2. The quotation of Jer. 31:31-34, the longest OT
quotation in the NT, plays a vital role in the book’s
discourse on Christ’s superior high-priestly offering
(8:3-10:18), laying the groundwork for the climax
of the book’s christological exposition.
Beale & Carson, Commentary on the NT use of the OT, 970
3. “Covenant”
– pact, pledge, alliance, agreement, promise
Wording – to “cut a covenant” (cf. Gen 15)
• Visual demonstration incurring sobriety for the
significance of the agreement reached & sealed
• Meant to ensure fulfillment of agreement, by
consenting (generally mutually) to the death of
the one who breaks covenant
5. (Adamic) Noahic Abrahamic Mosaic Davidic New
Gen 1-2 Gen 9 Gen 12 Exo 19-24 2 Sam 7 Jer 31:33-34
Gen 13
Hos 6:7 Gen 15 Deut 26-28 Ezek 36:23-36
Gen 17
Gen 22
Conditional: Unconditional: Unconditional: Conditional: Unconditional: Unconditional:
(w/o God’s Exclusive Forgiveness
immediate devotion and Regeneration
Obedience to presence) (Circumcision) absolute Holy Spirit
one command obedience to Restoration
Provision: YHWH
Seasonal
Provision & stability Great Name Provision & Great Name Provision &
protection Great Nation protection Eternal Rest protection
enjoying God’s Protection: A Seed enjoying God’s Eternal House enjoying God’s
presence in No more A Land presence in Eternal Throne unlimited
Paradise universal flood A Blessing Canaan Eternal Kingdom presence
6. Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Rest of OT
Genesis
(& Gospels)
Pentateuch
(Revelation Signals Redemption)
[Mosaic Cov.]
Law
Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation
7. Mosaic Covenant
Initiated in Exo 24:3-8, & confirmed with blood
• The people themselves are sprinkled with “the
blood of the covenant”
8. Covenant Renewals
• Exo 34:10 (Moses – 1st generation, after golden calf)
• Deut 29:1(Moses – 2nd generation, after wild. wand.)
• Josh 24 (Joshua – 2nd generation, after initial conq.)
• 1 Sam 12 (Samuel – upon the institution of the king)
• 2 Chron 29-31 (Hezekiah – roughly 725 BC)
• 2 Kgs 22-23 (Josiah – roughly 625 BC)
• Neh 8-9 (upon returning to the land after captivity)
9. Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Rest of OT
Genesis
(& Gospels)
Pentateuch Grace New Covenant
(Revelation Signals Redemption)
[Mosaic Cov.]
Law
Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World
11. Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Rest of OT New
Genesis Testament
Kingdom
(& Gospels)
Pentateuch Grace New Covenant
(Revelation Signals Redemption)
[Mosaic Cov.]
Law
Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World Cosmos
12. Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
4000 BC? 4000 BC – 2300 BC 2300 BC – 2000 BC 2000 BC – 1500 BC 1500 BC – 33 AD 33 AD – ?? 1000 yrs + Eternity!
Rest of OT New
Genesis Testament
Kingdom
(& Gospels)
Pentateuch Grace New Covenant
(Revelation Signals Redemption)
[Mosaic Cov.]
Law
Davidic Covenant
Promise Abrahamic Covenant
Human Gov’t Noahic Covenant
Conscience
Innocence Individuals Family Clan Nation World Cosmos
14. Creation Fall Redemption Consummation
Text: Bible Height of Conflict: Reversal:
Jesus, the Messiah Jesus, the Messiah
Perfect cov’t leadership rejected Perfect cov’t leadership confirmed
– Crucifixion – Resurrection
Conflict Intensifies:
Resolution Begins:
God enters into covenant w/ His people
([Noah], Abraham, Moses, Levi [Phinehas], David) The Church
(New Covenant initiated)
God establishes leadership for His people – God’s heavenly people on earth
(Prophets, Priests, Judges, Kings)
Driving Conflict:
Rejection of covenant by ldrship – Exile/Restoration
(New Covenant promised) Conflict Unravels:
God’s Glory in
Salvation through The Millennium – Messiah reigns
Conflict Builds: Judgment (New Covenant realized / Curse removed)
Personal Degradation – Cain, Lamech – God on earth w/ His people
(James Hamilton)
Universal Judgment – Flood, Babel
Convergence of Abr., David., & New Cov’ts
Setting: Occasioning Event: Conflict Resolved: Outcome:
Fall – Man rejects God’s – God’s Glory in Re-Creation of
God’s Glory in Creation
righteous rule and God’s Glory in Judgment New Heavens/New Earth
of
violates God’s Glory – Heavens & Earth destroyed – God’s right. rule established
Heavens & Earth
over New Cov’t Community
Creation cursed
in New Creation
16. Different word than used in
Eschatological significance –
used 3 times in Jer 31 context
Heb 8:8-12 LXX in Jer 31 – “to bring to
completion/fulfillment”
"Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will establish a new
covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah,
9 not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took
them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt. For they did not
continue in my covenant, and so I showed no concern for them, declares
the Lord.
10 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those
1
days, declares the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and write
2
them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my
people.
11 And they shall not teach, each one his neighbor and each one his brother,
saying, 'Know the Lord,' 3 they shall all know me, from the least of them
for
to the greatest.
4
12 For I will be merciful toward their iniquities, and I will remember their
sins no more."
17. What was wrong with the Old Cov’t?
• With it, God found “fault” – v. 8
– possessing defect
– blameworthy
– cf. 7:19 – “the Law made nothing perfect”
• In establishing a “new” covenant, God made
the first one “obsolete” – v. 13
– to make old/antiquated
– outmoded, outdated
– useless
18. Without the Temple, there was no altar, no Holy
of Holies. There could therefore be no sacrifices
and no ministering priesthood. And without a
priesthood and its sacrifices, there could be no
Old Covenant. It was finished. . . The destruction
of the Temple completed the closing of the Old
Covenant – by removing the place of sacrifice that
no longer served a purpose. The age of the
Mosaic law and the Levitical priests was over.
The age of the Son was come forever.
– MacArthur
19. But isn’t the New Cov’t for Israel?
• Convergence of all the covenants
– Adamic
– Noahic
– Abrahamic
– Mosaic
– Davidic
20. (Adamic) Noahic Abrahamic Mosaic Davidic New
Gen 1-2 Gen 9 Gen 12 Exo 19-24 2 Sam 7 Jer 31:33-34
Gen 13
Hos 6:7 Gen 15 Deut 26-28 Ezek 36:23-36
Gen 17
Gen 22
Conditional: Unconditional: Unconditional: Conditional: Unconditional: Unconditional:
Forgiveness
Regeneration
Holy Spirit
A Seed Restoration
Exclusive
Provision & Earthly stability A Blessing devotion and
protection & blessing absolute Provision &
enjoying God’s obedience to Eternal Rest protection
presence on To become a YHWH Eternal House enjoying God’s
Earth blessing . . . Eternal Throne unlimited
to all nations Eternal Kingdom presence
21. NT Uses of “New Covenant”
• Luk 22:20
Last Supper
• 1 Cor 11:25
• 2 Cor 3:6 Us as participants!
• Heb 8:8
• Heb 9:15 Jesus as Mediator
• Heb 12:24
22. The Connection of the Covenant & the Blood
• Heb 9:12 – purchases an eternal redemption
• Heb 9:14 – provides an internal regeneration
• Heb 10:19-20 – opens a “new & living way”
• Heb 10:29 – “the blood of the covenant” is what is
“spurned” when the new covenant is rejected
• Heb 12:24 – “speaks” to one who is accepted
• Heb 13:12 – shed “outside the camp” for those within
• Heb 13:20 – “the blood of the eternal covenant” (!)
23. The New Covenant . . .
Replacing all that comes before . . .
It anticipates all that is yet to come.
And it’s ours . . .
today!
(And forever!)