This document provides an overview of biomedical instrumentation topics presented by Prof. G. B. Rathod of BVM Engineering College. It discusses the development of biomedical instrumentation, components of the man-instrument system, physiological systems of the body like the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and major biomedical devices like the sphygmomanometer and oximeter. It also provides references on biomedical engineering textbooks.

1. Compiled By: Prof. G B Rathod
EC department-BVM EngineeringCollege,
Email: ghansyam.rathod@bvmengineering.ac.in
REVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION

2. Biomedical Instrumentation
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM
Sphygmomanometer

3. Biomedical Instrumentation
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM
The average body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C). But normal body
temperature can range between 97 F (36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) or more. Your body
temperature can vary depending on how active you are or the time of day. Generally, older
people have lower body temperatures than younger people have

4. Biomedical Instrumentation
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM
Oximeter
Small beams of light pass through the blood in the finger,
measuring the amount of oxygen. It does this by
measuring changes of light absorption in oxygenated or
deoxygenated blood. This is a painless process. The
pulse oximeter will thus be able to tell you
your oxygen saturation levels along with your heart
rate.

5. TOPIC OUTLINES…
 THEAGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
 BIOMETRICS
 INTRODUCTIONTO MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
 PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF BODY
 TOPIC OUTCOME
 QUESTIONS
 REFERENCES
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

6. THE AGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
 It is a technology of this era. Near to 1970s,was the decade when
this field get rapid progress.
 We can define it such that, Bio means its related to life. There are
many inter disciplines also. E.g. Biochemistry,
Biophysics,Biomechanics,Bioelectronics, Bioinstrumentations
etc…
 committees have been form to define this terms
 The different committees provided various definitions of this
field..
 One of the definition is …..
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

7. THE AGE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
 “Bioengineering “ be defined as application of the
knowledge gained by a cross fertilization of
engineering and the biological sciences so that both
will be more fully utilized for the benefit of
man(woman or human).
 Association for the Advancement of Medical
Instrumentation ( AAMI).
 Biomedical equipment technician(BMET)
 The other titles have been used, hospital engineer and
medical engineer.
 Biomedical instrumentation is the methods of
measurement within the filed.
 Other problem is communication gape between the
engineers and the doctors.( Appendix are given in the
book)
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

8. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
 At the early as
the nineteenth
century-
Einthoven used
first time a ECG.
 Due to lake of
instruments such
as amplifiers and
recorders the
progress so slow
during 1950s.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

9. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
 Physiological parameters can not be measure as physical
parameters.
 During next decade the because of high cost of instruments and
also medical staff were suspicious of the new equipments and
often uncooperative.
 During the Mercury , Gemini and Apollo program of NASA,
Large help was provided to design such medical instruments.
 After that universities, hospitals, colleges and researchers are
started more working in this field.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

10. BIOMETRICS
 The branch of science that includes the measurement of
physiological variables and parameters is known as biometrics.
 Sensors and Transducers are useful for making of measuring
instruments related to body.
 For designing of medical instrumentation systems, few factors are
to be considered.
 (1) Range, (2) Sensitivity, (3) Linearity, (4) Hysteresis,
(5) Frequency Response, (6) Accuracy, (7) Signal to Nosie Ratio,
(8) Stability, (9) Isolation, (10) Simplicity.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

11. BIOMETRICS
 RANGE : “ All the levels of input operated and
the reading provided by that instruments which
is smallest to largest(maximum) values is called
a range of the instruments.”
 SENSITIVITY: “The sensitivity of an instrument
determines how small a variation of a variable of
parameter can be reliably measured.”
 LINEARITY: The degree to which variations in
the output of an instrument follow input
variations is referred to as the linearity of the
device.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

12. BIOMETRICS
 HYSTERESIS: “ Hysteresis is a characteristic of some instruments where
by a given value of the measured variable results in a different reading
when reached in ascending direction from that obtained when it is
reached in a descending direction.”
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: “ The frequency response of an instrument
is its variation in sensitivity over the frequency range of the
measurement.”
 ACCURACY:“ Accuracy is a measure of systemic error.
 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO: “ It’s a ratio of signal power to noise power
and it should be as high as possible. In hospital generally power line
noise act an interference.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

13. BIOMETRICS
 STABILITY: In control engineering, stability is the ability of a
system to resume a steady state condition following a
disturbance at the input rather than be driven into
uncontrollable oscillation.
 SIMPLICITY: “All systems and instruments should be as
simple as possible to eliminate the chance of component or
human error.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

14. INTRODUCTION TO THE MAN-INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM
 Unknown system called a black box.
 Human body is a living box. Within this box can be found
electrical , mechanical, acoustical, thermal, chemical, optical,
hydraulic, pneumatic and many other types of systems, all
interacting with each other.
 Many difficulties to measure a physical parameters.
 The system which includes both the human organism and the
instrumentation required for measurement of the human is called
the man-instrument system.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

15. INTRODUCTION TO THE MAN-INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM
 Any instrumentation systems generally following the major categories
like…
1. Information gathering
2. Diagnosis
3. Evaluation
4. Monitoring
5. Control
 Clinical Instrument and research instruments.
 Two types of measurements.. (1)Vivo( inside the body) (2)Vitro(Out
side the Body)
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

16. COMPONETNTS OF THE MAN INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM
Block diagram of Man-Instrument system
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

17. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
Communication of
Man with his
environment
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

18. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
 The biochemical system: The human body has within it an
integrated conglomerate of chemical systems that produce
energy for the activity of the body, messenger agents for
communication, materials for body repair and growth, and
substances required to carry out the various body functions.
 The cardiovascular system: Heart( Hydraulic system)
 The respiratory system: Pneumatic system
 The nervous system
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

19. Overview Cell Structure
 All mammals, including humans, are made up of basic building blocks
called cells.
 The different types of cells perform different jobs and so have different
gross structures.
 The size of cells also varies, ranging from 200 nm to several centimeters
in length. Most cells, however, fall within the range of 0.5 to 20
micrometer.
 The cell is surrounded by semipermeable membrane.
 The structure of most cells includes a nucleus inside of the cell,
separated from the surrounding cytoplasm by its own membrane. The
nucleus contains the genetic coding of reproducible cells.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

20. Overview Cell Structure
Fig.1.1: Diverse forms
Of mammalian cells
(Not to the same scale)
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

21. Overview Cell Structure
 Cells in the human body are quite numerous. It has been
estimated that there are approximately 75 trillion cells in the
body, of which one third (25 trillion) are red blood cells.
 All cells in a many celled animal retain certain powers or
characteristics, such as organization, irritability (i.e.,
response to external stimuli), nutrition, metabolism,
respiration and excretion.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

22. Body Fluids
 The body is almost two thirds fluid ( Actually, approximately
56%).
 Intracellular fluids contains large concentration of potassium,
magnesium and phosphate ions;
 Extracellular fluids contains significant concentrations of
sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions, oxygen, amino acids,
fatty acids, glucose, and carbon dioxide.
 Lets see different types of tissues of human body: Click Here
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

23. Major Systems of the body
 Musculoskeletal system
 The muscles and bones of the body provide locomotion.( i.e. the ability
to move around and manipulate our surroundings).
 If it were not for locomotion, human would be more dependent on the
local environment.
 Human would not be able to move to avoid danger, find food and water,
or erect shelter from the elements.
 Fig. 1.2 shows the principal structure of the musculoskeletal system.
 The bones are joined together to form articulations and joints and so are
able to move with respect to each other.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

24. Major Systems of the body
Fig.1.3: Musculoskeletal system
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM
Let’sTake a look at the system:
Click here

25. Major Systems of the body
 Respiration System
 The respiratory system takes oxygen into the body
and gives off carbon dioxide waste products from the
cells.
 The respiratory system includes the mouth; nose;
trachea, or windpipe; bronchi; and lungs.
 Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
passes trough the lungs: only 0.4 to 2.0 micrometer
of membrane separate the air carrying alveoli from
the pulmonary capillaries.
 Gaseous oxygen diffuses across this membrane into
the blood stream, while carbon dioxide comes out of
the blood, into the alveoli, to be exhaled into the
atmosphere.
 Lets see how the system is working: Click here
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

26. Major Systems of the body
 Gastrointestinal system
 The GI system takes in raw materials in the
form of food and liquids and process them
so that they are absorbed into the body.
 The system includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine.
 Digestion of food is the process of breaking
down, liquefying and chemically processing
food stuffs so that they cab be used by the
body.
 Both mechanical mixing and chemical
breakdown occurs in the stomach. See the
figure
 Lets see how the system works: Click here
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

27. Major Systems of the body
 Nervous system
 The nervous system is essential to the functioning of the human organism.
 It regulates our automatic control systems, integrates and assimilates data
from the outside world and our internal organs, and regulates and controls
the locomotors system.
 The automatic nervous system is responsible for regulating the automatic
function of the body- heartbeat, glad secretions, GI system, and so forth.
 The automatic nervous system operates at a subconscious level- you are not
aware of its functioning.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

28. Major Systems of the body
 The sensory nervous system receives data from the
outside world and certain internal organs through cells
that function as sensory receptors.(i.e.., transduces, in
electrical terminology).
 The eyes and ears are sensory receptors for light and
sound, respectively. But there are also other sensory
structures that are sensitive to pain, heat and pressure.
 The central nervous system (CNS) gathers, as similates,
and integrates data from the outside world, information
on the state of internal organs, etc.
 The brain is the principal organ of the CNS, and , like
computer, it can store, process, and generate information
and react to stimuli. The CNS also includes the spinal
cord.
 Lets take a look: Click here
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

29. Major Systems of the body
 Endocrine System
 Central Nervous system is an electrical communications and
control system within the body, the endocrine system is a
chemical communication/control system and aids in the
regulation of internal body states.
 Chemicals called hormones are secreted by the eight major
endocrine glades into the bloodstream, in which they act as
control agents to regulate various organic functions.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

30. Major Systems of the body
 The Circulatory system
 The circulatory system transports body fluids around the body from one organ
to another.
 Figure1.4 shows a schematic representation of the blood circulatory system.
 The transport of blood is caused by a pressure built up when the heart, a pump,
contracts.
 Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped throughout the body
delivering oxygen to the various organs and tissues.
 It is claimed that the human blood circulatory system is so extensive that no cell
in the body is farther than one cell’s diameter from a small vessel, or capillary.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

31. Major Systems of the body
 The oxygenated blood flows in arteries to the organs. The blood flowing
into the vessels of the GI tract picks up nutrients and water.
 The portion of the blood flows into the kidneys is cleaned of impurities
and waste products, which are excreted through the bladder urethra.
The kidney act as blood filter.
 The blood gives up much of its oxygen to the tissues, and the
deoxygenated blood returns to the heart in the veins.
 Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart at the right
atrium. It is then pumped into the right ventricle and out of the heart to
the lungs. In the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and takes on
a fresh supply of oxygen.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

32. Major Systems of the body
Fig.1.4: Circulatory system.Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM
Lets take a look at the system:
Click here
Click here for 3d animated video
Click here to see how ECG Generated

33. TOPIC OUTCOMES
 We come to know the necessity of this technology. The field
with great research opportunity.
 The benefits of the biomedical engineering and in that the
understanding of the various instrument’s parameters.
 The basic understanding of human body and the various
parameters that can be measure using this technology.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

34. REFERENCE
 Book:“Biomedical instrumentation and measurements “ ,by
L. Cromwell, F .Weibell, and E. Pfeiffer. PHI publication 2nd
Edition.
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

35. List of reference books:
1. Leslie Cromwell, Fred J.Weibell, ErichA. Pfeiffer,“Biomedical
Instrumentation and Measurements”,PHI Private Limited,2nd
Edi, 2012.
2. John G.Webster,“Medical InstrumentationApplication and
Design”,WSEWiley India Private Limited, 3rd Edition, 2012.
3. Joseph J. Carr, John M. Brown,“Introduction to Biomedical
EquipmentTechnology”, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, 2012.
4. R S. Khandpur,“Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”,Tata
McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2002
Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM

36. THANK YOU
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Prof.G.B.Rathod, EC Dept, BVM