1. BANK & LEMBAGA
KEUANGAN NON BANK 1
Provided by
Ari Raharjo

2. Asal Muasal
• Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual
& pembeli bertemu langsung)
• Berkembang: muncul perantara
(penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu
langsung)
• Muncul “uang” sbg alat pembayaran
• Perantara “uang” adl lembaga
keuangan

3. Sejarah
• Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000
thn sblm masehi)
• Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda &
Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas
& perak sbg alat p’byran

4. Bank vs non bank
Penghimpunan dana
• Langsung mrpk
simpanan masy
• Tidak langsung
berupa kertas
berharga/penyerta
an/pinjaman
• Tidak langsung
berupa kertas
berharga/penyerta
an/pinjaman

5. Bank vs non bank
Penyaluran dana
• Utk modal kerja,
investasi, konsumsi
• Utk badan usaha
dan individu
• Utk jangka pendek,
menengah dan
panjang
• Terutama utk
investasi
• Terutama utk
badan usaha
• Terutama utk
jangka menengah &
panjang

6. Jenis Lemb Keu
Perbankan (UU no. 10,
1998:
Jenis:
• Bank Umum
• BPR
Prinsip Usaha:
• Konvensional
• Syariah
Non Bank:
• Leasing
• Asuransi
• Modal ventura
• Anjak Piutang
• Pegadaian
• Dana pensiun
• Kartu kredit
• Pasar modal

7. Klasifikasi uang
Narrow Money (M1):
• Uang kartal (uang
kertas, koin)
• Uang Giral/demand
deposite (giro)
• Broad Money:
• M2 = M1 + Saving
deposite
(tabungan) + Time
deposite (deposito)
• M3 = M2 +
simpanan dana di
LKBB
Tingkat likuiditas:
•Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB
•M1 > M2 > M3

8. Fungsi Bank
1. Agent of Trust
2. Agent of Development (pemberian
kredit utk pembangunan
3. Agent of services (jasa transfer,
save deposite box, jaminan bank)

9. Financial Intermediaries
Unit
Defisit
Borrowers
Unit
Surplus
Lenders
Bank
&
Non Bank
Fund Fund
Income Income

10. Otoritas Moneter
UU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral  BI
Tugas BI:
• Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter:
laju inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk
diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit,
kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa
• Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem
pembayaran
• Mengatur & mengawasi bank

11. Kesehatan Bank
• BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal
Lending Limit)
• Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib
minimum/reserve requirement
• Posisi devisa netto (Net open position):
selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas
• Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy
Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd
Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)

12. Kesehatan Bank
• Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit
berbanding dana pihak ketiga
• Return on Asset & Return on Equity

13. Regulasi
Sebelum thn 1980
• Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan
• Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank
pemerintah)
• Bank menanggung program pemerintah
• Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU)
• Bank swasta relatif sedikit
• Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968,
BDN 1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960

14. Regulasi
Sejak 1980 – 1990
• Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit,
pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku
bunga
• 1984: BI menerbitkan SBI
• Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor
bank, kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh
menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun
mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman,
Penambahan modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal

15. Regulasi
• Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan
bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak
piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit,
pembiayaan konsumen
• Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan
aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL,
KUK, LDR)

16. Regulasi
• Dampak:
• Adanya kepastian hukum
• Bank swasta bertambah
• Tingkat persaingan bank naik
• SBI & SBPU semakin populer
• Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik

17. Regulasi
Sejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997
• Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun
• Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat
• Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga
tab/dep > kredit)
• Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999,
UU no. 10 1998 dst
• Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm
krisis mjd 89 bank)

18. Jenis Bank
Menurut Kegiatan Usaha:
• Bank Umum
• Bank Perkreditan Rakyat

19. Bank Umum
• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan
memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas
pembayaran
• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro,
deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito,
tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutang,
transfer, save deposit box, dll

20. BPR
• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya
secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan
tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas
pembayaran
• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito
berjangka, tabungan), kredit

21. MFIs
MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA
Bank
Non
Bank
Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS)
Act = The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act No.10/1998
License = Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank
Supervision = The Central Bank Act No.23/1999
BRI Unit
Act = The Banking Act No.10/1998
License = Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank
Supervision = * BRI Branches
* Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial Bank)
Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD)
Act = Banking Act No.10/1998
License = Based on Decree of Ministry of Finance
Supervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia
Cooperatives (KOSIPA)
Act = Cooperative Act No.25/1992
License = State Ministry of cooperative & SME
Supervision = State Ministry of cooperative & SME
Non
Formal
Formal
LDKP (Village Fund and Credit Institutions)
Act = ---------
License = Governor of each Province
Supervision = Local Government Level I
• Non Government Organization (NGO)
• Self Help Group
• BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic principles)
Pawnshop:
Owned by the government
Supervision : Ministry of Finance

22. Institution No. of
Unit
Total Asset
( Billion Rp )
Total Saving
(Billion Rp )
No.
Depositors
(thousand)
Total Loan
( Billion Rp)
No. of
Debtors
(thousand)
BANK
BRI Unit (Mar-07) 4, 229 48,535 44,389 30,090 27,789 3,443
Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07) 1.823 26,080 17,690 6,707 20,434 2,578
BKD (Aug--07) 5,345 372 71 460 237 383
SUB TOTAL 11,278 69,059 54,414 39,473 42,908 6,245
NON BANK
A. FORMAL
Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00) 1,097 85 85 Na 531 655
Village Credit Institution in Bali
(LPD) (Dec-04)
1,296 1,437 1,117 970 966 317
Pawnshop (Dec-04) 850 3,474 Na Na 2,789 Na
SUB TOTAL 3,243 4,996 1,202 970 4,286 972
B. NON FORMAL
Cooperatives under Syariah
Principles (BMT) (Sept-04)
3,043 Na 567 1,756 549 1,680
SUB TOTAL 3,043 Na 567 1,756 549 1,680
TOTAL 17,564 74,055 56,183 42,199 47,743 8,897
I. MICROFINANCE PROFILE
*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles

23. II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS
1. 19th Century under the colonial period
BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa
(Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank
Desa (Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village
Credit Agency)
2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 :
BPR could be established by a minimum capital
requirements of 50 millions rupiahs
3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of
1992. This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks :
commercial banks and rural banks

24. II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS
The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992
• Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low
income level community especially in rural areas.
• Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from
ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks
max in 1 (one) year
• Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural
banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government
regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the
requirement was October 31, 1997.

25. III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp)
No. Accounts 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Sep 2007
1 No. of Rural Banks 2,141 2,141 2,158 2,009 1,880 1,823
2 Total Asset 9,080 12,635 16,707 20,393 23,045 26,080
3
Loan:
- total 6,683 8,985 12,149 14,654 16,948 20,434
- no. of accounts (in thousands) 1,825 1,993 2,167 2,478 2,471 2,578
4 Third party fund 6,126 8,868 11,161 13,178 15,771 17,690
a. Saving Deposit
- Total 2,002 2,617 3,301 3,757 4,581 5,375
- No. of accounts (in thousands) 4,891 5,046 5,439 5,672 6,555 6,336
b. Time Deposit
- Total 4,124 6,251 7,860 9,421 11,190 12,315
- No. of accounts (in thousands) 438 489 322 332 365 371
5 Current year profit/ loss 338 429 539 604 509 513
6 Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross 8.7% 8,0% 7.59% 7.98% 9.73% 8.49%
7 Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.8 6.83 5.06%
8 Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) 77% 74.5% 80.7% 82% 87,37% 84.26%
8 Return on Asset (RoA) 3.72% 3.4% 3.2% 3.0% 2.96% 2.62%
10 Rural Bank Soundness
- Sound 65% 67% 68% 71% 69.3% 69.6%
- Fairly sound 16% 17% 16% 13% 14.3% 14,4%
- Less sound 9% 8% 8% 9% 9.9% 11,2%
- Unsound 10% 8% 8% 7% 6.5% 4,8%

26. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES
Trend of Rural Bank Total Asset, Loan, and Third Party Deposit
2001 - Sep 2007
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Total Asset
Total Loan
Total Third Party
Deposit

27. RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS
1. LOCATION
a. Close to its community
b. Located primarily in rural areas
2. ORGANIZATION
a. Community banking system within province
b. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation
3. OPERATION
a. Can only take deposits and provide loans
b. Can not access to payment system
c. Can not deal with foreign exchange
4. PROCEDURES
- BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3
days)
- Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form
- BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit
installment)
5. PRODUCTS
a. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly)
- mostly for working capital
b. Deposit : saving and time deposit
6. CUSTOMERS
a. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city
b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel;
services; and others

28. RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON
ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007
6.4%
38.7%
10.2%
43.2%
1.6%
Agriculture
Small and Home
Industry
Trade, Restaurant, and
Hostel
Services
Others

29. Jenis Bank
Menurut Bentuk Badan Usaha
• PT
• Koperasi
• Perusahaan Daerah
Menurut target pasar:
• Retail bank
• Corporate bank
• Retail-corporate bank

30. Aktiva Bank
Giro (checking account): simpanan yg
penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg
cek atau bilyet giro.
• Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat
penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan
• Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd
tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm
bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan

31. Aktiva Bank
• Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak
III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan
waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian
• Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg
pengambilannya dpt dilakukan
sewaktu2.

32. Aktiva Bank
• Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak
III yang pencairannya pd waktu
tertentu dan bunganya dibayar
didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan
• Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt
dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih
dahulu

33. Aktiva Bank
• Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan:
menjaga saldo giro minimal
• Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg
bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call
money market (kalah kliring / rush)
• Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek &
menengah

34. Aktiva bank
• KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank
yg kalah kliring / rush
• Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC
atau Bank Garansi
• Jasa Transfer
• SBPU

35. Aktiva bank
Sumber lain:
1. Setoran jaminan (Storjam)
Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi
2. Dana Transfer
Dana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan
oleh bank
3. SBPU
Beli dg harga discount dan dpt
diperjualbelikan pd saat bank kurang likuid

36. Jenis Kredit
• Kredit Modal Kerja
• Kredit Investasi
• Kredit Konsumsi

37. Jasa-jasa Bank
• Bank Garansi
• Letter of Credit
(LC)
• Pengiriman uang
• Kliring & inkaso
• Kartu plastik
• Money changer
• Telebanking
• Custodian
• Wali amanat
• Safe deposite box
• Traveller check

38. Mekanisme LC
Bank di Indonesia Bank Asing
PT Ekspor PT Asing
1
2 2
3
4 5
5
56 6
1. Kontrak jual beli
2. Buka LC
3. Klarifikasi antar bank
4. Info LC sdh dibuka
5. Kirim brg & dok
6. Pembayaran

39. Kliring:
• Adl pertukaran warkat atau data
keuangan elektronik antar bank baik
atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang
perhitungannya diselesaikan pada
waktu tertentu
• Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang
tunai

40. Bank Umum Syariah
• Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998
• Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya
baik penghimpunan dana maupun
penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan
atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan
bagi hasil.

41. Prinsip Kegiatan usaha
Hiwalah:
• Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah
(muhil) kpd bank (muhal’alaih) dari
nasabah lain (muhal)
Ijarah:
• Akad sewa menyewa barang antar
bank (muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).

42. Istisha:
• Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg
penerima pesanan
Kafalah:
• Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan
satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi
jaminan bertanggungjawab atas
pembayaran kembali suatu hutang

43. Mudharabah:
• Akad antara pemilik modal dg
pengelola utk memperoleh
keuntungan.
Murabahah:
• Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabah
Musyarakah:
• Akad kerjasama usaha patungan

44. Qardh
• Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak
tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml
yg sama sesuai pinjaman
Al Rahn
• Akad penyerahan brg harta dr
nasabah kpd bank sbg jaminan
Sharf
• Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta
lain

45. Wadi’ah
• Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak
yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi
kepercayaan utk menjaga
keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg
Wakalah
• Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi
kuasa kpd penerima kuasa

46. • Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun