international trade agreement of India China Russia and Africa

1. Group Member:-
Ritwik Sharma(90)
Rajshekhar Ganti(23)
Jithish Nambiar(53)
Himanshu Pandey(55)
Pratik Patel
Priyanka Ghare
Ameya Bhogwekar
Abhinav Thakur
Deepak Vasu

2.  BRICS
 Nuclear power
 FTP
 Space program
 Defense
 Russia china defense
 barriers

3.  It is the exchange of Capital goods, and services
across International Borders or territories.
 Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance
of globalization.
 Without International trade, nations would be limited to the
goods and services produced within their own borders.

5.  It is conducted within the political and geographical boundaries of a
country.
 It can be at local level, regional level or national level.
 Trade carried on among traders of Delhi, Mumbai, etc. is called home
trade.
 Wholesale Trade : It involves buying in large quantities from producers
or manufacturers and selling in lots to retailers for resale to
consumers.
 Retail Trade : It involves buying in smaller lots from the wholesalers
and selling in very small quantities to the consumers for personal use

6.  It refers to buying and selling between two or more countries
 Export Trade : When a trader from home country sells his goods to a
trader located in another country, it is called export trade. For e.g. a
trader from India sells his goods to a trader located in China.
 Import Trade : When a trader in home country obtains or purchase
goods from a trader located in another country, it is called import trade.
For e.g. a trader from India purchase goods from a trader located in
China.
 Entrepot Trade : When goods are imported from one country and then
re-exported after doing some processing, it is called entrepot trade

7.  Memorandum of Understanding
 Non-Disclosure Agreement
 Teaming Agreement
 Material Transfer Agreement
 Master Agreement
 Subaward
 IPA
 Consultant Agreement

8.  A trade agreement which is also know as Trade Pact is a wide ranging
tax, tariff, and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees.
 Any contractual arrangement between countries concerning their trade
relations.
 Trade agreements may be bilateral or multilateral, that is, between two
countries or more than two.
 The most common trade agreement are of the preferential and free
trade type.
 They are rules and regulations that govern trade. They are rules and
regulations that every Nation breaks. They are also very controversial.

9. International Trade
Agreement
Preferential Trade
Agreement (PTA)
Free Trade
Agreement (FTA)
Multilateral
Bilateral
Types of International Trade
Agreement

10.  It is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to certain
product from the participating countries.
 This is done by reducing tariffs but not by abolishing them
completely.
 A PTA can be established through a trade pact.
 It is the first stage of economic integration.
 The line between a PTA and a free trade area (FTA) may be
blurred, as almost any PTA has a main goal of becoming a FTA
in accordance with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

11.  A multilateral trade agreement involves three or
more countries who wish to regulate trade between
the nations without discrimination.
 States get involved in multilateral agreements
because the responsibilities and risks are
distributed among the group and thus the
situation is more advantageous for individual

12.  A bilateral agreement is made between two and
only two states. The agreement can be political,
military or economic.
 The major reason states might pursue bilateral
agreements is because it is easier to negotiate
with just one country rather than with several.

13. Multilateral
1. Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement
(1976)
2. Global System of Trade Preferences
among Developing Countries (GSTP)
(1989)
3. Protocol on Trade Negotiations
(1973)
Bilateral
1. India-Afghanistan (2003)
2. India Mauritius
3. India-Nepal(2009)
4. India-Chile(2007)
5. India-Mercosur(2009)

14.  It is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed
a free-trade agreement (FTA), which eliminates tariff, import
quotas, and preferences on most goods and services traded
between them.
 It can be considered the second stage of economic
integration.
 Countries choose this kind of economic integration if their
economic structures are complementary

15. Bilateral
1. India-Malaysia(separate from
FTA agreement with ASEAN)
2. India-Sri Lanka
3. India-Singapore
4. India-Canada(negotiation on
going)
Multilateral
1. ASEAN Free Trade Area
2. South Asian Free Trade Area

16.  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
organization that intends to supervise
and liberalized international trade
 The WTO oversees about 60 different agreements
which have the status of international legal texts
 Member countries must sign and ratify all WTO
agreements on accession

17.  Agreement on Agriculture.
 Agreement on technical barriers to trade.
 Agreement on Anti-Dumping.
 Agreement on Custom Valuation.
 Agreement on Rules of Origin.

19.  President- Mr Pranab Mukherjee.
 Minister of commerce – Mr Anand Sharma.
 The GDP for the entire FY13 grew at 5%.
 The economy of India is the 9th largest in the world by nominal
GDP and the 3rd largest by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
 Reserves of foreign exchange and gold- $287.2 billion (31 December
2012 est.)
 Stock of direct foreign investment- $256.6 billion (31 December
2012 est.)

20.  Textiles
 Chemicals
 Food processing
 Steel
 Transportation Equipment
 Cement, Mining
 Petroleum
 Machinery
 Software
 Pharmaceuticals

21.  Exports- $309.1 billion(2012 est.)
 Exports Goods- Petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel,
chemical ,vehicles, apparels
 Exports Partners- UAE 12.7%, US 10.8%, China 6.2%, Singapore 5.3%, Hong
Kong 4.1% (2011)
 Imports- $488.6 Billion (est. 2012)
 Imports Goods- Crude Oil, Raw precious stones, Machinery, Fertilizers ,Iron and
Steel, Chemicals.
 Imports Partners- China 11.9%, UAE 7.7%, Switzerland 6.8%, Saudi Arabia
6.1%, US 4.9%.
 Trade deficit - $191.6 billion.
 India has trade deficit with 80 countries.

24.  President- Mr. Vladimir Putin
 Capital- Moscow
 Economy of Russia is the 8th largest economy in
the world by nominal value 6th/5th largest by
Purchasing Power Parity(PPP)
 The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Russia
expanded 1.60 percent in the first quarter of 2013.

25.  Complete range of mining and extractive.
 Industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and
metals.
 All forms of machine building from rolling mills to
high-performance aircraft and space vehicles.
 Defense industries including radar, missile
production, and advanced electronic components,
shipbuilding.

26.  Road and rail transportation equipment.
 Communications equipment.
 Agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction
equipment.
 Electric power generating and transmitting equipment;
medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables,
textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

27.  Exports- $542.5 billion (2012 est.)
 Exports Goods- petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of
civilian and military manufactures
 Imports-$358.1 billion (2012 est.)
 Import goods machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic,
semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and
medical instruments, iron, steel
 Gross external debt $455.2 billion (2012 est.)

30.  India, Russia mull free trade agreement.
 BHEL looking to build thermal power units in Buryatia.
 India’s aid on KNPP’s spent nuclear fuel.
 Russia’s IG Seismic wins 3-D seismic contract in Rajasthan.
 Russian Railways keen to participate in Indian track
electrification.
 India-Russia FGFA PAK T-50 Agreement.
 India-Russia bilateral trade crosses US$ 11 billion in 2012.
 India-Russia Defence Cooperation.
 Agriculture Cooperation Program.

31.  The total trade between the two countries
currently stands at $8.5 billion.
 Indian investments in Russia stand at $5
billion while that of Russia in India stand at
$3.5 billion.
 Common target is to achieve $20 billion in
trade by 2015

32.  BHEL looking to build thermal power units in
Buryatia.(14.June.2013)
 two thermal power plant units
 The first phase of the project involves the construction of two power
units with a capacity of 240 MW each.
 India’s aid on KNPP’s spent nuclear fuel
◦ Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002
◦ The first reactor of the plant attained criticality on 13 July 2013
◦ The plant was commissioned six years after the scheduled date
◦ he original cost of the two units was 13,171 crore
◦ but it was later revised to 17,270 crore
◦ Russia advanced a credit of 6,416 crore to both the units.

34. ◦ Cairn India Ltd has awarded a two-year contract for a 3-
dimensional seismic survey of its prolific Rajasthan oil block to
Russian firm IG Seismic Services for an undisclosed sum.
◦ The works may cover over 1,500 square kilometers
◦ he start of works is planned for the beginning of October 2013
◦ Cairn, which holds 70 per cent in the Rajasthan block, had
previously announced an investment of $ 2.4 billion in the block
by 2015-16
◦ State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) holds the remaining 30 per cent
interest in the block

36.  The Sukhoi/HAL Fifth Generation Fighter
Aircraft (FGFA) is a fifth-generation fighter being
developed by India and Russia
 50:50 joint venture total of 500 Aircraft
 FGFA) for the Indian Air Force
 Russian fifth generation fighter, code-named T-50
 Program costed US$ 30 billion
 Unit costed US$100 million

38.  India-Russia bilateral trade, which stood at US$
7.46 billion in 2009, US$ 8.53 billion in 2010,
and US$ 8.87 billion in 2011, has spurted to
US$11.04 billion in 2012, registering a 24.5%
growth in 2012 compared to 2011.
 the target of US$ 20 billion for India-Russia
trade set for 2015

39.  Defense cooperation is an important pillar of the India-Russia strategic
partnership
 It is guided by the Program for Military Technical Cooperation signed
between the two countries which is valid, at present till 2020.
 Bilateral projects currently underway include indigenous production of
T-90 tanks and Su-30-MKI aircraft, supply of MiG-29-K aircraft and
Kamov-31 and Mi-17 helicopters, upgrade of MiG-29 aircraft repair and
refit of the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya and supply of Multi-Barrel
Rocket Launcher Smerch.
 Lease of Submarines

40.  Integrated Long Term Program (ILTP) of Cooperation in Science & Technology.
1. Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials
(Hyderabad)
2. Polio & other Vaccine Manufacturing (Bulandshahr) Facility
3. Indo-Russian Centre for Advanced Computing Research (Moscow)
4. Indo-Russian Centre for Biotechnology (Allahabad)
5. Indo-Russian Centre for Gas Hydrates Studies (Chennai)
6. Indo-Russian Centre for Earthquake Research (New Delhi):
7. Russian Indian Centre on Ayurvedic Research (Moscow)
8. Indo-Russian Centre for Biomedical Technology (Thiruvananthapuram).
9. Indo-Russian Centre on Non-Ferrous Metallurgy (Jamshedpur)
10. http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/en/science-technology/indo-
russian-s-t-cooperation

42.  President- Mr. Xi Jinping
 Capital- Beijing
 2nd largest economy (nominal) and 2nd largest
in Purchasing Power Parity(PPP).
 GDP growth by 7.8%.
 FDI stock $116 billion.

43.  World leader in gross value of industrial output
 Mining and Ore processing
 Iron, Steel, Aluminum, and other metals
 Coal
 Machine building
 Textiles and Apparel
 Petroleum; Cement; Chemicals; Fertilizers
 Consumer products
 Transportation Equipment, including Automobiles, Rail cars and Locomotives, Ships,
and Aircraft; Telecommunications Equipment, Commercial Space launch vehicles,
Satellites

44.  Exports-$2.021 trillion (2012 est.)
 Export goods-Electrical and other machinery, including data
processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel,
optical and medical equipment.
 Imports-$1.78 trillion (2012 est.)
 Import goods-Electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral
fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics,
organic chemicals.

47.  In 2012, bilateral trade was USD 66 billion a decline from USD 74
billion in 2011.
 The two countries have set a target of USD 100 billion by 2015 for
bilateral trade.
 The signing of the MoUs between India and China is a good
beginning to address the issues India is raising with China from
time to time
 India has been finding it difficult to expand its trade with China in
the pharmaceutical sector due to the complex registration process
and prolonged timelines
 The average imports of medicinal and pharmaceutical products from
China during the last five years were $4,332.37 million vis-a-vis
exports from India of $692.44 million.

48.  By end 2011, India's trade deficit was USD 27 billion.
According to Chinese trade figures released in January 2013,
the figure expanded to USD 29 billion by 2012.
 As per Chinese figures, cumulative Chinese investments into
India till December 2011 stood at USD 575.70 million while
Indian investments into China were USD 441.70 million.

49.  India-China Signed 8 MOU:-
1. The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra to the Tibet Autonomous
Region of China.
2. Work Programs of the Three Working Groups under Joint
Economic Group.
3. MOU on Buffalo Meat, Fishery Products and Agreement on
Feed and Feed Ingredients.
4. MOU on Cooperation in the field of Sewage Treatment.

50. 5. MOU in the field of Water Efficient Irrigation.
6. MOU on Cooperation in Mutual Translation and
Publication of Classic and Contemporary Works.
7. MOU upon Provision of Hydrological Information of
the Yaluzangbu/Brahmaputra River in Flood Season
by China to India.
8. MOU to facilitate cooperation and linkages between
Indian and Chinese cities & states/provinces

51.  India's trade deficit with China is $40 billion
 24% slump in Indian exports
http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/24-slump-in-indian-exports-highlights-china-trade-
barriers/article4696235.ece)

53.  Russia and China agree $270bn oil deal.
 China-Russia currency agreement further threatens
U.S. dollar.
 Russian-Chinese trade to reach 100 billion dollars by
2015.
 Russia reopens railway crossing from Maritime
Territory to China
 Russia ramps up seafood exports to Asia Pacific(more
than 40 per cent in the first half of 2013.).

55.  Russia-India-China perceives that in today’s world, it
is important to discuss the challenges of global
security and stability.
 The diverse threats and risks cannot be addressed by
military power alone but need to be appraised
through political, social and economic prisms.
 The population of these three countries together
amounts to around 2.4 billion, 40 percent of the
world’s total population. They cover a total area of
29.96 million square kilometers which is 22.5 per
cent of the total area of the world. Undoubtedly, the
three countries have great human resources, huge
potential of market and rich endowment of natural
resources

56.  Russia, India, China have agreed to provide
credit to each other in local currencies. (BRICS
March 29, 2012)
 Establishing effective foreign-policy and economic
cooperation in the trilateral Russia-India-China format
 Alliance framework aimed at countering the US
influence.
 Need for a Multi-Polar International System

57. North and West Africa

58.  Algeria
 Egypt
 Libya
 Morocco
 Sudan
 Ghana
 Nigeria
 Western Sahara.

59.  Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
 Cereals
 Iron and steel
 Electrical, electronic equipment
 Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and
cement
 Cotton

60.  Oil
 Natural gas
 Phosphates
 Cocoa
 Chemicals
 Chemical fertilizers

61.  West Africa Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)-
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,
Niger, Senegal & Togo
 Economic Community of west Africa States (ECOWAS)-
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, the
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali,
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone & Togo

62.  Central Africa Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)-
Cameroon, the Central Africa Republic, Chad, the Republic of
Congo, Equatorial Guinea & Gabon
 Ghana – Netherlands
 Ghana-EU
 United States-Morocco FTA
Trade Blocs

63.  South Sudan-American Friendship and Trade Association
 Sudan Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture
 AEC – African Economic Community
 EU-Egypt Association Agreement

64.  European Union
 United States
 South Africa

65.  Free trade within the bloc
 Economies of scale
 Market access and trade creation
 Jobs
 Protection

66.  Loss of benefits
 Distortion of trade
 Inefficiencies and trade diversion
 Retaliation

67.  Intra African Trade – 12% only
 Poor Infrastructure
 Limited national markets
 Poverty

69.  Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
 DFTP Scheme provides duty free and
preferential market access on tariff lines that
constitute 92.5 % of global exports of LDCs.