs)

Feminization of Ageing
 53% Female , 47% Male : Aged in India
 WHO's representative to India Dr Nata Menabde :
She said, "Women's longer life-spans compared to
men, combined with the fact that men tend to marry
women younger than themselves, mean that the
number of widows will increase rapidly."
 She added, "Being a male-dominated society and
given the fact that women in India rely on their
husbands for the provision of economic resources
and social status, a large percentage of older women
are at risk of dependency, isolation, and/or dire
poverty and neglect."Silver Inning Foundation21

India Pyramid 2000

India Pyramid 2050

Elder Women Population :
Agewell

Sex Ratio of Elder Population:
Agewell

Ever-changing family set up of older women
: Agewell study
 21.2% older women were living alone in their houses.
Most of them were widow and their children were living at
distance places far from them.
 17.7% older women were found living with their aged
husbands only.
 57% older women were found living in small/nuclear
families. In most cases, they were living with their any close
relative like son’s wife & children, daughter, etc.
 Only 4.3% older women admitted that they belong to
traditional Indian joint families.

Family Setup for Elder Women :
Agewell

Major Concern of Older Women

Human Right of Elder Women
 Elder Women have to face Age related Discrimination
, Mistreatment , Harassment in their life due to lack of
awareness and support system available in old age .
Some of of the Human right violation are :
 Proper Food / Nutritional Food
 Clean portable water
 Shelter
 Sanitation
 Medical / Health Care

Problem Area……
 Poverty among the Elderly: estimated that about
6 % of the poor persons
 Illiteracy: In 1981, among the elderly males, only
34.79 % were literate Among the female elderly,
only 7.89 per cent were literate
 Employment: there seems to be a marked
downward trend -due to adoption of new
technology or methods of production difficult for the
elderly or work conditions have become harder and
unsuitable for them.
33

Problem Area……
 Dependency: Majority of the elderly in both rural (50.78
%) and urban (57.35%) areas are totally dependent on
others for economic support.
 Living Arrangements: About 7.31 % of the elderly in
rural areas as against 5.54 % of the elderly in the urban
areas are living alone.
 Health Problems and Physical Disabilities: 45 % of
the rural elderly are chronically ill - 45.01 % men and
45.85 % women. In the urban areas, 44.82 % of the
elderly (45.49 % women and 44.34 % men) are
chronically ill.
 Cough and problem of joints are the most common health
problems. As far as physical disabilities are concerned,
in the rural areas, 5.4 % of all the elderly (6.8 % females
and 4.4 % males) are physically disabled while in the
urban areas, 5.5 % of all the elderly (6.7 % females34

Problem Area
 Elder Abuse: According to a rough estimate, nearly
40 % of older people living with their families are
reportedly facing abuse of one kind or another, but
only 1 in 6 cases actually comes to light . Most elders
are ill-treated by their own children, who have
emerged as the largest group of perpetrators at 47.3
%.
 Neglect is the most common form of abuse at
48.7 % followed by emotional/psychological, financial
exploitation, physical abuse and abandonment
respectively.
 There is growing number of insecurity, injustice and
abuse in Elderly in India
 Dementia and Alzheimer's: According to National
Dementia Report 2010 approx 2.6% to 3% people
over 60 yrs of age suffer from some form of Dementia
and out of this 50% suffer from Alzheimer's. In 2010
there are around 3.7 million people with Dementia35

Distribution of Chronic Diseases in Aged
(n=1000)
India
Rural Urban
Chronic Disease M F M F
Cough 250 1958 179 142
Piles 33 16 32 18
Joint Problems 363 404 285 393
High/low BP 108 105 200 251
Heart Disease 34 27 68 53
Urinary Problem 38 23 49 24
Diabetes 36 28 85 66
Cancer 2 3 2 4
Any of the above 527 514 528 560
National Sample Survey 52nd Round Survey, 1995-96

Distribution of Physical Disability in
Aged (n=1000)
India
Rural Urban
Disability M F M F
Visual 249 291 225 260
Hearing 139 156 111 132
Speech 32 38 29 3
Locomotor 107 115 80 94
Amnesia/Senility 96 113 61 80
Any Disability 380 425 333 367
National Sample Survey 52nd Round Survey, 1995-96

Devkor Ben 70 yrs , Son & Daughter –in law
neglect and Abuse , Police not able to help,
says it’s family matter , Infact police officer
told her that why she is not adjusting, she has
less years to live now….

Jamunadevi 65yrs, no Pension,
but works to live

Gangu Bai 72 yrs Suffering from Cancer , but NO
Money for medicine & Hospital, son left her in
BMC hospital

Elderly Lady Cheated by Lawyer ,
Police not Helping
 This Lawyer has Cheated 65yrs Fatima , with
paralyzed husband ,no children's of Rs.25 Lakh
Gold Jewelry in Nov 2011 on pretext of making
Will, Police did not lodge complaint :FIR / NC ,
Just took written letter, says complaint need to
provide evidence ?

77yr Widow Jailed on Republic
Day
 Mohin Kamwani , Mumbai
,widow of Freedom Fighter
sent to Jail on Republic Day
26th Jan 2012 , because of
her ‘ suicide plan’ due to
NO justice / Inaction by
Police and Govt for Elder
Abuse by family members
for many years

Senior citizen living in filth shocks Mumbai High Court
conscience
 Versova resident Jaishree Gholkar, 65, lives in a crumbling
house with stray dogs, and survives on food provided by
neighbours, even though she owns a 600-sq mt plot.
 The elderly woman, who has not changed clothes in months, has no
family to call her own. She separated from her husband decades
ago, and her parents are no more. Her two brothers died, and the
other three are in the US, indifferent to her condition.

Misuse of Anti-Dowry law (Sec. 498A of IPC), Domestic Violence Act 2005 and related
laws by daughter – in- law.
For Protection of Women Anti Dowry law is Very good ,
but its should not be Misused .
4279 Male & 2192 Female Elderly : 6471 60+ Arrested
(2010)
91% of the people arrested were found not guilty (pre &
post trial). 79% found not guilty after the completion of
the trial - but these 79% were also arrested without any
Investigation.
Maximum conviction in 498A is in cases of 304B (30430
after trial), where the person has already spent more than
1 year in jail, but proved their innocence in 304B, but
convicted in 498A by default to neutralize their jail term.
 Source: Details of Dowry Law - 498A Misuse Cases for the year 2010
(Source - Ministry of Home Affairs - National Crime Records Bureau - NCRB

What is Dementia
 Dementia is a progressive brain
dysfunction (in Latin 'dementia' means
irrationality), which results in a restriction
of daily activities and in most cases
leads in the long term to the need for
care.
 There are many forms of dementia, the
most common one being Alzheimer's
disease.
45

What is Alzheimer's
 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a silent killer
of brain and lives of world’s elderly people.
It is the fourth leading cause of death
among the older adults in the developed
world. The symptoms can broadly include
difficulties with language, significant short-
term memory loss, time disorientation,
difficulty in making decisions, showing signs
of depression and aggression and lack of
initiative and motivation.
 Dr Aloes Alzheimer, a German doctor, in
1906 discovered Alzheimer's
46

How Brain looks if there is
Alzheimer’s

Cause
 AGE…..over 65 years and more than 50% in over 85 yr.
 FAMILY HISTORY
 VASCULAR DISEASE (high BP, high cholesterol)
 STROKE
 MODERN LIFESTYLE
 OBESITY
 SMOKING /TOBACCO
 EXCESS ALCOHOL, COFFEE
 HEAD INJURIES (dementia pugilist)
 TOXINS- aluminum
 INFECTION (viruses)
 DEFICIENCY OF Vitamin
A,C,E,B6,B12,carotenoids,zinc,selenium
 SOCIAL INACTIVE
48

NGO’s working for Elderly
 Helpage India
 Dignity Foundation
 Harmony
 Silver Inning Foundation
 The Family Welfare Agency
 ARDSI
 Shree Manav Seva Sangh
 FESCOM
 AISCCON
 Nightingale Medical Trust
 ILC –I
 Anugraha India
 Agewell Foundation
 INPEA, AGI , GSI (Geriatric Society of India)
 Senior Citizens Associations /Pensioners & Retired person’s
association49

Government Department and Pvt
Institutions
 Central Govt : MSJE , Health & Family Welfare
 NISD
 State : Social Welfare
 Police Cell
 TISS ,Nirmala Niketan, SVT Home science -SNDT
University, Research Center For Ageing SVT
University – Tirupati, L.T.College of
Nursing(SNDT)
 AIIMS , NIMANHS , Heritage Hospital , Nair Hosp ,
KEM Hosp
50

Government Policy
 National Policy of the Older Persons (NPOP) January 1999
 The Federal Government emphasis on Intra Ministry roles. It
delegates roles to State government and NGO .
 National Policy on Older Persons announced more than 11 years
ago has been accepted partially [not implemented] by only 7
States/UT’s and the remaining 28 have even not bothered about it. No
State has fully implemented it.
 NPOP Review 2010 , not implemented but review??? NPSC 2011
 There is need for pan-india political and social will
 The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act
Dec 2007 has been operationalised only by 3 States out of 35
States/UT’s though it was passed by the Parliament almost 3 years
ago. RULES framed in Maharashtra June 2010
 National Dementia Report – Sep 2010
 National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE)
February 2011

National Policy of the Older Persons
(NPOP) 1999
 The Indian government after many years of debate finally
declared the National Policy of the Older Persons in January
1999, the International Year of the Older Persons. The policy
highlights the rising elderly population and an urgent need
to understand and deal with the medical, psychological and
socio-economic problems faced by the elderly. However
what the policy did emphasize was on the dominant role the non
governmental organizations should play to assist the government
in bringing forth a society where the needs and the priorities of
the elderly are taken into account.

The salient features of the NPOP
 FINANCIAL SECURITY
 HEALTHCARE AND NUTRITION
 EDUCATION
 WELFARE
 PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY
 Shelter
 Basic facilities
 NGOs
 Research & Training

Government Schemes
 Pension : National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) 15th
August, 1995:
 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension (IGNOAPS) – Central
and State govt , between Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1000 /-
 Sanjay Gandhi Niradhar Anudan Yojana - an individual (female
60 years or above and males 65 years or above) can get Rs 100
per month if he/she has no source of income.
 Indira Gandhi Bhumihin Vrudh Sheth-Majdoor Sahayay
Yojana - gets Rs 100 per month. The beneficiary of this scheme
must be a destitute and from a rural area
 National Family Benefit Scheme(NFBS) - The amount of benefit
is Rs.10000/- in case of death of primary breadwinner due to
natural or accidental causes.
 Annapurna Scheme - Under the Annapurna Scheme 10 kgs of
food grains per month are provided free of cost to the beneficiary
 National Pension Schemes 2010 – on trialSilver Inning Foundation54

Condt … Government Schemes
 Many state governments provide a local pension in additional to the
federal money.
 Separate counters are marked for Senior Citizens at the time of filing
the Income Tax Returns.
 Separate queues for older persons in hospitals for registration and
clinical examination.
 Telephone connection is given on priority to senior citizens of age 65
years and above by the Ministry of Telecommunications.
 High Courts in the country to accord priority to cases involving older
persons and ensure their expeditious disposal.
 Senior Citizens Savings Scheme, 2004 - 9 per cent per annum - Post
Offices / Banks
 Railways : 30% Male ; Female : 50% for above 65%
 Airlines : 50% FOR 65 YRS
 State Transport Bus : 50% FOR 65 YRS
 INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR OLDER PERSONS 2008: Old Age
homes, Training, Help lines, NISD etc55

Budget 2011 : Change of Mindset
 Senior Citizens Income tax benefits now start at 60 as against 65
 Very Senior Citizens 80+ enjoying Income free of Tax )no tax) upto 5
Lakhs.
 IGOAP Age reduced to 60+
 Giving Rs 500 pm (earlier 200/0) as IGOAP to 80+ poor seniors.
 Increasing Senior Citizens Income Tax exemption limit to 2.5 Lakhs
(earlier 2.4 lakh)
 Railway concession for women to start at 58 years – 50%.
 Increasing Rail concession to male senior citizens to 40%
 National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) to improve
health services for the elderly. Major activities proposed to be taken up
during the remaining period of 11th Five Year Plan are as follows : Minister
of Health & Family Welfare 22-February, 2011
 Planning Commission of India consulted Sr.Ctz. Organisation for 12th
plan working paper
56

Laws for Elderly
 There is no specific law till recently: Section 125 of the Cr PC - A
magistrate can order the child to maintain his old parents.
 Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act: Requires Hindu sons and
daughters to maintain their elderly parents when parents are unable to maintain
themselves
 Domestic Violence Act : Provides parents with right to seek relief in case
of violence
 Maintenance of Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Bill: Dec 2007-
Its revolutionary law - Tribunal headed by the SDM will decide the case.
No Advocate,90 days time line,3rd Party can file suit. Not yet Implemented
all over India. Rules framed in Maharashtra in July 2010 and now
Tribunals formed as ‘inform by state govt.’ Maintenance of Welfare of
Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007 (MWPSCA) : Not yet implemented
. Maintenance Max Rs 10,000/- p.m. Penality Rs.5000/- - 3 months jail .Silver Inning Foundation57

National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly
(NPHCE)
February 2011
•BY Health & Family Welfare Ministry
•The elderly population will increase to 12% of the total population by
2025, 10% of which would be bedridden, requiring utmost care.
•NPHCE to address various health-related problems of elderly people.
•This policy aims to provide long-term, affordable and accessible
healthcare to seniors.
•“Designed to be preventive, curative and rehabilitative for the elderly,"
would be rolled out in 100 districts of 21 states.
•Under the programme, district hospitals are being aided to start a 10-
bedded geriatric ward. Eight regional 30-bedded geriatric centres are
being set up including at Grants Medical College & JJ Hospital, Mumbai,
Maharashtra.
58

Facility available for Elderly
 Day Care Center
 Dementia Day Care
 Dementia Home
 Old Age homes & Retirement Township
 Help lines
 Counseling Services
 Memory Clinics
 Ambulance service
 Mobile Clinics
 Hospitals
 Home Care Services
 Discounts , concession and Subsidy
 Pension
 Tax Benefit
 BPL Benefit for Medicare
 INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR OLDER PERSONS 2008: Old Age homes,
Training, Help lines etc
 U3A
 NPOP , Senior Citizens Maint.Act , NPHCE
59

Problem in facilities
 OAH – Dumping ground
 OAH -3 B’s – Bed, Bhaji, Bhajan
 Day Care – Less ,Carrom, Cards, Gossiping
 Dementia Day Care – less, for rich ,travel ,
 Pension –very less and reaching
 Counseling Services – less
 Costly Medicine
 Lack of Trained Professionals- MSW, Psycho,
Doctors , Nurses , Care Takers , Advocates
 Lack of Services and Elder Products
 Productive and Successful Ageing
 No proper Medication / Care / Management system
60

Issue
 The disintegration of the joint family system and the
emergence of nuclear families, which has affected
the care of the aged the most
 Patients with dementia, particularly the elderly, are
best taken care of at home and not in an institution
 As there are few people left at home, so there is
need for Social Organisation and support groups
 Ageing in Place
 Government policy and Law
 No uniformity in Age Limit for Senior Citizens
 Awareness and Sensitization programme on mass
scale
 Services for Young Old 60 – 74yrs & Old old – 75 –
92yrs
 Holistic approach61

 Putting old parents in old age homes / care homes
should be considered as a secondary / last option
and not as the only option for taking better care of
the elders.
 Parents / Elders are a treasure that children/we
should guard zealously. Treat your parents/elders
as assets not liability. Let them feel wanted and
not a burden..

World Day’s
 1st Oct International Day of Older Persons ,
since 1991
 15th June World Elder Abuse Awareness
Day, since 2012
 21st Sep , World Alzheimer’s Day , since
2012
63

We are Human Being too….

Society for all ages
 Every person-every man, women and child-
deserves to be treated with respect and with
caring
 Every person-no matter how young or how
old- deserves to be safe from harm by those
who live with them, care for them or come in
day-to-day contact with them
66

References
 Silver Innings
 HelpAge India
 Agewell
 UNFPA India

Thanks
Website :www.silverinnings.com
Email: silverinnings@gmail.com
Tel: 9987104233 / 9029000091

Ageing India - Women Senior Citizens

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