The document discusses modal verbs in English. Modal verbs are special verbs that behave differently than regular verbs. Some key points about modal verbs include: 1) they do not take "-s" in the third person, 2) "not" is used to make them negative, and 3) many cannot be used in past or future tenses. Common modal verbs are defined and examples are provided for can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would. Their uses relate to ability, permission, possibility, necessity, advice, and more.

1. MODAL VERBS

2. What are Modal Verbs?
 Modal verbs are special verbs which
behave very differently from normal verbs.

3. Modal Verbs
Here are some important differences:
 1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third
person.
Examples:
He can speak Chinese.
She should be here by 9:00.

4. Modal Verbs
 2. You use "not" to make modal verbs
negative, even in Simple Present and
Simple Past.
Examples:
He should not be late.
They might not come to the
party.

5. Modal Verbs
 3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in
the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:
He will can go with us. Not Correct
She musted study very hard. Not
Correct

6. Common Modal Verbs
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Shall
Should
Will
Would

7. Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly
used modal verbs in English. It can be
used to express ability or opportunity, to
request or offer permission, and to
show possibility or impossibility.

8. Examples:
1. I can ride a horse. ability
2. We can stay with my brother when we
are in Paris. opportunity
3. She cannot stay out after 10 PM.
permission
4. Can you hand me the stapler? request
5. Any child can grow up to be president.
possibility

9. Can - general ability
I can speak Chinese.Present
Past I could speak Chinese when I
was a kid.
Future I will be able to speak
Chinese by the time I finish
my course.
- negative
form
can’t speak
Chinese.
couldn’t speak Chinese
when
I was a kid.
I won’t be able to speak
Chinese by the time I finish
my course.

10. Can - permission
I can drive Susan's car when
she is out of town.
Present
Past I was allowed to drive Susan's
car while she was out of town
last week.
Future I can drive Susan's car while
she is out of town next week.
I can't drive Susan's car when
she is out of town.
I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's
car while she was out of town last
week.
I can't drive Susan's car while
she is out of town next week.
- negative
form

11. can - request
Can I have a glass of water?Present
Past Can you give me a lift to
school?
Future Requests usually refer to the
near future.
Can't I have a glass of water?
Can't you give me a lift to
school?
- negative
form

12. Have To
"Have to" is used to express certainty,
necessity, and obligation.
Examples:
This answer has to be correct. certainty
The soup has to be stirred continuously
to prevent burning. necessity
They have to leave early. obligation

13. Have To - certainty
That has to be Jerry. They
said he was tall with bright
red hair.
Present
Past That has to have been the
right restaurant. There were no
other restaurants on the street.
Future None
That must not be Jerry. They
said he has blond hair, not red
hair.
That must not have been the
right restaurant. I guess there
was another one around there
somewhere.
- negative
form

14. have to - necessity
She has to read four books
for this literature class.
Present
Past She had to finish the first book
before the midterm.
Future She will have to finish the other
books before the final exam.
She doesn't have to read
"Grapes of Wrath." It's optional
reading for extra credit.
She didn't have to write a
critique of "The Scarlet Letter."
She had to give a presentation
to her class.
- negative
form
She won't have to take any
other literature classes. American
Literature 101 is the only
required course.

15. REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must
not"
"Do not have to" suggests that
someone is not required to do
something.
"Must not" suggests that you are
prohibited from doing something.
Examples:
You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is
not allowed.
You don't have to eat that. You can if
you want to, but it is not necessary.

16. Must
"Must" is most commonly used to
express certainty. It can also be used to
express necessity or strong
recommendation, although native
speakers prefer the more flexible form
"have to."
Examples:
You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is
not allowed.
You don't have to eat that. You can if

17. Must
 This must be the right address!
certainty
 Students must pass an entrance
examination to study at this school.
necessity
 You must take some medicine for that
cough. strong recommendation
 Jenny, you must not play in the street!
prohibition

18. must - certainty
That must be Jerry. They
said he was tall with bright
red hair.
Present
Past That must have been the right
restaurant. There are no other
restaurants on this street.
Future NO FUTURE FORM
That must not be Jerry. He is
supposed to have red hair.
That must not have been the
right restaurant. I guess there
is another one around here
somewhere.
- negative
form

19. must not - prohibition
You must not swim in that river.
It's full of crocodiles.
Present
Past You must not forget to take your
malaria medication while your are
in the tropics.
Future
- negative
form
Prohibition usually refer to the
near future.

20. must
strong recommendation
You must take some time off and
get some rest.
Present
Past You should have taken some time
off last week to get some rest.
Future
- negative
form
You should take some time off
next week to get some rest.
You mustn't drink so much. It's
not good for your health.
You shouldn't have drunk so
much. That caused the accident.
You shouldn't drink at the party.
You are going to be the designated
driver.

21. must - necessity
You must have a permit to enter
the national park.
Present
Past We had to have a permit to enter
the park.
Future
- negative
form
We must get a permit to enter
the park next week.
We don't have to get a permit to
enter the national park.
We didn't have to get a permit to
enter the national park.
We won't have to get a permit to
enter the national park.

22. Can
Ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be
able to)
- I can speak English.
Permission to do sth in the present (substitute form: to
be allowed to)
- Can I go to the cinema?
Request - Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer - I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Suggestion - Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
Possibility - It can get very hot in Arizona.

23. Could
- Ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be
able to)
I could speak English.
- Permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to
be allowed to)
I could go to the cinema.
- Polite question
Could I go to the cinema, please?
- Polite request
Could you wait a moment, please?

24. Could
- Polite offer
I could lend you my car till tomorrow. - Polite
suggestion
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
- Possibility
It could get very hot in Montana.

25. May
Possibility
It may rain today.
Permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to
be allowed to)
May I go to the cinema?
Polite suggestion
May I help you?
Might
Possibility (less possible than may)
It might rain today.
Hesitant offer
Might I help you?

26. Must
- force, necessity
I must go to the supermarket today.
- possibility
You must be tired.
- advice, recommendation
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

27. must not/may not
prohibition
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.
Need not
not necessary
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to
the restaurant tonight.

28. ought to
Use Examples advice
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation
You ought to switch off the light when you
leave the room.
Shall - instead of will in the 1st person
suggestion
Shall I carry your bag?.

29. should
advice
You should drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation
You should switch off the light when you leave
the room.

30. will
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than
would)
Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption –
I think it will rain on Friday.
promise - I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision - Can somebody drive me to
the station? - I will.
habits - She's strange, she'll sit for hours without
talking.

31. Would
- wish, request (more polite than will)
Would you shut the door, please?
- habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

32. Thank you