1. Beginning of
Civilization
Chapter 2

2. I. How was the Neolithic Era
Different from the Paleolithic Era
A. About 10,000 years ago, humans learned to farm.
B. Over time most hunter-gatherers stopped
wandering in search of food. They settled in one
place.
C. The change from hunting to farming is called the
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution.

3. II. Natural Changes After the Last Ice
Age
A. Temperatures increased and rainfall patterns
changed
B. Glaciers began to shrink
a. ocean levels rose
b. land was covered by water in some places
C. Some plants and animals died. Some moved to
new places

4. III. Early Agriculture
A. Human life changed dramatically when people
learned to domesticate plants and animals.
a. domesticate—to change the growth of plants
or behavior of animals in ways that are useful for
humans
b. domesticated plants and animals provided reliable
source of food
c. over time these plants and animals produced more
and better food than the wild versions
d. farming led people to invent new tools
B. Farming enabled people to settle in one place and
develop specialized skills

5. C. Benefits of Farming
a. food surplus
b. smaller land needs
c. change to build permanent homes
d. new materials for clothing
D. Costs of Farming
a. time and energy for planting and herding
b. uncertainty due to weather or disease
c. danger of attack or theft

6. E. Effects of Farming
a. People domesticate plants and animals and
build settled communities
b. tools and crops improve. People can grow more food
and build up surplus
c. populations grow larger
d. with more people and enough food, not everyone
must be involved in farming
e. specialization develops, people become potters,
weavers, toolmakers, healers, storytellers, etc

7. IV. Catalhoyuk
A. Located in Turkey, one of the oldest known farming
villages
B. Home to a few thousand people
C. Attached private dwelling with no large public
buildings
D. Evidence of shared religious rituals