Taxonomy

1. TAXONOMY
Rosalie Hidalgo – Madayag

2. What is Taxonomy?
• Taxonomy is the science of naming and
classifying things.
• In biology this refers to organizing species
into different groups.

3. Carolus Linnaeus
father of taxonomy
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-
1778) was a Swedish
scientist who grouped
living things into
hierarchical categories.
• Linnaeus based his
system on observable
characteristics, and
introduced the seven
levels of classification.

4. Linnaeus’ classification system
• Each level is
included in
the level
above it.
• Levels get
increasingly
specific from
kingdom to
species.

5. • The complete classification of humans is:
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Sapiens

6. Devil Cat

7. Ghost Cat

8. Mountain Lion

9. Screaming Cat

10. Puma

11. Florida Panther

12. Cougar

13. •There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous
slides.
•Common names vary according to
region.

14. Binomial Nomenclature
• Linnaeus also introduced the method of
scientific naming called binomial
nomenclature.
– He identified each organism by using a
combination of its Genus and Species name.
– He made sure that no two creatures had the
same combination of genus & species name.
– He used Latin (widely read by educated
people at that time)
– The genus name was always a Latinized
noun, the species name was a Latin adjective.

15. The Six kingdoms
• Since Linnaeus’ time there has been
frequent debate about how many
kingdoms are needed…
• Linnaeus recognized two: plants &
animals
• Later, we separated the fungi from plants
• When microscopic organisms were
discovered we added kingdom protista.
• With bacteria we first added monera,
• But then divided monera into eubacteria
and archaebacteria

16. The Domain System
• Some taxonomists have suggested that we
replace Linnaeus’ system of kingdoms with three
“Domains”
– Domain Bacteria (= Kingdom Eubacteria)
– Domain Archaea (= Kingdom Archaebacteria)
– Domain Eukarya (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)
Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Current system Δ Proposed system▼
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

17. Linnaeus
1735
2
kingdoms
Systems of Classification
Haeckel
1866
3
kingdoms
Chatton
1937
2
empires
Copeland
1956
4
kingdoms
Whittaker
1969
5
kingdoms
Woese
1977
6
kingdoms
Woese etc.
1990
3
domains
Cavalier-Smith
2004
6
kingdoms
Protista Prokaryota Mychota Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Bacteria
archeabacteria Archaea (Archeabacteria)
Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Protista Eukarya Protozoa
Vegetabilia Plantae Fungi Fungi Chromista
Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi
Plantae
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Animalia
I will use this system

18. Kingdoms of Organism

19. Domain Archaea
• Kingdom Archaebacteria (AKA.
Archae, formerly part of Monera)
– Unicellular, prokaryotic bacteria of
ancient origin
– Methanogens are anaerobic unicellular
organisms, that release methane as a
waste product of cellular metabolism
– Chemosynthetic bacteria synthesize
organic compounds, using energy derived
from the oxidation of organic or inorganic
materials without the aid of light.
– Halophiles
– Thermophiles

20. Domain Bacteria
• Kingdom Eubacteria (AKA.
Bacteria, formerly part of
Monera)
– Unicellular, prokaryotic
bacteria of more recent origin.
– Include most common
bacteria.
– Cyanobacteria

21. Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Protist
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

22. • Kingdom Protista (the “protists”)
Protozoa (animal - like protist)
Algae (plant - like protist)
Myxomycota (fungus - like protist)

23. Groups of Protist
• Protozoans are animal-like
protists (heterotrophs)
grouped according to how
they move.
• Rhizopoda
• Flagellates
• Ciliophora
• Sporozoa

24. Plant-like protists are Algae.
• There are three unicellular phyla of algae:
Euglenophyta
Bacillariophyta
Dinoflagellata

25. Multicellular algae are classified by color
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
Red Algae

26. • Fungus-like protists, Myxomycota are
decomposers.
• Myxomycota are made up of plasmodial
slime molds.

27. • Kingdom Fungi (all the fungus)
– Heterotrophic (no photosynthesis)
– Unicellular and multi-cellular (microscopic to
very large)
– Most have cell walls (like plants) but lack
chlorophyll. Many are multi-nucleate.
– Includes molds, mildews, rusts, smuts,
mushrooms, puffballs, morels, truffles, and
any other types of fungus.

28. KINGDOM
FUNGI

29. Kingdom Fungi – There are 5 Major Phyla
1. Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold
2. Oomycota = the Water Molds
Water mold, potato blight, mildew
3. Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
4. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts,
toadstools
5. Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti

30. Kingdom Plantae
– Nearly all plants are
autotrophs (make their own
food)
– Multi-cellular, and some can
grow quite large
– Nearly all plants use
photosynthesis as their main
source of food.
• Pitcher plants and Venus Fly
Traps get extra nutrients from
insects.

31. CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff
PPllaannttss

32. Plant Kingdom
Flowering
Plants
Non-flowering
Plants

33. 3 groups
Non - flowering Plants
MMoosssseess FFeerrnnss GGyymmnnoossppeerrmmss
Do NOT produce flowers

34. MMoosssseess

38. needle-shaped leaves

39. Male cones
(in clusters)
Female cones
(scattered)

40. 22 ggrroouuppss
Flowering
Plants
MMoonnooccoottyylleeddoonnss DDiiccoottyylleeddoonnss
roots, stems, leaves
vascular tissues (transport)
flowers, fruits (contain seeds)

41. MMoonnooccoottyylleeddoonn
ss
Parallel veins

42. CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff
MMoonnooccoottyylleeddoonnss
one seed-leaf
leaves have parallel veins
herbaceous plants
e.g. grass, maize

43. DDiiccoottyylleeddoonn
ss
Veins in network

44. CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff
DDiiccoottyylleeddoonnss
two seed-leaves
leaves have veins in network
e.g. trees, sunflower, rose

45. PPllaanntt
CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn
Plants
Non-flowering
Flowering
Spore-bearing
Naked
seeds
No
roots
with
roots
Gymnosperms
Mosses Ferns
1 seed-leaf
2
seed-Monocots
Dleiacvoetss

46. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

47. Division of animals

48. Sub Kingdom: Invertebrates
• Phyla Include:
• Echinoderms
• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Arthropoda

49. PHYLUM PORIFERA
Sponges

50. Sponges
• Simplest form of
animal
• Sponges are sessile
animals
(they spend their lives
attached to rocks)

51. PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Jellyfish

52. Phylum Cnidaria
Corals

53. Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra)

54. Sea Anemone

55. PHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES
Flatworms

56. PHYLUM NEMATODA
Roundworms

57. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Segmented
Worms

58. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods

59. Gastropods

60. Bivalves

61. Cephalopods

62. Phylum Echinodermata

63. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Class Insecta

64. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Class Arachnida

65. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Class Crustacea

66. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Class Chilopoda

67. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Class Diplopoda

68. PHYLUM CHORDATA

69. Phylum Chordata can be
subdivided into:
• Subphylum Urochordata – notochord is
found during the larval stage
• Subphylum Cephalochordata – notochord
is found in the anterior part of the
organism
• Subphylum Vertebrata

70. Subphylum Urochordata
• Tunicates (AKA “sea squirts”)
– Look similar to other chordates during
development, but completely different as
adults

71. Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Lancelets: live in the ocean with their body buried in
sand
– Have a definite mouth and no jaws
– Long pharynx with up to 100 gill slits
– Breathe through their body surface
– Have a simple digestive system, heart, and closed
circulation
– Use paired muscles to move

72. Subphylum Vertebrata
• 99% of chordates are vertebrates
– Fish 24,000 species
– Amphibian 4,000 species
– Reptiles 6,000 species
– Birds 10,000 species
– Mammals 4,500 species

73. Groups of Fishes
• Class Cephalospidomorphi – lamprey
• Class Myxini – hagfishes
• Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous
fishes
• Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes

74. Class Cephalospidomorphi -
Lamprey

75. Class Myxini – hagfishes

76. Class Chondrichthyes
- includes fish whose skeletons are
made of cartilage, such as
sharks,
rays, and skates
Sawfish
Chimaeras

77. Class Chondrichthyes
Shark

78. Class Chondrichthyes
Skate Ray

79. Class Chondrichthyes
(Sawfishes)

80. Class Chondrichthyes
Chimaeras

81. Class Osteichthyes
(Bony Fishes)
• Skeletons are made of calcified bone

82. Class Amphibia includes semi-aquatic
animals with moist skin. They
must return to the water to breed.

83. Groups of Amphibians
• Order Urodela: Salamanders and Newts
• Order Anura: Frogs and Toads
• Order Apoda: Caecilians

84. Class Reptilia
• Land vertebrates with a well developed
skull, a backbone and tail, and four limbs
– Exemptions: snakes have no legs, and turtles
have a shell formed of fused vertebrae.

85. Groups of Reptiles
• Order Squamata: lizards and
snakes
• Order Crocodilia: alligators,
crocodiles, caimans, and gavials
• Order Chelonia: turtles, tortoises,
terrapins
• Order Rhynchocephalia -
tuataras

86. Class Aves
Members of
Class Aves
have wings and
feathers for
flight.

87. Archaeopteryx
• Oldest known
fossil is which
lived during the
Jurassic Period
• Had teeth in
its beak, a
jointed tail,
and toes and
claws on its
wings

88. Elephant Bird
•Eleven feet tall
•1100 pounds
•Largest egg ever
•Extinct in late
1600’s

89. Order Struthioniformes
Large flightless bird
Two toes
89
Order Ciconiiformes
Long legs for wading
Long necks
Order Pelecaniformes
•Gular sac

90. Order Falconiformes
Hooked bill
Eagle
Hawk
Falcon
Order Strigiformes
90
Large eyes
Silent flight
Nocturnal
predator
Owls
Order Sphenisciformes
Webbed
feet
Wings as
used for
swimming
Penguins

91. Class Mammalia
Order Marsupialia

92. Class Mammalia
Order Monotremata

93. Class Mammalia
Order Cetacea

94. Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora

95. Class Mammalia
Order Chiroptera

96. Class Mammalia
Order Edentata

97. Class Mammalia
Order Primate

98. PhyloCode
• A new system of taxonomy, called International
Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, or
PhyloCode for short, is currently being drafted.
• It is intended to replace the Linnaean system
that we have used for the last 250 years with a
new way of looking at taxonomy.
• The current system will continue to exist as a
“rank based system” for a long time to come.
• PhyloCode is currently in its fourth draft, and it has not yet
been implimented. For the text of the fourth draft visit the
website: http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/toc.html. Although it
will soon be used by biologists, it is unlikely to ever be used
widely by the general public.