Chapter 1

R
Module 1
 Physics: A
 Basic Science
1.1 PHYSICS AND OTHER BRACHES OF
SCIENCE
It is a systematized body of
knowledge that is based on facts
gathered through observations,
experiences and experiments in
order to formulate a verifiable
conclusion or law that serves as
basis of technology for the benefit
of man and his environment.
It is a systematized body of
knowledge that is based on facts
gathered through observations,
experiences and experiments in
order to formulate a verifiable
conclusion or law that serves as
basis of technology for the benefit
of man and his environment.
It is a systematized body of
knowledge that is based on facts
gathered through observations,
experiences and experiments in
order to formulate a verifiable
conclusion or law that serves as
basis of technology for the benefit
of man and his environment.
It is the
application of
the theoretical
sciences.
Chapter 1
It    deals
with    the      human
behavior primarily in its
social   and     cultural
needs.
It deals with the
human       behavior
primarily    in    its
social and cultural
needs.
It   deals
with the human
behavior primarily
in its social and
cultural needs.
Chapter 1
It
deals      with      the
understanding       and
description of nature,
It deals with the
understanding      and
description of nature
It
deals      with      the
understanding       and
description of nature,
Chapter 1
Biological
 Science


             It deals with the study
             of living things.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Physical
Science




           It deals with the study of
           non living things.
Chapter 1
1.2 PHYSICS AND ITS BRANCHES

  WHAT IS      Physics?

       This is the study of matter and
 energy and their relationship.
 Physicists believe that most everyday
 phenomena can, in one way or
 another, be explained through physics,
 as matter and energy are the basic
 constituents of the natural world. We
 may not be aware of it, but everything
 we see and don’t see is simply matter
 and the energy it possesses.
This is also divided into two main branches
– CLASSICAL PHYSICS and MODERN
PHYSICS.
CLASSICAL PHYSICS – refers to the
traditional topics in physics that were
recognized and developed before the
beginning of the 20th century.
MODERN PHYSICS – refers to concepts in
physics that have surfaced since the
beginning of the 20th century. This is mostly
concerned with the behavior of matter and
energy under extreme conditions(the very
large or the very small)
SUBBRANCHES OF PHYSICS
• Classical Physics
     •Mechanics – the study of forces acting on bodies whether at
     rest or in motion.
          •Statics – on forces acting on bodies at rest.
          •Kinematics – on motion without regard to its cause.
          •Dynamics – on motion and the forces that affect it
     •Acoustics – the study of the production and propagation of
     sound waves.
     • Optics – the study of light.
          •Physical optics – on the production, nature and
          properties of light.
          •Physiological optics – on the part played by light in
          vision.
          •Geometrical optics – on the reflection and refraction of
          light as encountered in the study of mirrors and lenses.
     •Thermodynamics – the study of the relationship between
     heat and other forms of energy.
     •Electromagnetism – the study of the properties of electric
     current and magnetism, and their relationship.
          - Electrostatic             - Electrodynamics
          - Magnetostatics
•Modern Physics
    •Atomic and Nuclear Physics – the study of the
    components, structure, and behavior of the nucleus in
    the atom.
    •Quantum Physics – the study of the discrete nature of
    phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels.
    •Relativistic Physics – the study of phenomena that take
    place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect
    to an observer.
    •Solid State Physics – the study of all properties of solid
    materials.
    •Condensed Matter Physics – the study of the properties of
    condensed materials with the ultimate goal of developing
    new materials with better properties.
    •Plasma Physics – the study of the fourth state of matter.
    •Low – Temperature Physics - the study of the production
    and maintenance of temperature down to almost absolute
    zero, and various phenomena that occurs only at such
    temperature.
1.3 PHYSICS IS MORE THAN JUST A NATURAL
PHILOSOPHY
Physics was separated from philosophy because of one
important factor – it employed an approach known as
scientific method.
Scientific Method – is the application of a logical process
reasoning to arrive at a certain law or principle that is
consistent with experimental results.

1.4 PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY : PARTNERS FOR
PROGRESS
Physics, which attempts to understand nature and its laws, has
become a very important field of human knowledge. It has
helped us change both the physical and social dimension s of
our environment through the development of technology in the
form of new tools, or gadgets, new products and new
processes.
PHYSICS IS MORE THAN JUST A NATURAL
PHILOSOPHY
         Physics was separated from philosophy because of

scientific method.                 Module 2
one important factor – it employed an approach known as
                                   
Scientific Method – is the application of a logical process of
                      Nature’s Laws are
reasoning to arrive at a certain law or principle that is
consistent with experimental results.
                         Mathematical and
PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY: PARTNERS FOR
PROGRESS
                                     Simple
      Physics, which attempts to understand nature and
its laws, has become a very important field of human
knowledge. It has helped us change both physical and
social dimensions of our environment through development
of technology in the form of gadgets, new products and new
processes.
2.1 MATHEMATICS: AN ESSENTIAL TOOL
            Physics without mathematics is unthinkable. We will
  find out that the basic rules governing the behavior of nature are
  readily expressed in mathematical form throughout the study of
  physics.

 2.1.1 Scientific Notation

      Physics involves concepts which are described by very large or
      very small quantities. Consider the following:

      Mass of the earth :
      6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg

      Mass of an electron:
      0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg
These very huge and minute magnitudes will take up much space
when written down and are difficult to use in calculations. To work
with these quantities more easily, you can express them in a
compact way of writing over a wide range of values known as
scientific notation.

In scientific notation, the numbers are represented by the product
of a multiplying factor and a power of ten.

In adding or subtracting numbers expressed in scientific notation,
quantities must have the same exponents as well as units. If the
powers of ten are not the same, they must be made the same.

In multiplying numbers using scientific notation, the product of
these must be the product of the base numbers and 10 raised to
the sum of their exponents.

In dividing numbers written in scientific notation, the quotient of
these id the quotient of the base numbers and 10 raised to the
difference of their exponents.
2.1.2 Significant Figures
In studying physics, we will do a lot of measurements of physical
quantities. When we record and report the numerical values of
measurements, we must express them in a numerical form which is
composed of digits that are known with certainty plus the first uncertain
digit. These digits are known as significant digits or significant
figures.
In general, the number of significant figures of a numerical quantity is
the number of reliably known digits it contains and is based on the
precision of the instrument used in measuring the quantity.
         Rules in determining significant figures
         1.Leading zeros are not significant, they simply locate the
         decimal point.
         Ex. 0.000143 has three significant figures.
         2. Zeros between two nonzero digits are significant.
         Ex. 105.03 has five significant figures.
         3. Trailing zeros are usually significant, but can be ambiguous.
         Ex. 100. has three significant figures.
                   1.00 has three significant figures.
                   100 is ambiguous.
In multiplication or division of numbers using significant figures , the
general rule is that the results are as precise as the least precise value,
that is, the value with the fewest significant figures.

In addition or subtraction, the precision of the result is no better than that
of the least precise quantity being calculated. It means that the result
occupies the same position relative to the decimal point as the position in
the number whose last significant figure is the farthest to the left.

2.2 MEASUREMENT: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

 Measurement are used to describe such quantities as
 length, weight, area, volume, and time. It is a
 quantitative description of a fundamental property or
 physical phenomenon. When we measure, we compare
 an unknown quantity with a certain standard called unit
 of measurement.
2.2.1 Standard Units of Measure

  This table shows the different quantities with their corresponding
  units.

   A. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
B. DERIVED QUANTITIES




                        →
                        v
                        →
                        a
2.2.2 Conversion of Units

       Units in different system or even different units in the same
       system can express the same quantity. To avoid confusion, it
       is therefore necessary to convert the units of a quantity from
       one unit to another.

       Conversion of units can be done by multiplying the original unit
       by an appropriate conversion factor. Conversion factors are
       simply equivalence statements expressed in the form of ratios
       equal to 1.

       In converting units, we must take advantage of unit analysis.
       That is, choosing the appropriate form of conversion factor that
       will allow cancellation of unwanted units and thus give the
       answer in the desired unit.
2.2.3 Minute and Huge Measurement
A better method of measuring small distances is by the use
of the micrometer and the vernier caliper.
Micrometer are used to make accurate measurements of the
thickness of a sheet of paper and the external diameter of
thin wires.
Vernier caliper is used for measuring wither the internal or
external diameters of tubes, pipes , rods, etc. The distance
between the jaws of the caliper is read on a scale attached
to the instrument.

2.2.4 Not All is Certain: The Limits of
Measurement

There is no such thing as a perfect measurement. Every
measurement, whether made by a student or a
professional scientist, contains a certain degree of
uncertainty.
Uncertainty in measurements can result from limitations in accuracy
or precision. These limitations can be attributed to systematic errors
and random errors.

Systematic errors are due to the limitations of the measuring
instruments and the skill or carefulness of the experimenter.

Random errors are caused by external factors beyond the control of
the experimenter such as vibrations, noise, changes in atmospheric
pressure and friction.

Accuracy of measurement describes how well the results agree with
an accepted value of the quantity being measured.

         Precision refers to the degree of exactness to which a
         measurement can be reproduced.
2.3 EQUATIONS; RELATIONSHIPS IN A CAPSULE

 On e of the most important and useful ideas in mathematics is
 the idea that two variables may be related to each other. This
 idea, known as proportion or variation, finds frequent
 applications in physical sciences.

 2.3.1 Direct Proportion

  In direct proportionality, one quantity varies directly as the other
  quantity. In symbols, y = kx or k = y where k is the constant of
  variation.                             x
 2.3.2 Inverse Proportion
 An inverse proportion is on wherein an increase in one quantity
 means a decrease in the other. In symbol, y = k or k = xy
 where k is the constant of variation.         x
2.3.3 Direct Square proportion

  In some cases, we can see both quantities are increasing but one
  quantity increases faster than the other. This relationship is known as
                                                          y
  direct square proportion. In symbols, y = kx 2 ork = 2 where k is
  the constant of variation.                             x
2.3.4 Inverse Square Proportion

  Another kind of relationship is where one quantity decreases
  faster as the other quantity increases. This is known as inverse
  square proportion. In symbol, y = k2 or k = x y where k is the
                                                 2

  constant of variation.             x

       2.3.5 Manipulating Equations

            An unknown variable can be solved by manipulating
            equations.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
1 von 44

Más contenido relacionado

Was ist angesagt?

Branches of physicsBranches of physics
Branches of physicsSRLive
251 views12 Folien
Branches of PhysicsBranches of Physics
Branches of PhysicsJerrimie Arrieta
182.7K views14 Folien
Modern PhysicsModern Physics
Modern PhysicsKeith Carson
14.4K views33 Folien

Was ist angesagt?(20)

Physics and Matter Physics and Matter
Physics and Matter
Liwayway Memije-Cruz2.6K views
Branches of physicsBranches of physics
Branches of physics
SRLive251 views
Branches of PhysicsBranches of Physics
Branches of Physics
Jerrimie Arrieta182.7K views
3. importance of physics3. importance of physics
3. importance of physics
Tarvesh Kumar18.9K views
Physics in-everyday-lifePhysics in-everyday-life
Physics in-everyday-life
vuongthanhtimeo8.4K views
Modern PhysicsModern Physics
Modern Physics
Keith Carson14.4K views
physics lecturephysics lecture
physics lecture
Jolie John Ej Cadag4.3K views
Physics Physics
Physics
Shahzaib nasir730 views
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Properties of Matter
Mike Bryant53.2K views
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Azmizi Abdullah1.3K views
1.1 understanding physics.ppt1.1 understanding physics.ppt
1.1 understanding physics.ppt
Arafeh Karimi7.6K views
Branches of PhysicsBranches of Physics
Branches of Physics
Jesus Obenita Jr.9.6K views
Physics 1Physics 1
Physics 1
Manulat2.1K views
Physics 2 (Modern Physics)Physics 2 (Modern Physics)
Physics 2 (Modern Physics)
Czarina Nedamo5.2K views
General theory of relativity General theory of relativity
General theory of relativity
jade carmena1.6K views
PhysicsPhysics
Physics
Tharun Alagenthiran7.5K views
Introduction to mechanicsIntroduction to mechanics
Introduction to mechanics
KhanSaif28.9K views
Atoms And  Subatomic ParticlesAtoms And  Subatomic Particles
Atoms And Subatomic Particles
tnewberry22.7K views
Origins of the atomic theoryOrigins of the atomic theory
Origins of the atomic theory
phspsquires2.2K views

Destacado(16)

CvCv
Cv
CallumWallace188 views
How to make_wudhu_ablutionHow to make_wudhu_ablution
How to make_wudhu_ablution
Ibrahim Al Darwesh507 views
Welcome to 8th grade science!ppWelcome to 8th grade science!pp
Welcome to 8th grade science!pp
ciarfellom620 views
1. introduction to physics1. introduction to physics
1. introduction to physics
Ellen Koh165 views
8th grade science8th grade science
8th grade science
carynp994 views
Heat and heat technologyHeat and heat technology
Heat and heat technology
knewton13141.1K views
All about ForcesAll about Forces
All about Forces
Liwayway Memije-Cruz854 views
MotionMotion
Motion
Liwayway Memije-Cruz471 views
IGCSE PHYSICS:MeasurementIGCSE PHYSICS:Measurement
IGCSE PHYSICS:Measurement
Rozzie Jhana CamQue20.7K views
Scalars and VectorsScalars and Vectors
Scalars and Vectors
Liwayway Memije-Cruz4.7K views
Quantities and unitQuantities and unit
Quantities and unit
masato2518.3K views
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Chapter 1
drsayers22.1K views
Speed,velocity,accelerationSpeed,velocity,acceleration
Speed,velocity,acceleration
Grover Cleveland Middle School83.8K views
Wudhu / AblutionWudhu / Ablution
Wudhu / Ablution
Faryal20004.7K views
Wudhu Wudhu
Wudhu
Biella Huda4.9K views

Similar a Chapter 1

Physics 9Physics 9
Physics 9Mehtab Rai
992 views208 Folien
PhysicsChpt1PhysicsChpt1
PhysicsChpt1attique1960
346 views17 Folien

Similar a Chapter 1(20)

Physics in Health ServicesPhysics in Health Services
Physics in Health Services
Angelique .171 views
Physics 9Physics 9
Physics 9
Mehtab Rai992 views
SCIENCE-Nat-Sci-Reviewer.docxSCIENCE-Nat-Sci-Reviewer.docx
SCIENCE-Nat-Sci-Reviewer.docx
isaganiabril16 views
Physical quantities and measurementPhysical quantities and measurement
Physical quantities and measurement
Zahra Saman3.3K views
SCIENCESCIENCE
SCIENCE
INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SONORA898 views
PhysicsChpt1PhysicsChpt1
PhysicsChpt1
attique1960346 views
PHYSICAL WORLD part 1PHYSICAL WORLD part 1
PHYSICAL WORLD part 1
Priyanka Jakhar705 views
Physics Notes First Year ClassPhysics Notes First Year Class
Physics Notes First Year Class
Ram Chand14.9K views
The nature of ecologyThe nature of ecology
The nature of ecology
Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology918 views
Chapter 1 S1: What is ScienceChapter 1 S1: What is Science
Chapter 1 S1: What is Science
Dwayne Squires6.2K views
Introduction to Science and ChemistryIntroduction to Science and Chemistry
Introduction to Science and Chemistry
hispanosporlacausa2.7K views
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Lisa Stack612 views
Physical world part 1Physical world part 1
Physical world part 1
Priyanka Jakhar3.7K views
1 measurement1 measurement
1 measurement
GODARAMANGERAM629 views
Phys nuclphys196pPhys nuclphys196p
Phys nuclphys196p
Juan Pablo Córdova Jiménez87 views
Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes
Unit 2 Notes
Bruce Coulter1.7K views
Activity.docxActivity.docx
Activity.docx
Jenny3001653 views

Chapter 1

  • 1. Module 1  Physics: A Basic Science
  • 2. 1.1 PHYSICS AND OTHER BRACHES OF SCIENCE
  • 3. It is a systematized body of knowledge that is based on facts gathered through observations, experiences and experiments in order to formulate a verifiable conclusion or law that serves as basis of technology for the benefit of man and his environment.
  • 4. It is a systematized body of knowledge that is based on facts gathered through observations, experiences and experiments in order to formulate a verifiable conclusion or law that serves as basis of technology for the benefit of man and his environment.
  • 5. It is a systematized body of knowledge that is based on facts gathered through observations, experiences and experiments in order to formulate a verifiable conclusion or law that serves as basis of technology for the benefit of man and his environment.
  • 6. It is the application of the theoretical sciences.
  • 8. It deals with the human behavior primarily in its social and cultural needs.
  • 9. It deals with the human behavior primarily in its social and cultural needs.
  • 10. It deals with the human behavior primarily in its social and cultural needs.
  • 12. It deals with the understanding and description of nature,
  • 13. It deals with the understanding and description of nature
  • 14. It deals with the understanding and description of nature,
  • 16. Biological Science It deals with the study of living things.
  • 20. Physical Science It deals with the study of non living things.
  • 22. 1.2 PHYSICS AND ITS BRANCHES WHAT IS Physics? This is the study of matter and energy and their relationship. Physicists believe that most everyday phenomena can, in one way or another, be explained through physics, as matter and energy are the basic constituents of the natural world. We may not be aware of it, but everything we see and don’t see is simply matter and the energy it possesses.
  • 23. This is also divided into two main branches – CLASSICAL PHYSICS and MODERN PHYSICS. CLASSICAL PHYSICS – refers to the traditional topics in physics that were recognized and developed before the beginning of the 20th century. MODERN PHYSICS – refers to concepts in physics that have surfaced since the beginning of the 20th century. This is mostly concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions(the very large or the very small)
  • 24. SUBBRANCHES OF PHYSICS • Classical Physics •Mechanics – the study of forces acting on bodies whether at rest or in motion. •Statics – on forces acting on bodies at rest. •Kinematics – on motion without regard to its cause. •Dynamics – on motion and the forces that affect it •Acoustics – the study of the production and propagation of sound waves. • Optics – the study of light. •Physical optics – on the production, nature and properties of light. •Physiological optics – on the part played by light in vision. •Geometrical optics – on the reflection and refraction of light as encountered in the study of mirrors and lenses. •Thermodynamics – the study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. •Electromagnetism – the study of the properties of electric current and magnetism, and their relationship. - Electrostatic - Electrodynamics - Magnetostatics
  • 25. •Modern Physics •Atomic and Nuclear Physics – the study of the components, structure, and behavior of the nucleus in the atom. •Quantum Physics – the study of the discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels. •Relativistic Physics – the study of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer. •Solid State Physics – the study of all properties of solid materials. •Condensed Matter Physics – the study of the properties of condensed materials with the ultimate goal of developing new materials with better properties. •Plasma Physics – the study of the fourth state of matter. •Low – Temperature Physics - the study of the production and maintenance of temperature down to almost absolute zero, and various phenomena that occurs only at such temperature.
  • 26. 1.3 PHYSICS IS MORE THAN JUST A NATURAL PHILOSOPHY Physics was separated from philosophy because of one important factor – it employed an approach known as scientific method. Scientific Method – is the application of a logical process reasoning to arrive at a certain law or principle that is consistent with experimental results. 1.4 PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY : PARTNERS FOR PROGRESS Physics, which attempts to understand nature and its laws, has become a very important field of human knowledge. It has helped us change both the physical and social dimension s of our environment through the development of technology in the form of new tools, or gadgets, new products and new processes.
  • 27. PHYSICS IS MORE THAN JUST A NATURAL PHILOSOPHY Physics was separated from philosophy because of scientific method. Module 2 one important factor – it employed an approach known as  Scientific Method – is the application of a logical process of  Nature’s Laws are reasoning to arrive at a certain law or principle that is consistent with experimental results. Mathematical and PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY: PARTNERS FOR PROGRESS Simple Physics, which attempts to understand nature and its laws, has become a very important field of human knowledge. It has helped us change both physical and social dimensions of our environment through development of technology in the form of gadgets, new products and new processes.
  • 28. 2.1 MATHEMATICS: AN ESSENTIAL TOOL Physics without mathematics is unthinkable. We will find out that the basic rules governing the behavior of nature are readily expressed in mathematical form throughout the study of physics. 2.1.1 Scientific Notation Physics involves concepts which are described by very large or very small quantities. Consider the following: Mass of the earth : 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg Mass of an electron: 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg
  • 29. These very huge and minute magnitudes will take up much space when written down and are difficult to use in calculations. To work with these quantities more easily, you can express them in a compact way of writing over a wide range of values known as scientific notation. In scientific notation, the numbers are represented by the product of a multiplying factor and a power of ten. In adding or subtracting numbers expressed in scientific notation, quantities must have the same exponents as well as units. If the powers of ten are not the same, they must be made the same. In multiplying numbers using scientific notation, the product of these must be the product of the base numbers and 10 raised to the sum of their exponents. In dividing numbers written in scientific notation, the quotient of these id the quotient of the base numbers and 10 raised to the difference of their exponents.
  • 30. 2.1.2 Significant Figures In studying physics, we will do a lot of measurements of physical quantities. When we record and report the numerical values of measurements, we must express them in a numerical form which is composed of digits that are known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit. These digits are known as significant digits or significant figures. In general, the number of significant figures of a numerical quantity is the number of reliably known digits it contains and is based on the precision of the instrument used in measuring the quantity. Rules in determining significant figures 1.Leading zeros are not significant, they simply locate the decimal point. Ex. 0.000143 has three significant figures. 2. Zeros between two nonzero digits are significant. Ex. 105.03 has five significant figures. 3. Trailing zeros are usually significant, but can be ambiguous. Ex. 100. has three significant figures. 1.00 has three significant figures. 100 is ambiguous.
  • 31. In multiplication or division of numbers using significant figures , the general rule is that the results are as precise as the least precise value, that is, the value with the fewest significant figures. In addition or subtraction, the precision of the result is no better than that of the least precise quantity being calculated. It means that the result occupies the same position relative to the decimal point as the position in the number whose last significant figure is the farthest to the left. 2.2 MEASUREMENT: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE Measurement are used to describe such quantities as length, weight, area, volume, and time. It is a quantitative description of a fundamental property or physical phenomenon. When we measure, we compare an unknown quantity with a certain standard called unit of measurement.
  • 32. 2.2.1 Standard Units of Measure This table shows the different quantities with their corresponding units. A. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
  • 33. B. DERIVED QUANTITIES → v → a
  • 34. 2.2.2 Conversion of Units Units in different system or even different units in the same system can express the same quantity. To avoid confusion, it is therefore necessary to convert the units of a quantity from one unit to another. Conversion of units can be done by multiplying the original unit by an appropriate conversion factor. Conversion factors are simply equivalence statements expressed in the form of ratios equal to 1. In converting units, we must take advantage of unit analysis. That is, choosing the appropriate form of conversion factor that will allow cancellation of unwanted units and thus give the answer in the desired unit.
  • 35. 2.2.3 Minute and Huge Measurement A better method of measuring small distances is by the use of the micrometer and the vernier caliper. Micrometer are used to make accurate measurements of the thickness of a sheet of paper and the external diameter of thin wires. Vernier caliper is used for measuring wither the internal or external diameters of tubes, pipes , rods, etc. The distance between the jaws of the caliper is read on a scale attached to the instrument. 2.2.4 Not All is Certain: The Limits of Measurement There is no such thing as a perfect measurement. Every measurement, whether made by a student or a professional scientist, contains a certain degree of uncertainty.
  • 36. Uncertainty in measurements can result from limitations in accuracy or precision. These limitations can be attributed to systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors are due to the limitations of the measuring instruments and the skill or carefulness of the experimenter. Random errors are caused by external factors beyond the control of the experimenter such as vibrations, noise, changes in atmospheric pressure and friction. Accuracy of measurement describes how well the results agree with an accepted value of the quantity being measured. Precision refers to the degree of exactness to which a measurement can be reproduced.
  • 37. 2.3 EQUATIONS; RELATIONSHIPS IN A CAPSULE On e of the most important and useful ideas in mathematics is the idea that two variables may be related to each other. This idea, known as proportion or variation, finds frequent applications in physical sciences. 2.3.1 Direct Proportion In direct proportionality, one quantity varies directly as the other quantity. In symbols, y = kx or k = y where k is the constant of variation. x 2.3.2 Inverse Proportion An inverse proportion is on wherein an increase in one quantity means a decrease in the other. In symbol, y = k or k = xy where k is the constant of variation. x
  • 38. 2.3.3 Direct Square proportion In some cases, we can see both quantities are increasing but one quantity increases faster than the other. This relationship is known as y direct square proportion. In symbols, y = kx 2 ork = 2 where k is the constant of variation. x 2.3.4 Inverse Square Proportion Another kind of relationship is where one quantity decreases faster as the other quantity increases. This is known as inverse square proportion. In symbol, y = k2 or k = x y where k is the 2 constant of variation. x 2.3.5 Manipulating Equations An unknown variable can be solved by manipulating equations.