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Low vision introduction
1. Introduction to Low VisionIntroduction to Low Vision
Raju Kaiti, M. Optom
Consultant Optometrist
NEH
2. Bangkok Definition of LowBangkok Definition of Low
VisionVision
““A person with low vision is one who hasA person with low vision is one who has
impairment of visual functioning even afterimpairment of visual functioning even after
treatment and/or standard refractive correction, andtreatment and/or standard refractive correction, and
has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to lighthas a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light
perception, or a visual field less than 10 degreesperception, or a visual field less than 10 degrees
from the point of fixation, but who uses, or isfrom the point of fixation, but who uses, or is
potentially able to use, vision for the planning and/orpotentially able to use, vision for the planning and/or
execution of a task.execution of a task.””
Management of low vision in children- Report of a WHOManagement of low vision in children- Report of a WHO
Consultation 1992Consultation 1992
3. Low vision categories – ICD-10Low vision categories – ICD-10
World health OrganizationWorld health Organization’’s Tenth Revision of thes Tenth Revision of the
International statistical classification of diseases andInternational statistical classification of diseases and
related health problems( ICD-10) has included low visionrelated health problems( ICD-10) has included low vision
as category 1 and 2 of visual impairment.as category 1 and 2 of visual impairment.
This classification defines low vision as corresponding toThis classification defines low vision as corresponding to
Visual acuity of less than 6/18 but equal to or betterVisual acuity of less than 6/18 but equal to or better
than 3/60, orthan 3/60, or
corresponding visual field loss, to less than 20corresponding visual field loss, to less than 20
degrees, in the better eye with best possibledegrees, in the better eye with best possible
correction.correction.
4. Low visionLow vision
Low vision - the best corrected visual acuity inLow vision - the best corrected visual acuity in
the better eye less than 6/18 and/or visual fieldthe better eye less than 6/18 and/or visual field
less than 20 degree from the point of fixation.less than 20 degree from the point of fixation.
Blindness – the best corrected visual acuity inBlindness – the best corrected visual acuity in
the better eye less than 3/60 and/or visual fieldthe better eye less than 3/60 and/or visual field
less than 10 from the point of fixation.less than 10 from the point of fixation.
5. Aspects of vision lossAspects of vision loss
DisorderDisorder
Anatomic changes- inflammation, atrophy, scarAnatomic changes- inflammation, atrophy, scar
ImpairmentImpairment
Functional changes- visual acuity, VF, contrastFunctional changes- visual acuity, VF, contrast
sensitivitysensitivity
DisabilityDisability
Skills and abilities affected- reading, writing, DLS,Skills and abilities affected- reading, writing, DLS,
MobilityMobility
HandicapHandicap
Socioeconomic consequences- extra effort, loss ofSocioeconomic consequences- extra effort, loss of
independenceindependence
6. Goals of Low Vision ManagementGoals of Low Vision Management
Increase functionalityIncrease functionality
Make the most of the remaining visionMake the most of the remaining vision
Provide link to community resources andProvide link to community resources and
support servicessupport services
EducationEducation
7. Functional Effects of LowFunctional Effects of Low
VisionVision
Loss of central vision (visualLoss of central vision (visual
acuity)acuity)
Loss of peripheral vision (visualLoss of peripheral vision (visual
field)field)
Glare and contrastGlare and contrast
8. Issues Related to Decreased AcuityIssues Related to Decreased Acuity
Difficulty readingDifficulty reading
Problems writing/ completingProblems writing/ completing
paperworkpaperwork
Inability to recognize distanceInability to recognize distance
objects and facesobjects and faces
9. Issues Related to Visual Field LossIssues Related to Visual Field Loss
Location of scotoma important!Location of scotoma important!
Generalized loss of visual field difficultGeneralized loss of visual field difficult
to compensate forto compensate for
Mobility and independent travelMobility and independent travel
Reading may require adaptationsReading may require adaptations
10. Issues Related to ContrastIssues Related to Contrast
Need for additional lightingNeed for additional lighting
Problems with glareProblems with glare
Increased adjustment to changes inIncreased adjustment to changes in
illuminationillumination
Visual discomfort and fatigueVisual discomfort and fatigue
12. Current blindness and low visionCurrent blindness and low vision
datadata
Estimated Visually impaired person globally – 253Estimated Visually impaired person globally – 253
millionmillion
36 million36 million
217 million – low vision (moderate to severe visual217 million – low vision (moderate to severe visual
impairment)impairment)
81% of people who are blind or have moderate or severe81% of people who are blind or have moderate or severe
VI are aged 50 years and above.VI are aged 50 years and above.
Over 80% of all vision impairment can be prevented orOver 80% of all vision impairment can be prevented or
cured.cured.
Un-operated cataract remains the leading cause ofUn-operated cataract remains the leading cause of
blindness in low and middle income countries.blindness in low and middle income countries.
13. Causes of Low VisionCauses of Low Vision
Major causes of moderate to severe visualMajor causes of moderate to severe visual
impairment:impairment:
Uncorrected refractive errors, 53%Uncorrected refractive errors, 53%
Un-operated cataract, 25%Un-operated cataract, 25%
ARMD, 4%ARMD, 4%
Glaucoma, 2%Glaucoma, 2%
Diabetic retinopathy, 1%Diabetic retinopathy, 1%
14. Major causes of blindness:Major causes of blindness:
Un-operated cataract, 35%Un-operated cataract, 35%
Uncorrected refractive errors, 21%Uncorrected refractive errors, 21%
Glaucoma, 8%Glaucoma, 8%
An estimated 19 million children are visionAn estimated 19 million children are vision
impaired.impaired.
Of these, 12 million children have a visionOf these, 12 million children have a vision
impairment due to refractive error.impairment due to refractive error.
About 1.4 million have irreversible blindnessAbout 1.4 million have irreversible blindness
15. Risk FactorsRisk Factors
Etiologies may be: Etiologies may be:
CongenitalCongenital: Pre- or postnatal trauma,: Pre- or postnatal trauma,
genetic or developmental abnormalitiesgenetic or developmental abnormalities
HereditaryHereditary: Ocular diseases (e.g.,: Ocular diseases (e.g.,
retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's macularretinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's macular
degeneration)degeneration)
AcquiredAcquired: Ocular infection or disease,: Ocular infection or disease,
neurological insult, trauma, age-relatedneurological insult, trauma, age-related
changes or systemic disease.changes or systemic disease.
16. CataractCataract
Clouding of the lensClouding of the lens
Difficulty recognizing facesDifficulty recognizing faces
Total Blindness in mature stateTotal Blindness in mature state
Causes: Aging, UV exposure, TraumaCauses: Aging, UV exposure, Trauma
Treatment: SurgeryTreatment: Surgery
19 million people worldwide are blind due to19 million people worldwide are blind due to
cataractscataracts
Comprises 40% of blindness in AsiaComprises 40% of blindness in Asia
17. GlaucomaGlaucoma
Increased IOP damages the optic nerveIncreased IOP damages the optic nerve
causing partial or total blindnesscausing partial or total blindness
Patient is asymptomatic initiallyPatient is asymptomatic initially
First sign is side vision lossFirst sign is side vision loss
Treatment: Early diagnosis and treatmentTreatment: Early diagnosis and treatment
with medicine or surgerywith medicine or surgery
18. Macular DegenerationMacular Degeneration
Damage to maculaDamage to macula
Central vision deterioratesCentral vision deteriorates
Patient will never be completely blind becausePatient will never be completely blind because
their peripheral vision will always remaintheir peripheral vision will always remain
Complaints: Difficult to read, recognize faces,Complaints: Difficult to read, recognize faces,
distorted imagesdistorted images
Causes: Aging (leading cause of low vision,Causes: Aging (leading cause of low vision,
increased life expectancy)increased life expectancy)
19. Diabetic RetinopathyDiabetic Retinopathy
Affects small blood vessels of eyes causingAffects small blood vessels of eyes causing
leakageleakage
Not enough blood and nutrients reach the retinaNot enough blood and nutrients reach the retina
New blood vessels develop (neovascularization)New blood vessels develop (neovascularization)
Causes visual field loss, retinal detachments,Causes visual field loss, retinal detachments,
loss and fluctuation of visionloss and fluctuation of vision
Treatment: Medical (diabetic control), Laser toTreatment: Medical (diabetic control), Laser to
stop further damagestop further damage
20. Retinal DetachmentRetinal Detachment
Elevation of retina from underlyingElevation of retina from underlying
supportive tissue, causing damage to thesupportive tissue, causing damage to the
retinaretina
Depending upon the location, duration,Depending upon the location, duration,
severity of detached retina, vision loss canseverity of detached retina, vision loss can
range from severe to mildrange from severe to mild
Treatment: surgicalTreatment: surgical
21. Retinitis PigmentosaRetinitis Pigmentosa
Disease that affects the pigment of theDisease that affects the pigment of the
retinaretina
Degeneration in periphery at first, thenDegeneration in periphery at first, then
progresses centrally with timeprogresses centrally with time
Causes field constriction and nightCauses field constriction and night
blindnessblindness
22. TraumaTrauma
Traumatic insult to the eyeTraumatic insult to the eye
Vision loss depending on severity, natureVision loss depending on severity, nature
and extent of damage that occurred to theand extent of damage that occurred to the
eyeeye
23. Optic AtrophyOptic Atrophy
Loss of optic nerve functionLoss of optic nerve function
Usually progressive and will often lead toUsually progressive and will often lead to
total blindnesstotal blindness
Patients will have central vision loss asPatients will have central vision loss as
well as visual field losswell as visual field loss
24. AmblyopiaAmblyopia
Lazy eye causing low vision due to lack ofLazy eye causing low vision due to lack of
proper development of eyes and visualproper development of eyes and visual
system during childhoodsystem during childhood
Vision loss may be mild to severeVision loss may be mild to severe
Treatment: possible if child is brought toTreatment: possible if child is brought to
hospital before 10 years of agehospital before 10 years of age
25. ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis
Organism: Toxoplasma gondiiOrganism: Toxoplasma gondii
Enters retina via blood and damages partEnters retina via blood and damages part
of the retina permanently causing severeof the retina permanently causing severe
vision lossvision loss
Severely decreased vision if macula isSeverely decreased vision if macula is
involvedinvolved
26. Stroke/Brain lesionStroke/Brain lesion
Disease of the brain also causes visualDisease of the brain also causes visual
damagedamage
Patients may suffer from double vision,Patients may suffer from double vision,
hemianopic field defect, problem with eyehemianopic field defect, problem with eye
movement, may cause optic nerve deathmovement, may cause optic nerve death
leading to total blindnessleading to total blindness
27. Corneal OpacitiesCorneal Opacities
Injury to the cornea heals with opaqueInjury to the cornea heals with opaque
white opacitieswhite opacities
Vision loss depends upon the location andVision loss depends upon the location and
extent of opacity ranging from mild toextent of opacity ranging from mild to
severesevere
Treatment: Corneal TransplantTreatment: Corneal Transplant
28. Central Field Loss DisordersCentral Field Loss Disorders
Macular DegenerationMacular Degeneration
Optic AtrophyOptic Atrophy
29. Multiple Field LossMultiple Field Loss
Diabetic RetinopathyDiabetic Retinopathy
GlaucomaGlaucoma
Retinal detachmentRetinal detachment
TraumaTrauma
31. Contrast Loss and GlareContrast Loss and Glare
ProblemsProblems
CataractsCataracts
GlaucomaGlaucoma
Corneal DiseaseCorneal Disease
AlbinismAlbinism
34. Leading Causes of LegalLeading Causes of Legal
BlindnessBlindness
Birth to 19 years of ageBirth to 19 years of age
Congenital Cataract, Optic Atrophy, Albinism, ROP,Congenital Cataract, Optic Atrophy, Albinism, ROP,
Cone-rod dystrophyCone-rod dystrophy
20-44 years of age20-44 years of age
Albinism, Cone-rod Dystrophy, Optic Atrophy, Myopia,Albinism, Cone-rod Dystrophy, Optic Atrophy, Myopia,
Retintis Pigmentosa, Diabetic Retinopathy, MacularRetintis Pigmentosa, Diabetic Retinopathy, Macular
DegenerationDegeneration
45-64 years of age45-64 years of age
Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, RetinitisDiabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Retinitis
Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration, CataractsPigmentosa, Macular Degeneration, Cataracts
35. Leading Causes of LegalLeading Causes of Legal
BlindnessBlindness
65-74 years of age65-74 years of age
Macular degeneration, Diabetic retinopathy,Macular degeneration, Diabetic retinopathy,
Glaucoma, Cataracts, Retinitis PigmentosaGlaucoma, Cataracts, Retinitis Pigmentosa
75 years of age and older75 years of age and older
ARMD, Glaucoma, Cataract, DiabeticARMD, Glaucoma, Cataract, Diabetic
retinopathyretinopathy
Source: The Feinbloom Vision Rehabilitation Center of The Eye Institute atSource: The Feinbloom Vision Rehabilitation Center of The Eye Institute at
the Pennsylvania College of Optometrythe Pennsylvania College of Optometry
37. Incidence and NeedIncidence and Need
Incidence of visually impairing conditionsIncidence of visually impairing conditions
increases with age.increases with age.
The number of persons with severe visualThe number of persons with severe visual
impairments is expected to rise as medicalimpairments is expected to rise as medical
advances increase the survival of infants andadvances increase the survival of infants and
adults.adults.
There will be a greater need for rehabilitation asThere will be a greater need for rehabilitation as
survival increases for patients with traumaticsurvival increases for patients with traumatic
brain injuries.brain injuries.
38. Exam SequenceExam Sequence
History/ intakeHistory/ intake
Visual acuityVisual acuity
Visual field testingVisual field testing
PupilsPupils
Extraocular muscle testingExtraocular muscle testing
RefractionRefraction
Color vision and Contrast TestingColor vision and Contrast Testing
Ocular HealthOcular Health
39. Comprehensive Exam ofComprehensive Exam of
Patient with Low VisionPatient with Low Vision
Patient HistoryPatient History
Visual AcuityVisual Acuity
RefractionRefraction
Ocular Motility and Binocular Vision AssessmentOcular Motility and Binocular Vision Assessment
Visual Field AssessmentVisual Field Assessment
Ocular Health AssessmentOcular Health Assessment
Supplemental TestingSupplemental Testing
41. How to start?How to start?
Observation & InformationObservation & Information
Presenting historyPresenting history
General health historyGeneral health history
Social historySocial history
Functional historyFunctional history
Psychological historyPsychological history
42. Observe how the patient enters the roomObserve how the patient enters the room
Observe the clothing & personalityObserve the clothing & personality
Observe his behavior & communicationObserve his behavior & communication
skillsskills
ObservationObservation
43. General informationGeneral information
Name, Age/Gender, Accompanied byName, Age/Gender, Accompanied by
Causes of low vision, referred byCauses of low vision, referred by
Financial statusFinancial status
Academic/ EmploymentAcademic/ Employment
44. Unilateral/bilateral decrease in visionUnilateral/bilateral decrease in vision
Major problemsMajor problems
Presenting historyPresenting history
45. If any/similar problem in family?If any/similar problem in family?
Consanguineous marriage?Consanguineous marriage?
Systemic illness- diabetes, glaucomaSystemic illness- diabetes, glaucoma
Genetic disorders- albinismGenetic disorders- albinism
Family historyFamily history
46. Visual historyVisual history
Gradual/sudden vision lossGradual/sudden vision loss
StableStable
Any surgery – cataract?Any surgery – cataract?
Glaucoma- medicine?Glaucoma- medicine?
Macular diseases- laser?Macular diseases- laser?
Significant problems- night blindness,Significant problems- night blindness,
glare, Color vision, field loss, stereopsis,glare, Color vision, field loss, stereopsis,
Adaptation?Adaptation?
48. Marital StatusMarital Status
Living arrangementLiving arrangement
Family/dependentsFamily/dependents
Employment/ Retired?Employment/ Retired?
Social historySocial history
49. Psychological historyPsychological history
Self analysis of own performance levelSelf analysis of own performance level
Staying all the time at homeStaying all the time at home
FrustrationFrustration
ConfidenceConfidence
Sharing & social gatheringSharing & social gathering
Communication – hesitationCommunication – hesitation
Needs lot of assistance?Needs lot of assistance?
50. Functional historyFunctional history
Glasses- how long? Still working?Glasses- how long? Still working?
Low vision care- LVD used- source ofLow vision care- LVD used- source of
LVD- LVD in current useLVD- LVD in current use
Near vision task problem?Near vision task problem?
Newspaper print, school/college books/Newspaper print, school/college books/
other reading materials,other reading materials,
specific task- insulin via syringe, tailor-specific task- insulin via syringe, tailor-
needling, officer- typing/readingneedling, officer- typing/reading
What to ask- working environment, lighting,What to ask- working environment, lighting,
contrast, print size etccontrast, print size etc
51. Functional historyFunctional history
Writing task problem?Writing task problem?
Write in straight lineWrite in straight line
Sign documentsSign documents
Type of writing pen used?Type of writing pen used?
Distance vision task problemsDistance vision task problems
Chalkboard – sitting distance/environmentChalkboard – sitting distance/environment
Recognizing faces- reaction in facesRecognizing faces- reaction in faces
Street name/ bus numberStreet name/ bus number
Watching TVWatching TV
Sports/ outdoor activitiesSports/ outdoor activities
52. Functional historyFunctional history
Specific lighting needSpecific lighting need
Reduced light/ bright lightReduced light/ bright light
Fluorescent/incandescent light – at home & workingFluorescent/incandescent light – at home & working
environmentenvironment
MobilityMobility
Outdoor/indoorOutdoor/indoor
Day/ nightDay/ night
Familiar/unfamiliar placesFamiliar/unfamiliar places
Bumping into objectsBumping into objects
Going down steps/ curbsGoing down steps/ curbs
Driving/ cycling problem- what conditions?Driving/ cycling problem- what conditions?
53. Functional historyFunctional history
Glare problemGlare problem
Delayed adaptationDelayed adaptation
Color perceptionColor perception
Daily living skillsDaily living skills
Home managementHome management
Self help skillsSelf help skills
Money/food identificationMoney/food identification
Summarize the problem- state the patientsSummarize the problem- state the patients
goal - try to solve them.goal - try to solve them.