1. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system is a computersystem with a dedicated function within a
larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.t is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is
designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded
systems control many devices in common use today.
Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or
digital signal processors (DSP).A processor is an important unit in the embedded
system hardware. It is the heart of the embedded system. Embedded systems are
widespread in consumer, cooking, industrial, commercial and military applications.
Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from
telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer
networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data. Embedded
systems are used in transportation, fire safety, safety and security, medical applications
and life critical systems as these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be
more reliable. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have greater ability to
handle higher temperatures
1.2COMMON FEATURES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task, unlike general-purpose
computers .It does not look like a computer - there may not be a full monitor or
a keyboard
Many embedded systems must be able to do things in real-time - in a short
amount of time (almost instantly from a human view).
Many embedded systems must be very safe and reliable, especially for medical
devices or avionicscontrolling airplanes.
Starts very quickly. People don't want to wait a minute or two for their car to

2. 2
start or emergency equipment to start.
It uses a special operating system (or sometimes a very small home-made OS)
that helps meet these requirements called a real-time operating system, or
RTOS.
1.3 APPLICATION AREAS
The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as there as these
systems are used in very market segment
consumer electronics
office automation
industrial automation
biomedical engineering
wireless communication
data communication
telecommunication
transportation
Military etc.

3. 3
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A literature survey is an evaluative report of information found in the literature
related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarize,
evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the research
and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research. Works which are
irrelevant should be discarded and those which are peripheral should be looked at
critically.
A literature review is more than the search for information, and goes beyond
being a descriptiveannotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be
read, evaluated and analyzed (which you would do for an annotated bibliography), but
relationships between the literature must also be identified and articulated, in relation
to your field of research.
2.1 History
It‟s generally said that the roots of radio frequency identification technology
can be traced back to World War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British
were all using radarwhich had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir
Robert Alexander Watson-Wattto warn of approaching planes while they were still
miles away. The problem was there was no way to identify which planes belonged to
the enemy and which were a country‟s own pilots returning from a mission.
The Germans discovered that if pilots rolled their planes as they returned to
base, it would change the radio signal reflected back. This crude method alerted the
radar crew on the ground that these were German planes and not allied aircraft (this is,
essentially, the first passive RFID system).
Under Watson-Watt, who headed a secret project, the British developed the
first active identify friend or foe (IFF) system. They put a transmitter on each British
plane. When it received signals from radar stations on the ground, it began
broadcasting a signal back that identified the aircraft as friendly. RFID works on this
same basic concept. A signal is sent to a transponder, which wakes up and either
reflects back a signal (passive system) or broadcasts a signal(active system).

4. 4
2.2 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES
Short Message Service (SMS) is a text messaging service component of phone,
Web, or mobile communication systems. It uses standardized communications
protocols to allow fixe line or mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages.
SMS was the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion
active users, or about 80% of all mobile phone subscribers at the end of 2010. The
term "SMS" is used for both the user activity and all types of short text messaging in
many parts of the world. SMS is also employed in direct marketing, known as SMS
marketing.
SMS as used on modern handsets originated from radio telegraphy in radio
memo pagers using standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1985 as part
of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) series of standards as a
means of sending messages of up to 160 characters to and from GSM mobile
handsets.[
Though most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, support
for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as ANSI
CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and landlinenetworks.
2.3 PROCESS OF SMS
The Short Message Service is realized by the use of the Mobile Application
Part (MAP) of the SS#7 protocol, with Short Message protocol elements being
transported across the network as fields within the MAP messages. These MAP
messages may be transported using 'traditional' TDM based signaling, or over IP
using SIGTRAN and an appropriate adaptation layer. The Short Message
protocol itself is defined by 3GPP TS 23.040 for the Short Message Service Point to
Point (SMS-PP), and 3GPP TS 23.041 for the Cell Broadcast Service (CBS).
Four MAP procedures are defined for the control of the Short Message Service:
Mobile Originated (MO) short message service transfer.
Mobile Terminated (MT) short message service transfer.
Short message alert procedure.
Short message waiting data set procedure.

5. 5
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
Radio Frequency Identification has existed since the 1970s but has only
recently gained popularity for its uses. It was first implemented to help the owners of
livestock keep track of their animal (Bonsor, Keener, &Fenlon, n.d.). Presently, RFID
systems have developed to the point where they have hundreds of uses, ranging from
tracking luggage at an airport to detailing a patient‟s medical history in a hospital.
2.4.1 Advantages of RFID Technology
The tag does not need to be in line of sight with the receiver to be read
(compareto a barcode and its optical scanner)
RFID tags can store a lot of information, and follow instructions
Has the ability to pinpoint location
Technology is versatile: can be smaller than a thumb tack or can be the size of
a tablet, depending on its use
2.4.2 Disadvantages of RFID Technology
Active RFID can be expensive because of batteries
There still needs to be regulations about RFID guidelines
There is a privacy concern towards RFID devices, for example some claim that
Wal-Martis infringing on natural rights by overseeing what customers buy
RFID may be easily intercepted, even if it is Encrypted
It takes a lengthy time to program RFID devices
2.5 Conclusion
The billion dollar industry that RFID has evolved into has done great good for
a lot of different fields. RFID has given doctors the ability for quick access to patients
records, the assurance of accounted merchandise for small business and large alike,
and the government the ability to conduct taxes for tolls in this technological day and
age. But with as many benefits as it has, Radio Frequency Identification's

6. 6
overwhelming credibility is balanced out by the criticism against it. Though RFID
allows for the allocation and distribution of sensitive information, if that information is
compromised, the effects could be devastating. For there to be order in the realm of
RFID, legislation and guidelines need to be set up and enforced to ensure the integrity
and confidence of the data being communicated, which will in turn help Radio
Frequency Identifications emerge as more secure and advanced.
2.6 Summary
This chapter is about literature review on how we review and reveal the
information based on internet, books, articles, and from news papers. Study has been
made from the researches and the inventor before can start our goal.

7. 7
CHAPTER 3
PROJECT MODULES
The “RFID based Traffic control system by using GSM” is implemented by
using various modules given below.
 RFID Technology
 Micro Controller
 Power supply
 GSM Modem
 LED Indicators
 Buzzer
3.1 RFID TECHNOLOGY
RFID technology consists of the necessary three components: Tag, Reader and
the Coordinator. Radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use
of radio frequency electromagnetic field to transfer data, for the purposes of
automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain
electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by and read at short ranges
(a few meters) via magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction), and then act as a
passive transponder to emit microwaves or UHF radiowaves. Others use a local power
source such as a battery, and may operate at hundreds of meters. Unlike a bar code, the
tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader, and may be
embedded in the tracked object.
One important feature enabling RFID for tracking objects is its capability to
provide unique identification. One possible approach to item identification is the EPC
(Electronic Product Code), pro-viding a standardized number in the EPCglobal
Network, with an Object Name Service (ONS) pro-viding the adequate Internet
addresses to access or update instance -specific data. However, currently, ONS cannot
be used in a global environment, and since it is a proprietary service, its use is
relatively expensive, especially for participants with limited resources such as SMEs.
As an alter-native, researchers from the Helsinki University have proposed the
notation ID@URI, where ID stands for an identity code, and URI stands for a
corresponding Internet address. This allows several partners to use the system and still

8. 8
guarantee unique identification. The project „Identity -Based Tracking and Web-
Services for SMEs‟ is currently working on further development of this concept.
3.1.1TYPES OF TAGS AND READERS
RFID tags and readers can be grouped under a number of categories. Their
classification is presented in Table 1
Table 3.1: Types of RFID tags

9. 9
Classification of readers
By design and technology used
Read - only reads data from the tag
- usually a micro-controller-based unit with a wound
output coil,
peak detector hardware, comparators, and firmware
designed to
transmit energy to a tag and read information back from
it by de-
testing the backscatter modulation
- different types for different protocols, frequencies and
standards
Exist
Read/write - reads and writes data from/on the tag
By fixation of the device
Stationary
The device is attached in a fixed way, for example at the
entrance
gate, respectively at the exit gate of products
Mobile In this case the reader is a handy, movable device.
Table 3.2:Classification of RFID tags and
readers
3.1.2RFID systems
RFID systems are closely related to the smart cards described above. Like
smart card systems, data is stored on an electronic data-carrying device the
transponder. However, unlike the smart card, the power supply to the data-carrying
device and the data exchange between the data-carrying device and the reader are
achieved without the use of galvanic contacts, using instead magnetic or
electromagnetic fields. The underlying technical procedure is drawn from the fields of
radio and radar engineering. The abbreviation RFID stands for radio frequency
identification, i.e. information carried by radio waves. Due to the numerous
advantages of RFID systems compared with other identification systems, RFID
systems are now beginning to conquer new mass markets.

10. 10
Description of RFID Systems
In a nutshell, RFID involves detecting and identifying a tagged object through
the data it transmits. This requires a tag (a.k.a. transponder), a reader (a.k.a.
interrogator) and antennae (a.k.a. coupling devices) located at each end of the system.
The reader is typically connected to a host computer or other device that has the
necessary intelligence to further process the tag data and take action. The host
computer is often a part of a larger network of computers in a business enterprise and,
in some cases, is connected to the Internet.
One key element of operation in RFID is data transfer. It occurs with the
connection between a tag and a reader, also known as coupling, through the antennae
on either end.
The coupling in most RFID systems is either electromagnetic (backscatter) or
magnetic (inductive). The method used in a particular implementation depends on the
application requirements, such as the cost, size, speed, and read range and accuracy.
For example, inductively coupled RFID systems typically have a short range,
measured in inches. These types of systems are used mostly in applications, such as
access control, where short range is advantageous. In this case a tag only unlocks an
RFID-enabled door lock when it is moved within close range of the reader, not when
people who may be carrying a tag in their wallet or purse are walking past the reader
in a hallway in front of the door.

11. 11
The element that enables the tag and reader communication is the antenna. The
tag and the reader each have its own antenna.
Another important element in an RFID system is the frequency of operation
between the tag and the reader. Specific frequency selection is driven by application
requirements such as speed, accuracy, and environmental conditions, with standards
and regulations that govern specific applications. For example, RFID applications for
animal tagging have been operating in the 135 kHz frequency band, based on
longstanding regulations and accepted standards.
Although hardware components are responsible for identifying and capturing
data, software components of an RFID application are responsible for managing and
manipulating the data transmitted between the tag and the reader and between the
reader and the host computer.
FIG 3.1 Working of RFID tags
3.1.3Public Transport
Public transportis one of the applications where the greatest potential exists for
the use of RFID systems
3.1.4Benefits of RFID systems
The replacement of conventional paper tickets by a modern electronic fare
management system based on contactless smart cards provides a multitude of benefits
to all those involved. Although the purchase costs of a contactless smart card system
are still higher than those of a conventional system, the investment should repay itself

12. 12
within a short period. The superiority of contactless systems is demonstrated by the
following benefits for users and operators of public transport companies.
3.1.5Benefits for passengers
• Cash is no longer necessary, contactless smart cards can be loaded with large
amounts of money, passengers no longer need to carry the correct change.
• Prepaid contactless smart cards remain valid even if fares are changed.
• The passenger no longer needs to know the precise fare; the system
automatically deducts the correct fare from the card.
• Monthly tickets can begin on any day of the month. The period of validity
begins after the first deduction from the contactless card.

13. 13
3.2AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer
with 4 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).
The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51Ô instruction set and
pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful
microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many
embedded control applications. In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8 bit
microcontroller called 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of
chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports all on a single chip. At the time
it was also referred as “A SYSTEM ON A CHIP”
3.2.1FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER
 22 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer
 Power-off Flag
 Fast Programming Time
 Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

14. 14
Fig 3.2 Schematic of Microcontroller

15. 15
3.9 PIN CONFIGURATION
Figure 3.3: pin configuration of AT89S52 microcontroller
3.2.2Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.

16. 16
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1sare written to port 0 pins,the pins can be used as
high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode,
P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming
and outputs the code bytes during program verification.
External pull ups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups.The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2
external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins

17. 17
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups.
Port 2 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown
in the following table. Port 2 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to
disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature
is enabled.ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching

18. 18
the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during
each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by
setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a
MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped
during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched
on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

19. 19
3.2.3MEMORY ORGANIZATION
The 89C52 micro controller has separate address for program memory and
data memory. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the data
memory to be accessed by 8-bit address, which can be quickly stored and manipulated
by an 8-bit CPU. Nevertheless, 16-bit data memory address can also be generated
through the DPTR register. Program memory (ROM, EPROM) can only be read, not
written to. There can be up to 64k bytes if program memory the lowest 4k bytes of
program are on chip. In the ROM less versions, all program memory is external. The
read strobe for external program is the PSEN (program store enable). Data memory
(RAM) occupies a separate address space from program memory the lowest 128 bytes
of data memory are on chip. Up to 64 bytes of external RAM can be addressed in the
external data memory space. In the ROM less version, the lowest 128bytes of data
memory are on chip. The CPU generates read and write signals, RD and WR, as
needed during external data memory access.
External program memory may be combined if desired by applying the RD and
PSEN signals to the inputs of an AND gate and using the output of the gate as the read
strobe to the external program/data memory.
3.2.4DATA MEMORY

20. 20
3.2.5PROGRAM MEMORY
FIG 3.4 Program Memory
The 128 byte of RAM are divided into 2 segments
a). Register banks 0 – 2 (00 – 1FH)
b). Bit addressable area (20H – 2FH)
c). Scratch pad area (20H – 7FH)
If the SP is initialized to this area enough bytes should be left aside to prevent SP data
destruction.
3.2.6SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS:
A & B REGISTERS:

21. 21
They are used during math and logically operations. The register A is also used
for all data transfers between the micro controller and memory. The B register is used
during multiplication and divided operations. For other instructions it can be treated as
another scratch pad register.
PSW (PROGRAM STATUS WORD):
It contains math flags; user flags F0 and register select bits RS1 and RS0 to
determine the working register bank.
STACK AND STACK POINTER:
Stack is used to hold and retrieve data quickly. The 8 – bit SP is incremented
before data is stored during PUSH and CALL executions. While the stack may reside
any where in on-chip RAM, the SP is initialized to 07H after the stack to begin at
manipulated as a 16 – bit register or as two independent 8 – bit registers.
PC (PROGRAM COUNTER):
It addresses the memory locations that program instructions are to be fetched.
It is the only register that does not have any internal address.
FLAGS:
They are 1–bit register provided to store the results of certain program
instructions. Other instructions can test the conditions of the flags and make the
decisions accordingly. To conveniently address, they are grouped inside the PSW and
PCON.The micro controller has 4 main flags: carry(c), auxiliary carry (AC), over flow
(OV), parity (P) and 2 general-purpose flagsF0, GF0 and GF1.
PORTS:

22. 22
All ports are bi-directional; each consists of a latch, an output driver and an
input buffer. P0, P1, P2 and P2 are the SFR latches ports 0, 1, 2 and 2 respectively.
The main functions of each port are mentioned below.
Port0: input/output bus port, address output port and data input/output port.
Port1: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port.
Port2: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port and address output port.
Port2: Quasi-bi-directional input/output port and control input/output pin.
SBUF (SERIAL BUFFER)
The microcontroller has serial transmission circuit that uses SBUF register to
hold data. It is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive buffer
register. When data is moved to SBUF, it goes to transmit buffer, where it is held for
serial transmission and when it is moved from SBUF, it comes from the receive
buffer.
TIMER REGISTER
Register pairs (TH0, TL1), (TH1, TL1) are the 16-bit counter registers for
timer/counters 0 and 1.
CONTROL REGISTERS
SFR‟s, IP, TMOD, SCON, and PCON contain control and status bits for the
interrupt system, Timers/counters and the serial port.
OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK CIRCUIT
This circuit generates the clock pulses by which all internal operations are
synchronized. For the microcontroller to yield standard baud rates, the crystal
frequency is chosen as 11.059MHz.
RESET

23. 23
The reset switch is the RST pin of the microcontroller, which is the input to a
Schmitt trigger. It is accomplished by holding the RST pin HIGH for at least two
machine cycles while the oscillator frequency is running the CPU responds by
generating an internal reset.
TIMERS/COUNTERS
A micro controller has two 16- bit Timer/Counter register T0 and T1
configured to operate either as timers or event counters. There are no restrictions on
the duty cycle of the external input signal, but it should be for at least one full machine
to ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes. Timers 0 and 1
have four operating modes: 12-bit mode, 16 – bit mode, 8 – bit auto-reload mode.
Control bits C/t in TMOD SFR select the timer or counter function.
MODE 0
Both timers in MODE0 are counters with a divide – by – 22 pre-scalar. The
timer register is configured as a 12 – bit register with all 8 bits of TH1 and the lower
5-bit of TL1.The upper 2 bits of TL1 are in determinate and should be ignored. Setting
the run flags (TR1) doesn‟t clear the register or the registers.
MODE 1
Mode 1 is same as mode 0, except that the timer register is run with all 16
bits. The clock is applied to the combined high and low timer registers. An overflow
occurs on the overflow flag. The timer continues to count.
MODE 2
This mode configures the timer register as an 8 – bit counter (TL1/0) with
automatic reload. Overflow from TL1/0 not only sets TF1/0, but also reloads TL1/0
with the contents of TH1/0, which is preset by software. The reload leaves unchanged.
MODE 3

24. 24
Mode 3 is used for application that requires an extra 8 – bit timer or counter.
Timer 1 in mode 3 simply holds its count. The effect is same as setting TR0. Timer 0
its mode 3 establishes TL0 and TL1 as two separate counters. TL0 uses the timer0
control bits C/T, GATE, TR0, INT0 and TF0. TH0 is locked into a timer function and
over the use of TR1 and TR2 from timer 1. Thus TH0 controls the timer 1 interrupts.
INTERRUPTS
The micro controller provides 6 interrupt sources, 2 external interrupts, 2 timer
interrupts and a serial port interrupt and a reset. The external interrupts (INT0 &
INT1) can each be either level activated or transition activated depending on bits IT0
and IT1 in register TCON. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are IE0 &
IE1 bits in TCON.
TF0 and TF1 generate the timer 0 & 1 interrupts, which are set by a roll over in
their respective timer/counter registers. When a timer interrupt is generated the on-
chip hardware clears the flag that generated it when the service routine is vectored to.
The serial port interrupt is generated by logical OR of R1 & T1. Neither of these flags
is cleared by hardware when service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine
itself determines whether R1 & T1 generated the interrupt, and the bit is cleared in the
software.
Upon reset, all interrupts are disabled, meaning that none will be responded to
by the micro controller if they are activated. The interrupts must be enabled by
software in order for the micro controller to respond to them.
SERIAL INTERFACE
The serial port is full duplex, i.e. it can transmit and receive simultaneously. It
is also receive buffered which implies it can begin receiving a second byte before a
previously byte has been read from the receive register. The serial port receives and
transmits register and reading SBUF accesses a physically separate receive register.
This serial interface had four modes of operation:

25. 25
MODE 0:
In this mode of operation the serial data enters and exists through RXD.TXD
outputs the shift clock. Eight data bits are transmitted/ received, with the LSB first, the
baud rate is fixed at 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. Reception is initialized by the
condition RI-0 and REN=1.
MODE 1:
IN this mode 10 bits (a start bit 0, 8 data bits with LSB first and a stop bit are
transmitted through TXD port received through RXD. At the receiving end the stop
bits goes into RB8 in the SFR SCON. The baud rate is variable.
MODE 2:
In the 2, 16 bits (a start bit 0, 8 data bits (LSDB first), a programmable 9th data
bit and a stop bit) are transmitted through TXD or received through RXD. The baud
rate is programmable to either 1/22 or 1/64 of the oscillator frequency
MODE 3:
The function of mode 2 is same as mode 2 except that the baud rate is variable.
Reception is initialized by the incoming start bit if REN=1.
BAUDRATE CALCULATIONS
 Baud rate in mode 0 is fixed.
 Mode 0 baud rate=oscillator frequency/12
 (1 machine cycle=12 clock. cycles)
 The baud rate in mode 2 depends on the value of SMOD bit in PCON
Register.
 SMOD=0, baud rate= (1/64) x oscillator frequency.
 SMOD=1baud rate= (1/22) oscillator frequency.
 I.e. mode 2 baud rate= [2(POW) SMOD/64)] x oscillator frequency.

26. 26
 In the modes 1 and 2, timer 1 over flow rate and the value of SMOD
determines the baud rate. Baud rate of mode 1 and 2 = [(2(POW) SMOD/22)]
x timer 1 over flow rate.
 The timer 1 interrupt should be disabled in this application.
3.2.5 PROGRAM MEMORY LOCK BITS
On the chip are three lock bits, which can be left un-programmed (u) or can be
programmed (p) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and
latched during reset.
Table 3.3: Program memory locks bits
If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random
value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value
of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to
function

27. 27
3.3POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system
that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical
energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others
This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and
also to reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the mains
is 230V/50Hz which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC voltage(no frequency)
with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for various applications.
In this section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are connected serially
and voltage regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a capacitor (1000µF) in
parallel are connected parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each voltage
regulator output is again is connected to the capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF,
0.1 µF) are connected parallel through which the corresponding output (+5V or +12V)
are taken into consideration.
Fig 3.5 Schematic of power supply

28. 28
3.3.1Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the
first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field
induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to
the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring
energy from one circuit to the other.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the
primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their
respective windings:
Basic principle
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes
the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the
secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.
A simplified transformer design is shown below. A current passing through the
primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped
around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most
of the magnetic field lines produced by the primary current are within the iron and

29. 29
pass through the secondary coil as well as the primary coil.FigF
FIG 3.6 Transformer
An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux in the core
Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that:
Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the
secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns
of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product
of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is
constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the
magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the
same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal
transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

30. 30
Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equationfor
stepping up or stepping down the voltage
Ideal power equation
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical
power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the
transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is
met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.
Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS
giving the ideal transformer equation
Pin-coming = IPVP = Pout-going = ISVS

31. 31
giving the ideal transformer equation
If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS>VP), then the current is decreased
(stepped down) (IS<IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this formula is
a reasonable approximation.
If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS>VP), then the current is decreased
(stepped down) (IS<IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this formula is
a reasonable approximation.
The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio.
For example, if an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil,
it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of
This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit
appears to the secondary to be
Detailed operation
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular
the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the
contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance
with two windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary

32. 32
winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core.
The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since the
ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is
negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each
winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage
drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are
equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to
the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's law
which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose
development of any such change in magnetic field.
3.3.2Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge
configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of
input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of
alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge
rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input,
resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped transformer design,
but has two diode drops rather than one, thus exhibiting reduced efficiency over a
center-tapped design for the same output voltage.
Basic Operation
When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with
respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right along
the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the lower one.

33. 33
When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current
flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored
path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the lower
right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only
produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is
sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning
when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power supply wiring "has its wires
crossed" (and protects the circuitry it powers against damage that might occur without
this circuit in place).
Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was always
constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal
component containing the four diodes connected in the bridge configuration became a
standard commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current
ratings.

34. 34
Output smoothing (Using Capacitor)
For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave
bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may
be important because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage of fixed polarity but
pulsating magnitude (see diagram above).
The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (aka smoothing
capacitor) is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage
waveform from the bridge. One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor
provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output, reducing the AC
voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive load. In less technical terms, any
drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be cancelled by loss of
charge in the capacitor.

35. 35
This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the change
of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the
capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor,
thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. Also see rectifier output
smoothing.
The simplified circuit shown has a well deserved reputation for being
dangerous, because, in some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal charge after
the AC power source is removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit
should include a reliable way to safely discharge the capacitor. If the normal load can
not be guaranteed to perform this function, perhaps because it can be disconnected, the
circuit should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as practical across the
capacitor. This resistor should consume a current large enough to discharge the
capacitor in a reasonable time, but small enough to avoid unnecessary power waste.
Because a bleeder sets a minimum current drain, the regulation of the circuit,
defined as percentage voltage change from minimum to maximum load, is improved.
However in many cases the improvement is of insignificant magnitude.
The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant τ = RC
where C and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the
load resistor is large enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time of
one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a smoothed DC voltage across
the load.
In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added. The
smoothing can then be improved by adding additional stages of capacitor–resistor
pairs, often done only for sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend to be
sensitive to supply voltage noise.
The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage and current
when the load on the bridge is resistive. When the load includes a smoothing
capacitor, both the voltage and the current waveforms will be greatly changed. While
the voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow through the bridge only
during the time when the input voltage is greater than the capacitor voltage. For

36. 36
example, if the load draws an average current of n Amps, and the diodes conduct for
10% of the time, the average diode current during conduction must be 10n Amps. This
non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a poor power factor in the AC
supply.
In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a
bridge, the bridge diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when
the power is turned on at the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully
discharged. Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor to limit
this current, though in most applications the power supply transformer's resistance is
already sufficient.
Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke
tends to keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to the relatively
high cost of an effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not
employed in modern equipment.
Some early console radios created the speaker's constant field with the current
from the high voltage ("B +") power supply, which was then routed to the consuming
circuits, (permanent magnets were considered too weak for good performance) to
create the speaker's constant magnetic field. The speaker field coil thus performed 2
jobs in one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power supply, and it produced the
magnetic field to operate the speaker.
3.3.3 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level.
The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a family of
self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a
very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a regulated power
supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When specifying individual
ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit number, which indicates the
output voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for example, the 7805 has

37. 37
a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage
regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative
to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary
negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide
both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220
form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TrO3 packages are also
available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage
which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to
a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of
current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

38. 38
3.4GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM is a global system for mobile communication GSM is an international
digital cellular telecommunication. The GSM standard was released by ETSI
(EuropeanStandard Telecommunication Standard) back in 1989. The first commercial
services werelaunched in 1991 and after its early introduction in Europe; the standard
went global in1992. Since then, GSM has become the most widely adopted and
fastest-growing digitalcellular standard, and it is positioned to become the world‟s
dominant cellular standard.
Today‟s second-generation GSM networks deliver high quality and secure
mobile voice and data services (such as SMS/ Text Messaging) with full roaming
capabilities across the world. GSM platform is a hugely successful technology and as
unprecedented story of global achievement. In less than ten years since the first GSM
network was commercially launched, it become, the world‟s leading and fastest
growing mobile standard, spanning over 173 countries. Today, GSM technology is in
use by more than one in ten of the world‟s population and growth continues to sour
with the number of subscriber worldwide expected to surpass one billion by through
end of 2003Today‟s GSM platform is living, growing and evolving and already offers
an expanded and feature-rich „family‟ of voice and enabling services.
The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) network is a cellular
telecommunication network with a versatile architecture complying with the ETSI
GSM 900/GSM 1800 standard. Siemen‟s implementation is the digital cellular mobile
communication system D900/1800/1900 that uses the very latest technology to meet
every requirement of the standard.

39. 39
S.N. Parameter Specifications
1 Reverse Channel frequency 890-915MHz
2 Forward Channel frequency 935-960 MHz
3 Tx/Rx Frequency Spacing 45 MHz
4 Tx/Rx Time Slot Spacing 3 Time slots
5 Modulation Data Rate 270.833333kbps
6 Frame Period 4.615ms
7 Users per Frame 8
8 Time Slot Period 576.9microsec
9 Bit Period 3.692 microsecond
10 Modulation 0.3 GMSK
11 ARFCN Number 0 to 124 & 975 to 1023
12 ARFCN Channel Spacing 200 kHz
13 Interleaving 40 ms
14 Voice Coder Bit Rate 13.4kbps
Table 3.4 GSM specification

40. 40
GSM services follow ISDN guidelines and classified as either teleservices or data
services. Tele services may be divided into three major categories:
• Telephone services, include emergency calling and facsimile. GSM also
supports Videotex and Teletex, through they are not integral parts of the
GSM standard.
• Bearer services or Data services, which are limited to layers 1, 2 and 3 of
the OSI reference model. Data may be transmitted using either a transparent
mode or nontransparent mode.
• Supplementary ISDN services, are digital in nature, and include call
diversion, closed user group, and caller identification. Supplementary
services also include the short message service (SMS).
3.4.1 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE
SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the
sending and receiving of message between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in
Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to wireless
technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally
developed by ETSI. ETSI is the abbreviation for European Telecommunication
Standard Institute. Now the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is
responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards.
One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one
SMS message can contain up to:
• 160 characters if 7-bit character encoding is used. (7-bit character encoding is
suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets.)
• 70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text

41. 41
messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese character should use
16-bit character encoding.)
Once the message is sent the message is received by SMSC, which must then
get it to the appropriate mobile device. To do this the SMSC sends a SMS request to
Home Location Register (HLR) to find the roaming customer. Once HLR receives the
request, it responds to the SMSC with the subscriber‟s status:
1 Inactive or active
2 Where subscriber is roaming.
If the response is “inactive“, then the SMSC will hold onto the message for a
period of time. When the subscriber access his device, the HLR sends a SMS
notification to the SMSC and the SMSC will attempt delivery.
The SMSC transfer the message in a Short Message Delivery Point to Point
format to the serving system. The system pages the device, and if it responds, the
message gets delivered. The SMSC receives verification that the message was
received by the end user, then categorizes the message as “sent” and will not attempt
to send again.
SMS provides a mechanism for transmitting short message to and from
wireless devices. The service makes use of an SMSC, which acts as a store and
forward system for short messages.
One major advantage of SMS is that it is supported by 100% GSM mobile
phones. Almost all subscription plans provided by wireless carriers include
inexpensive SMS messaging service.
3.4.2 Short Message Service Center (SMSC)
SMSC is a combination of hardware and software responsible for the relaying
and storing and forwarding of short message between an SME and mobile device.

42. 42
The SMSC must have high reliability, subscriber capacity, and message
throughput. In addition, the system should be easily scalable to accommodate growing
demand for SMS in the network.
Normally, an IN-based solution will allow for a lower entry cost compared to
point solutions because it can support other applications on single hardware platform
and share resources, thereby spreading the deployment cost over several services and
applications.
Another factor to be considered is the ease of operation and maintenance of the
application, as well as the flexibility to activate new services and upgrade to new
software releases.
Nepal has two mobile companies
• Nepal telecommunication
• Spice Nepal Pvt.Ltd.
3.4.3 Short Message Peer to Peer Protocol
The short message peer to peer protocol (SMPP) is a protocol for exchanging
SMS messages between SMS peer entities such as message service centers. It is often
used to allow third parties (e.g. content suppliers like news organizations) to submit
messages, often in bulk.

43. 43
3.5LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that
resembles a basic PN-junction diode, except that an LED also emits light.When an LED's
anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least the LED's
forward voltage drop, currentflows. Electrons are able to recombine with holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,
and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2
), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted
lowintensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting
elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of
consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited
to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,ultraviolet, and infraredwavelengths,
with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing
small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form
of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task
lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and
faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising,general lighting, traffic signals, and camera
flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive,
and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent
lamp sources of comparable output.

44. 44
LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while
their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.
Fig 3.7 LED

45. 45
3.6BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may mechanical, electro-
mechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
FIG 3.9 Buzzer

46. 46
CHAPTER-4
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The project is implemented using RFID technology and 8051 Micro controller.
This paper suggests building a RFID system using 8051 Micro controller that can identify
a particular vehicle in traffic as well as identify traffic density and act accordingly to
control the traffic. Automatic detection of vehicle can be used to provide useful estimates
of the density of traffic from one place to another leading to proper and controlled flow of
traffic. In case of metropolitan cities of India the traffic sometimes goes out of control
leading to jams thus people have to face inconvenience while travelling. Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) tags has been proposed to be used in this project. Each vehicle
would be attached with a RFID card with them. As soon as they enter into the range of
reader the tag would automatically get read and the traffic light would act accordingly for
proper traffic flow and in case of instructing a vehicle individually an audio device would
be attached to it. The data will be stored and processed in the processor attached to the
RFID reader. Even the government is planning to tag every vehicle which gets into the
road for security purposes your cars will be tagged.
4.1.1 SIGNIFICANCE
The ministry of heavy industries is considering a proposal to make it mandatory
to fit RFID-enabled devices in the cars manufactured in India. It is believed that RFID
tags would help in traffic management as traffic violations by motorists could be tracked
and all violations identified. Also, motorists would get charged automatically as soon as
they enter a toll area. The ministry of urban development has already discussed a similar
agenda with many states. The ministry has proposed a „core area charge‟ for different
cities to reduce traffic congestion in the city‟s nerve center. So, people could end up
paying a special levy to drive into Connaught Circus, the heart of the Capital. 8051 Micro
controller is used in this field because it‟s one of the powerful controllers which are
mending for such embedded works. Road fatalities are a major concern in the developed

47. 47
world. Recent studies show that a third of the number of fatal or serious accidents are
associated with excessive or inappropriate speed, as well as changes in the roadway (like
the presence of road-work or unexpected obstacles). So this system even can catch hold
such vehicles which drive at in appropriate speed.
4.1.2 Objectives
 To develop the short message services (SMS) systems received by the control
room and contain information about the vehicle information.
 To develop the vehicle monitoring system database for vehicle detection
connected with RFID tags.
4.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
 RFID Technology
 Microcontroller
 Power Supply
 GSM Modem
 LED Indicators
 Buzzer
4.3 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
 KEIL Software For C Programming
 Express PCB For Layout Design
 Express SCH For Schematic Design

48. 48
4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
To integrate and testing the SMS system and vehicle monitoring system

49. 49
4.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig 4.1 Schematic Diagram

50. 50
4.6 ADVANTAGES
1.The system is easy to understand.
2. Avoids the collision of vehicle by controlling the speed.
3.Easy to set up the system.
4. No direct Line of Sight required for identification & tracking.
5. Enables very specific detection of vehicles.
6. Simultaneous multiple detection of vehicles are possible using RFID.
7. No performance degradation during harsh weather.
4.7 APPLICATIONS
Normally, this type of system is useful in case of emergency areas where traffic is
main concern & little carelessness may cause accident & death may occur. Specially, this
is useful in following applications.
1.At school gates
2.In hospital premises.
3.IN MALLS
4.Tollgates and RFID
5.Cellular Towers
6.Image Processing
7.Satellite and GPS
8.Cartel
9.MGate

51. 51
CHAPTER 5
RESULT
The basic operation of this project to protect the traffic rules from the humans
whose violating the traffic rules. The process implementing this project some components
are used in this project such as 8051 microcontroller, RFID system, LED indicators,
buzzer, etc.
All the components are connected to the 8051 microcontroller based on the pin
configuration as shown in schematic diagram. The working of each and every
components are internally depends on another component or module.
Fig 5.1 Project Kit
5.1 OPERATION
The project kit mainly operating on the microcontroller. All the modules and
components are connected to the bread board. Each and every component and modules

52. 52
have their own work but they internally connected to the microcontroller and follow the
instructions of 8015. In this project configuration power supply gives the dc power to the
kit. All the modules are working on the based programmer coding.
5.2 WORKING
Fig 5.2 Working of RFID
This kit is generally used in the traffic signals, it operates based on the working of traffic
signal lights. Whenever the red light indication is on then the RFID reader starts working
and it release the magnetic field , at that time whenever any vehicle cross the indicated
line RFID reader reads the vehicle information through the RFID tags which are
connected to the vehicle. Immediately the RFID reader reads that and send the
information of the vehicle to the nearest control room or next junction by using GSM
modem. Then the authorized persons able to caught the vehicle.
By using this process we can able to control the traffic violation and reduce the
number of traffic polices for controlling the traffic, we can use them for another
important work. This is not only for using vehicle detecting but also we can use for some
more applications like speed control of vehicles, student attendance management, offices
,toll taxes, etc.

53. 53
CONCLUSION
The designed system gives the complete solution over the problem of traffic
specially in case of school areas where parents vehicle or privatevehicles are coming for
dropping or picking up their children or students with the help of designed system speed
of vehicle is kept in tolerable range by the indication of the signal so that traffic is neatly
drived and ultimately vehicle collision is avoided which is leading to zero chances of
accidents. The designed system is also intended for sending a message through a
dedicated mobile to the student‟s parents by keeping record of their entrance or leaving
time of school which makes parents tension free those who are not able to dropped or
picked up from school. This system is also useful for especially in case of dummy
students because the special RFID tag is provided to each student so without verifying the
RFID tag students are not able to enter in the school campus.
In short this system is very useful for controlling the speed of vehicle &
ultimately avoidance of collision with in-out information of the student to their parents.
FUTURE SCOPE
Though, the system is well designed still it has limitation of distance or area
coverage. This problem can be solved using the module of zigbee. For wireless
transmission zigbee is the best solution that can replace existing RF trans receiver. In
addition to this, signal indication i.e. RED& YELLOW signals may be replace wirelessly
instead of wired.

54. 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification
2. http://www.keil.com/books/8051books.asp
3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
4. -
5. www.technopundits.in/final-year-projects/
6. Krause, B., von Altrock, C., Pozybill, M.: Intelligent Highway by Fuzzy Logic:
Congestion Detection and Traffic Control on Multi-Lane Roads With Variable Road
Signs. Proceedings of EUFIT`96, Aachen, Germany, 1996
7. Cherrett, T., Waterson, B. And mcdonald, M. (2005) Remote automatic Incident
detection using inductive loops. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers:
Transport, 158, (3), 149-155.
8.Palubinskas, G., Kurz, F., and Reinartz, P., 2009. Traffic congestion Parameter
estimation in time series of airborne optical remote Sensing images. In: Proc. Of
ISPRS Hannover Workshop 2009 - High Resolution Earth Imaging forgeospatial
Information, 2-5 June, 2009, Hannover, Germany, ISPRS.
9. Palubinskas, Gintautas and Kurz, Franz and Reinartz, Peter (2008) Detection of
trafficcongestion in optical remote sensing imagery. In: International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE. IGARSS08, 2008-07-06 - 2008-07-11,
Boston,USA.
10.P. Pongpaibool, P. Tangamchit and K. Noodwong, "Evaluation of RoadTraffic
Congestion Using Fuzzy Techniques," Proceeding of IEEE TENCON 2007, Taipei,
Taiwan, October 2007.
11. Agilent Intelligent Traffic Video Detection Workstation Data Sheet.
Http://cp.literature. Agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-4034EN.pdf

55. 55
APPENDIX
PROGRAMMING MICROCONTROLLER
A compiler for a high level language helps to reduce production time. To program
the AT89S52 microcontroller the Keilµv3 is used. The programming is done strictly in
the embedded C language. Keilµv3 is a suite of executable, open source software
development tools for the microcontrollers hosted on the Windows platform.
The compilation of the C program converts it into machine language file (.hex).
This is the only language the microcontroller will understand, because it contains the
original program code converted into a hexadecimal format. During this step there are
some warnings about eventual errors in the program. This is shown in Fig 5.1. If there
are no errors and warnings then run the program, the system performs all the required
tasks and behaves as expected the software developed. If not, the whole procedure will
have to be repeated again. Fig 5.2 shows expected outputs for given inputs when run
compiled program.
One of the difficulties of programming microcontrollers is the limited amount of
resources the programmer has to deal with. In personal computers resources such as
RAM and processing speed are basically limitless when compared to microcontrollers. In
contrast, the code on microcontrollers should be as low on resources as possible.
Keil Compiler:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which
is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also
supports C language code.

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Fig 1: Compilation of source Code

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Fig 2: Run the compiled program
Proload:
Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this
is done by the Proload. Proload is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller
in it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in
it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the Keil compiler and dumps this
hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As the Proload programmer
kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power

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supply circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a
power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a
source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output
of 12volts.
Fig 3: Atmel AT89C2051 Device programmer
Features
 Supports major Atmel 89 series devices
 Auto Identify connected hardware and devices
 Error checking and verification in-built
 Lock of programs in chip supported to prevent program copying
 20 and 40 pin ZIF socket on-board
 Auto Erase before writing and Auto Verify after writing
 Informative status bar and access to latest programmed file
 Simple and Easy to use
 Works on 57600 speed
Description
It is simple to use and low cost, yet powerful flash microcontroller programmer
for the Atmel 89 series. It will Program, Read and Verify Code Data, Write Lock Bits,
Erase and Blank Check. All fuse and lock bits are programmable. This programmer has
intelligent onboard firmware and connects to the serial port. It can be used with any type
of computer and requires no special hardware. All that is needed is a serial
communication ports which all computers have.

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All devices have signature bytes that the programmer reads to automatically
identify the chip. No need to select the device type, just plug it in and go! All devices also
have a number of lock bits to provide various levels of software and programming
protection. These lock bits are fully programmable using this programmer. Lock bits are
useful to protect the program to be read back from microcontroller only allowing erase to
reprogram the microcontroller. The programmer connects to a host computer using a
standard RS232 serial port. All the programming 'intelligence' is built into the
programmer so you do not need any special hardware to run it. Programmer comes with
window based software for easy programming of the devices.
Programming Software
Computer side software called 'Proload V4.1' is executed that accepts the Intel
HEX format file generated from compiler to be sent to target microcontroller. It auto

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detects the hardware connected to the serial port. It also auto detects the chip inserted
and bytes used. Software is developed in Delphi 7 and requires no overhead of any
external DLL.
Fig 4: Writing the programs bytes onto the microcontroller