3. CANTAB tests of cognition – was 15, now 19 Ability to match visual samples & measures reaction time. Assesses episodic memory and learning rate. Measures speed of response. Matching to Sample Visual Search (MTS) Paired Associates Learning (PAL) Reaction Time (RTI) Assesses working memory capacity. Tests working memory and strategy use. Assesses immediate free recall, and immediate and delayed recognition memory. Spatial Span (SSP) Spatial Working Memory (SWM) Verbal Recognition Memory (VRM) Tests rule acquisition, problem solving, and attentional set shifting. Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shifting (IED) Tests recognition memory for spatial locations. Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) Assesses immediate and delayed perceptual matching. Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS) Assesses spatial planning and motor control Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) Tests comprehension, learning and reversal. Big/Little Circle (BLC) Tests sustained visual attention. Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) Assesses information processing biases for positive and negative stimuli. Affective Go/No-go (AGN) Tests visual recognition memory for patterns Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Screens for visual, movement and comprehension difficulties. Motor Screening (MOT)

4. CANTAB is fully computerized and operates on a touch sensitive panel computer. Where millisecond accuracy is required for latency recording a press pad is used.

5. CANTAB was designed to extrapolate first principles from fundamental animal models. Pattern/Spatial recognition Delayed matching to sample Paired associate learning Set shifting Spatial Working Memory    Temporal / Frontal Frontal Parietal Temporal Frontal Temporal Frontal Planning 5-Choice serial reaction time Frontal Frontal Versions for lower primates exist for many CANTAB tests. (see Roberts & Sahakian, 1993)                  

6. Reflection Impulsivity Task (RIT) By pressing the grey boxes in a 5 X 5 matrix, the subject sees what the colour beneath is. When the subject thinks she knows which is the predominant colour in the matrix, she decides by pressing one of the two squares below

10. Reflection Impulsivity Task (RIT)

11. Decision Making COLD Decisions Decisions where the outcome does not involve conflict between rewards and punishment. Usually made with little emotion and when there is sufficient time to reflect. HOT Decisions Decisions which involve a conflict between reward and punishment. Tend to produce high levels of emotion. Decision making tends to be considered an executive function predominantly frontal in nature

13. Work ‘ Cold’ Decision – time to reflect, all outcomes seem relatively similar. Home

14. ‘ Hot’ Decision – can result in high punishment OR reward

15. Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) Is the yellow token under a red or a blue box? Subject must guess. Redlue ratio can be 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, or 6:4

16. Cambridge Gambling Task Subject is allocated a certain number of points which they can use to gamble with (number on the left). The yellow number is a proportion of their remaining points (5%, 25%, 75%, 100%) and changes rapidly in either a descending or ascending direction. The subject presses this when the number reflects the amount they are prepared to gamble Here the subject incorrectly guessed that the yellow token was under a red square – and lost 704 points. He has only 37 remaining. Key variable – ‘Adjusted Risk’ tendency to bet a larger proportion of ones points when the odds are better, and the less when the odds are poorer.

17. Cambridge Gambling Task Orbitofrontal stimulation (see Rogers et al, 1999). Activation of Right Orbitofrontal Cortex

18. CANTAB – Tower of London Test (aka SOC). Dorsolateral PFC/ Parietal activation (see Baker et al 1996) Owen et al 1995

19. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Orbitofrontal Cortex ‘ Cold’ Decisions ‘ Hot’ Decisions