govt, engineering college ajmer seminar topic electrical engineering

1. i
A
Seminar report
On
SMART GRID-FUTURE ELECTRIC GRID
Submitted
In partial full fillment
For the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering
Supervisor: Submitted By:
Mr. AMIT TANEJA
Mr. DEV PRATAP MAHTO RAMESH KUMAWAT
Ms. SHIVANI DWIVEDI
(Assistant Professor)
GOVT. ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE, AJMER
Barliya circle, NH-08, Ajmer (Raj.) Rajasthan
Technical University
Session 2018-19

2. i
Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Seminar Report,
entitled “Smart Grid-Future Electric Grid” in partial fulfilment for the award of
Degree of “Bachelorof Technology” in Department of Electrical Engineering with
Specialization in Mr. DEV PRATAP MAHTO, and submitted to the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Govt. Engineering college, Ajmer, Rajasthan
Technical University is a record of my own investigations carried under the
Guidance of Mr. AMIT TANEJA, Mr. DEV PRATAP MAHTO, Ms. SHIVANI
AAjmer. I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the
award of any other Degree.
RAMESH KUMAWAT (15EEAEE036)
B.Tech VIII SEM.
(Electrical Engineering)
Mr. AMIT TANEJA
Mr.DEV PRATAP MAHTO
Ms. SHIVANI DWIVEDI
(Assistant Professor)

3. ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that RAMESH KUMAWAT of VIII Semester, B.Tech (Electrical
Engineering) 2015-2019, has presented a Seminar “Smart Grid-Future Electric
Grid” in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
under Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
Date: 14/03/2019
Ms. SHIVANI DWIVEDI
Seminar Co-ordinator
Mr. DEV PRATAP MAHTO
Supervisor
Dr. K.G.SHARMA
H.O.D
Mr. AMIT TANEJA,
Seminar Co-ordinator

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ACKNOWLEDGMENET
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those people who have been
directly and indirectly with me during the competition of this Seminar.
I pay thank to Mr. DEV PRATAP MAHTO who has given guidance and a light to
me during this Seminar. His versatile knowledge about “Smart grid-future
Electric Grid” has eased me in the critical times during the span of this Seminar
Report.
I acknowledge here out debt to those who contributed significantly to one or more
steps. Itake full responsibility forany remaining sins ofomission and commission.
RAMESH KUMAWAT
(15EEAEE036)
B.Tech VIII SEM.
(Electrical Engineering)

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ABSTRACT
Today's alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on Nikola
Tesla's design published in 1888 (see War of Currents). At that time, the
grid was conceived as a centralized unidirectional system of electric
power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control. In the
20th century power grids originated as local grids that grew over time, and were
eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the1960s, the
electric grids of developed countries had become very large, mature and highly
interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering
power to major load centres via high capacity power lines which were then
branched and divided to provide power to smaller industrial and domestic users
over the entire supply area. The topology of the 1960s grid was are sult of the
strong economies of scale of the current generation technology: large coal-, gas-
and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still found
to becost-effective, due to efficiency-boosting features that can be costeffectively
added only when the stations become very large.
A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and
acts on information about the behavior of all participants (suppliers and
consumers) in order to improve the efficiency, importance, reliability, economics,
and sustainability of electricity services

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Fig-Smart Grid Electricity Infrastructure

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Table of Contents
Candidate’s Declaration........................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATE........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENET.........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER:- 1...................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Historical development of the electricity grid.......................................................................... 1
1.2 Smart Grid ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Overview of smart grid .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Smart Grid And it’s Need.......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2.....................................................................................................................................5
THE SMART GRID: COMPONENTS ....................................................................................................5
2.1 Smart Grid ............................................................................................................................ 5
Definition................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Smart Grid Components ........................................................................................................5
2.2.1 IntelligentAppliances:.....................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Smart Power Meters: ......................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Smart Substations:.......................................................................................................... 7
2.2.4 Super Conducting Cables:................................................................................................ 7
2.2.5 Integrated communications:............................................................................................ 8
2.2.6 Phasor Measurement Units (PMU):................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................... 11
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID AND APPLICATIONS ..................................... 11
3.1 Benefits of Smart Grid ......................................................................................................... 11

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3.2 Disadvantages of Smart Grid................................................................................................ 11
3.2.1 Privacy Problems........................................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Grid Volatility................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Applications of Smart Grid................................................................................................ 12
3.4 IOT Based Electricity Energy Meter Reading Through Internet............................................... 13
CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................... 15
SMART GRID IN INDIA................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 India Towards Smart Grid..................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Challenges Smart Grid In India Faced.................................................................................... 17
4.2.1.Environmental Impact:-................................................................................................. 17
4.2.2 Cost:- ........................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.3 Theft Control:-.............................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Need For Smart Grid In India............................................................................................... 18
4.3.1 Current Smart Grid activities in India are: ....................................................................... 19
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 21

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Table of Figures
Fig-Smart Grid Electricity Infrastructure……………………………………..v
Fig 1.1-Smart Grid…………………………………………………………….3
Fig 1.2- Power System………………………………………………………...4
Fig 2.1 Smart Grid Components………………………………………………6
fig 2.2 Smart Substations………………………………………………………7
Fig 2.3 Super Conducting Cables……………………………………………...8
Fig 2.4 SCADA………………………………………………………………..8
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram Of Smart Energy Meter Iot-Based Energy Meter……13
Fig 4.1 - Logical Domains and important elements of the Smart Grid………..17
Fig 4.2: - All levels of future Indian market information grid………………19

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CHAPTER:- 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical development of the electricity grid
Today's alternating current power grid evolved after 1896, based in part on Nikola
Tesla's design published in 1888. At that time, the grid was conceived as a
centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity
distribution, and demand-driven control. In the 20th century power grids
originated as local grids that grew over time, and were eventually interconnected
for economic and reliability reasons. By the1960s, the electric grids of developed
countries had become very large, mature and highly interconnected, with
thousands of 'central' generation power stations delivering power to major load
centre via high capacity power lines which were then branched and divided to
provide power to smaller industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area.
The topology of the 1960s grid was are sult of the strong economies of scale of
the current generation technology: large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in
the 1 GW (1000 MW) to 3 GW scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to
efficiency-boosting features that can be cost effectively added only when the
stations become very large. Power stations were located strategically to be close
to fossil fuel reserves(either the mines or wells themselves, or else close to rail,
road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in mountain areas also
strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were
sited for availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil-fired power stations were
initially very polluting and were sited as far as economically possible from
population centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it. By the late

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1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population
of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining 'off-grid'
1.2 Smart Grid
Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of
IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the
electric power network has not developed remarkably in terms of creating
innovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the
electric power network and being almost
as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions among various
industries. Smart grid is a system that enables two-way communications in
between consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid system
consumer‘s information is received by the electric power companies in order to
provide the most efficient electric network operations. In addition to the efficient
operations of a power plant, smart grids also make it possible to control power
demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies. By installing an
intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially households,
monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions.
A smart grid delivers electricity from supplier to consumers using two- way
digital technology to control appliances at consumers‘ homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels from
the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the

12. 3
power distribution grid. Sucha modernized electricity networks is being promoted
by many governments as a way of addressing energy independences, global
warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters may be part of smart grid,
but alone do not constitute a smart grid.
1.3 Overview of smart grid
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of
allelectricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductiv
e transmission lines forless power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating
renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the
user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances suchas washing
machines orfactory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could
turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.
Fig1.1-Smart Grid

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1.4 Smart Grid And it’s Need
Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about
our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a
complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but
fewer fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure
distribution with less maintenance, effective new construction and efficient
disaster reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen drastically, its
transmission is outdated and stressed. Thebottomline is that we are exacting more
from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
Fig1.2- Power System

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CHAPTER 2
THE SMART GRID: COMPONENTS
2.1 Smart Grid
Definition
The Smart Grid is the modernization of the electricity delivery system. A smart
grid differs from the traditional grid in that it allows two-way communication
of electricity data, rather than a one way flow. Smart grids enable real time data
collection concerning electricity supply and demand during the transmission and
distribution process, making monitoring, generation, consumption and
maintenance more efficient.
Most electricity grids are based on one-way interaction from the stages of
generation to consumption. Smart grids, on the other hand, integrate the action of
all users in the power network using computer-based remote control and
automation. This two-way interaction is what makes the grid “smart". Like the
internet, the Smart Grid consists of controls, computers, automation,
telecommunication and equipment that work together, but in this case, these
technologies work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly
changing electric demand
2.2 Smart Grid Components
To achieve a modernized smart grid, a wide range of technologies should be
developed and must be implemented. These technologies generally grouped into
following key technology areas as discussed below.

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2.2.1 Intelligent Appliances:
Intelligent appliances have capable of deciding when to consume energy based on
customer pre-set preferences. This can lead to going away along toward reducing
peak loads which have an impact on electricity generation costs. For example,
smart sensors, like temperature sensorwhich is used in thermal stations to control
the boiler temperature based on predefined temperature levels.
2.2.2 Smart Power Meters:
The smart meters provide two-way communication between power providers and
the end user consumers to automate billing data collections, detect device failures
and dispatch repair crews to the exact location much faster.
Fig 2.1 Smart Grid Components

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2.2.3 Smart Substations:
substations are included monitoring and control non-critical and critical
operational data suchas powerstatus, power factor performance, breaker, security,
transformer status, etc. substations are used to transform voltage at several times
in many locations, that providing safe and reliable delivery of energy. Smart
substations are also necessary for splitting the path of electricity flow into many
directions. Substations require large and very expensive equipment to operate,
including transformers, switches, capacitor banks, circuit breakers, a network
protected relays and several others.
fig 2.2 Smart Substations
2.2.4 Super Conducting Cables:
These are used to provide long distance power transmission, and automated
monitoring and analysis tools capable of detecting faults itself or even predicting
cable and failures based on real-time data weather, and the outage history.

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Fig 2.3 Super Conducting Cables
2.2.5 Integrated communications:
The key to a smart grid technology is integrated communications. It must be as
fast as enough to real-time needs of the system. Depending upon the need, Many
different technologies are used in smart grid communication like Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), wireless, cellular, SCADA (Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition), and BPL. Key Considerations for Integrated Communication.
Fig 2.4 SCADA
Key Considerations for Integrated Communication

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 Ease of deployment
 Latency
 Standards
 Data carrying capacity
 Secure
 Network coverage capability
Table 2.1 Key Considerations for Integrated Communication

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2.2.6 Phasor Measurement Units (PMU):
This is used to measure the electrical waves on an electricity grid using a common
time sourcefor synchronization. The time synchronizer allows synchronized real-
time measurements of multiple remote measurement points on the grid.

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CHAPTER 3
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID
AND APPLICATIONS
3.1 Benefits of Smart Grid
 Integrate isolated technologies: smart grid enables better energy
management
 Protective management of electrical network during emergency situation
 Better demand, supply/ demand response
 Better power quality
 Reduce carbonemissions
 Increased demand for energy: Requires more complex and critical
solutions with better energy management
 Renewables Integration
3.2 Disadvantages of Smart Grid
3.2.1 Privacy Problems
The biggest concern is Security in a smart grid system. Grid system uses some
smart meters, which are automated and provides communication between power
provider and customer. Here some type of the smart meters can be easily hacked
and they may control the power supply of a single building or an entire
neighborhood.

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3.2.2 Grid Volatility
Smart Grid network has much intelligence at its edges; that is, at the entry point
and at the end user’s meter. But the grid has insufficient intelligence in the middle,
governing the switching functions. This lack of integrated development makes the
grid a volatile network. Engineering resources have been poured into power
generation and consumer energy consumption, which are the edges ofthe network.
However, if too many nodes are added to the network before developing the
software intelligence to control it, the conditions will lead to a volatile smart grid
3.3 Applications of Smart Grid
Smart grid plays an important role in modern smart technologies. Following are
the most common applications of smart grid technology.
Future Applications and Services Real Time Market
Business and customer care
Application data flow to/ from end-user energy
management systems
Smart charging of PHEVs and V2G Application data flow for PHEVs
Distributed generation and storage Monitoring of distributed assets
Grid optimization
Self-healing grid: fault protection, outage
management, dynamic control of voltage, weather
data integration, centralized capacitor bank control,
distribution and substation automation, advanced
sensing, automated feeder reconfiguration.
Demand response Advanced demand maintenance and demand
response, load forecasting, and shifting.
AMI (Advanced metering infrastructure)
Provides remote meter reading, theft detection,
customer prepay, mobile workforce management

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3.4 IOT Based Electricity Energy Meter Reading Through Internet
The main objective of this project is to develop an IOT (internet of things) based
energy meter reading displayed for units consumed and costforconsumption, over
the internet in the chart and gauge format. In this project, we had taken a digital
energy meter whose blinking LED signal is interfaced to a microcontroller of 8051
families through an LDR. Per 1 unit, The blinking LED flashes 3200 times. The
LDR sensorgives an interrupt to the programmed microcontroller, at each time of
the meter LED flashes.
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram Of Smart Energy Meter Iot-Based Energy Meter
The microcontroller takes this reading and displays it on an LCD duly interfaced
to the microcontroller. This reading of the energy meter is also sent to a
GSM modem being fed bythe microcontroller via level shifter IC and RS232 link.
A SIM used in the modem being internet enabled transmits the data directly to a

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dedicated web page for display or to the customer mobile phone, anywhere in the
world in multi-level graphical format.

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CHAPTER 4
SMART GRID IN INDIA
4.1 India Towards Smart Grid
A "smart grid" is a concept for transforming a power grid, with the modern
communication, automated checks and other forms of information technology. It
integrates new, innovative tools and technologies of generation, transmission and
distribution to home appliances and equipment. The urgency for Smart Grids in
India arises from the challenges that the industry is currently in front. India
operates the third largest transmission and distribution network in the world, still
faces a number of challenges, such as: inadequate access to electricity supply
shortages (peak and energy), high network losses, poorquality and reliability and
rampant theft. The development towards Smart Grid would address these issues
and to transform the existing network in an efficient, reliable, safe and less
restricted grid that would help, access to electricity for all. Smart Grid integrated
energy infrastructure, processes, devices, information and markets a coordinated
and collaborative process that generates energy, distributed and can be used
effectively and efficiently. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to
consumers using two-way digital technology to control appliances at consumers
homes to save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability and transparency. It
overlays the electricity distribution grid with an information and net metering
system. Power travels from the power plant to your house through an amazing
system called the power grid. As a modernized electricity network is being
promoted by many governments, including the Government of India as a way of

25. 16
addressing energy independence were, global warming and emergency resilience
issues. Demand Side Management (DSM) is essential for an optimized and
efficient use of electricity. Given limited resources, the main problem DSM is in
the Indian system, where the demand is the identifies of the available generation,
leading to reductions inevitably invite. DSM is the implementation of measures
that effectively electricity to help the customers by using their peak load pattern.
DSM can be achieved by:
1. Development and promotion of energy efficient technologies.
2. Improving the efficiency of various end use through increased energy utility
correction leaks, system conversion. losses, etc.
3. Demand management through the introduction of softoptions like higher prices
during peakperiods, at preferential rates during off-peak seasonrates, interruptible
tariffs, etc.
Advent of smart grid are performed for Indian markets for future;
1. Data management system that includes data standards and data
management.
2. Secure Communications and standard protocols.
3. Retail player rising priorities and introduction to the services on the
basis of network quality.

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Fig4.1 - Logical Domains and important elements of the Smart Grid
There are severalcompanies who take the initiatives for smart grid in India:
a).Crompton Greaves smart grid initiatives.
b).North Delhi Power Limited (NDPL) Smart Grid initiatives.
c).Bangalore Electricity Supply Company.
4.2 Challenges Smart Grid In India Faced
4.2.1.Environmental Impact:-
Smart Grid development in a very fast pace becauseof the wide interest of politics
and utilities in reducing the adverse impact that happens the energy consumption
on the environment. Since the maximum generation today in greenhouse gas

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emissions, smart grids reduces the results of air pollution and plays a significant
role in the fight against global climate change issue.
4.2.2 Cost:-
The ability to bypass the cost of the plant and network expansion is a great
advantage, both the utilities and customers and smart grids will not reduce fund
expansion, of course; therefore invested heavily to set up a connection between
the customer and the smart grid required. Energy efficiency would be the second
priority in order to save the costs in terms of customer.
4.2.3 Theft Control:-
This is not a problem in developed countries such as USA, but in developing
countries like India, where people a glimpse of the grid and higher poverty rate,
the electricity theft is quite common. With the development of smart grid
electricity theft can be controlled to a greater extent, thereby improving the
efficiency ofour distribution system. So Grids to create higher quality and reliable
power supply, and it will be less power outages.
4.3 Need For Smart Grid In India
According to the Ministry of Energy, the transmission and distribution losses in
India among the highest in the world, averaging 26 percent of total electricity
production, and as high as 62 percent in some states. These losses do not include
non-technical losses such as theft etc.; If these losses are present, the average loss
of 50 percent. Some of the technical deficiencies in the Indian power grid are - it
is a poorly planned distribution network, there is an overload of the system
components, it is the lack of reactive power supportand regulation services. India
is rapidly venturing into renewable energy (RE) resources suchas wind and solar.

28. 19
The government will also provideincentives for solar powergeneration in the form
of subsidies for various solar applications. A gap of renewable raw materials is
that their supply may be interrupted, ie the offer may only during a certain time of
the day, these conditions can not be controlled be harnessed. For this reason, it is
necessary to have a grid that is very adaptable (in terms of supply and demand) to
have. Therefore, the opportunities for the development of smart grids in India are
immense, like a good power supply is one of the most important infrastructure
requirements to support the overall development.
4.3.1 Current Smart Grid activities in India are:
1.DRUM India - Distribution Reform upgrade management.
2. Four pilot sites (North Delhi, Bangalore, Gujarat, Maharashtra).
3. Smart Grid Vision for India.
4. Smart Grid Task Force - headed by Sam Pitroda.
5. Project BESCOM- Bangalore- integration of renewable and decentralized
energy sources in power grid.
Fig4.2: - All levels of future Indian market information grid

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CONCLUSION
With the growing world population and thus increasing demand and the need for
resource-depleting intelligent and efficient in our energy
consumption has to have become an imperative. Implementation of the smart grid
concept would go a long way in solving many of today's energy issues and
problems. The entire network needs to be improved to meet the requirements, ie
transmission and distribution level requirements. Research continue to find to
make all the desired properties possiblethe optimal solution and new technologies.
Through the use of smart grid technology, energy can be used up to and would not
be wasted. This technology also helps to save the earth from global warming. It
refers to the modernized version of the earlier traditional methods of energy
supply. Smart meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and so would make the Smart
Grid. As the new technologies would be invented and strengthened existing ones
to the desired specifications meet the Smart Grid would be reality and change the
whole pattern of energy in the world.

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31. 22
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