Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: The Basics of Prompt Design"
groundwater Save the treasure
1. EPCR-2012
Environmental Pollution : Challenges and Remediation
Presented by:
Preksha Bhardwaj
Shikhar Sodhani
Vivekananda Institute of
Technology, Jaipur.
2. WATER
Occurrence of water
1. 97% of all water on earth is in oceans.
2. ~ 2% of the earth's water in ice caps & glaciers
3. About 0.6% of earth's water is groundwater
4. Water in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere amounts to
less than 0.02% of earth's water .
3. GROUNDWATER
Water is a basic necessity for the life to
sustain.
Ground water is the water located beneath the
earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in
fractures of rocks.
It serves intensively for irrigation and industrial
purposes (50%).
Ground water is an integral part of the
hydrological cycle and its availability depends
on the rain and recharge conditions.
6. Aquifers(Saturated Zones):
Aquifers are underground layers of permeable
rock, gravel, sand or clay that water can be extracted
from.
When the spaces are large enough to contain
usable quantities of water, it is called an aquifer.
There are two types of aquifers:
1. Confined
2. Unconfined
A confined aquifer has a layer of impermeable
clay or bedrock above it, as well, and an
unconfined aquifer does not.
9. Groundwater movement:
Groundwater moves slowly from recharge areas to
discharge points.
Flow rates are faster in cracks of rocks or very
loose soil but in dense soli of fine particles it moves
very slowly.
Groundwater generally moves in parallel paths or
layers.
10. Cone of Depression
Removing water from the well lowers the water table
resulting in the formation of Cone of Depression.
The effect of cone of depression extends to the
nearby water bodies known as Induced
Recharge.
13. Groundwater is the
major source of
water in our country
with 85% of the
population
dependent.
Groundwater table
declines-33cm/year.
14. Depleting Water Table
Fast growing cites
Rapid rise in demand of water
Requirement of imported water
(water from various water bodies)
is increasing at an alarming rate
Depletion in Groundwater
level(Water Table)
15.
16. GROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION
Groundwater pollution is a change in the
properties of groundwater due to
contamination by
microbes, chemicals, hazardous
substances and other foreign particles.
It is a major type of water pollution.
17. Ground Water Pollution
The sources of groundwater pollutants are either natural
(mineral deposits in rocks) or man-made.
Natural sources are less harmful compared to hazardous
chemicals generated by human activities.
Any chemical present on the surface can travel
underground and cause groundwater pollution.
The seepage of the chemical depends on the chemical
type, soil porosity and hydrology.
>70,000 chemicals are used not; effects of many are not
known.
Each year another 700-800 new chemicals are produced.
18. Some Sources:
Groundwater contamination can come from a number of natural
and human-made sources. These
can include:
1. Leaks and spills at factories and commercial facilities.
2. Improper hazardous waste disposal.
3. Improper use and disposal of pesticides.
4. Leach ate from landfills.
5. Septic systems.
6. Saline Intrusion.
7. Salts and chemicals used to deice roads.
8. Liquid waste storage lagoons
9. Fertilizers
10. Animal wastes
11. Leaking underground storage tanks
12. Radon contamination
13. Underground injection wells
14. Pipeline breaks
19. A bit description……
Arsenic contamination-
Arsenic is a deadly chemical that is often found
in a contaminated area. Arsenic is naturally
occurring, but when chemical contamination
increases the concentration it becomes
dangerous. Arsenic poisoning can be linked to
skin, lung and bladder cancer. High levels of
arsenic also lead to cardiovascular damage.
radon contaminatiion-
Soil made up of granite rock, some volcanic
rock, organic-rich shales, phosphate minerals
or pitchblende is known to release radon.
20.
21. GROUNDWATER DEPLETION
•The amount of water pumped by
farmers from India’s aquifers is
greatly exceeding natural recharge
in many areas.
•In the western part of the Indo-
Gangetic Plain, where the
recharge approach described here
was initiated
•rainfall ranges between 650 and
1,000 mm annually, but only 200
mm naturally percolate through
the soil layer to replenish
underlying aquifers.
22. Recharge of Groundwater:
•Groundwater recharge is the replenishment of an aquifer with
water from the land surface.
•The amount of water that may be extracted from an aquifer
without causing depletion is primarily dependent upon the ground
water recharge.
•Water is continually recycled through aquifer systems.
• Groundwater recharge is any water added to the aquifer zone.
• Processes that contribute to groundwater recharge include
precipitation, stream flow, leakage (reservoirs, lakes,
aqueducts), and artificial means (injection wells).
25. Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and
storing of rainwater for reuse before it reaches
the aquifer. •In urban area rainwater
The principle of collecting and using flows away as surface
precipitation from a catchment surface.
There are two ways for harvesting
runoff. This runoff could be
1. Surface runoff harvesting used to caught and used
2. Roof top rainwater harvesting for recharging aquifers by
We use surface run off harvesting to increase adopting appropriate
the groundwater table.
methods.
•Harvesting of surface
runoff and storage of the
same into reservoirs such
as water pans makes it
available for use when
required.
26. SUB-SURFACE DYKES
It is a subsurface barrier across stream which retards the
base flow and stores water upstream below ground
surface.
Since the water is stored within the aquifer , submergence
of land can be avoided and land above the reservoir can
be utilized even after the construction of the dam.
No evaporation loss from the reservoir and no siltation in
the reservoir take place. The potential disaster like
collapse of the dams can also be avoided.
27. Crosswave plastic material
CROSS-WAVE is a material of underground rainwater
storage for a Rain Water Harvesting developed by a
Japanese company SEKISUI TECHNO MOLDING CO.LTD.
It creates space underground for water in high void ratio
which contributes to the effective use of rainwater and control
overflow.
The underground water space created by CROSS-WAVE
controls flood of river and drainage caused by heavy rain, at
the same time providing the environment through which
stored rain water can be utilized according to necessity.
This reserved water can be used for daily life usage or
industrial usage and at the time of emergency.
28. Construction procedure
As CROSS-WAVE is light weight so transportation is also
smooth.
Heavy load capacity, strong enough for 25t truck with
covering more than 60cm.
Can be install simply by cross and piling up.
Apart from that you can utilize for wide range of civil
engineering materials such as lightweight fill materials or
temporary construction material.
29. Installation process
1. Digging 2. Protection sheet 3. Lining sheet 4. Carry in
5. Pile up 6. Setting spacer 7. Lining sheet, Protection sheet
finished 8. Finished
30. Installation sites
Flood Control
Controlling overflow in a redevelopment
area.
By making some underground reservoirs at
redevelopment area ,rainwater runoff in
the can be reduced.
Can be used at:
•Under park at redevelopment area
•Under parking lots at shopping center
31. Installation sites
Rainwater Harvesting Water for life, industry and
irrigation
CROSS-WAVE has miscellaneous uses
It can be used for various purposes
such as water for car washing, irrigation
,industrial usage and for gardens.
Can be used
•Under parking lots at personal house,
hospital and office
•Under parking lots at plant
•Under farm road or green house
32. Installation sites
Fire Fighting
Water storage for fire fighting and
disaster
CROSS-WAVE can be applied from 40
ton to 10000m3 and can store for
emergency water supply.
Can be used
•Under park
•Under schoolyard
33. Installation sites
Daily use water
Water for fountain or small
stream
Use rainwater for fountain on small
stream then you can develop
hydrologic cycle that enrich your life.
Can be used
•Around park or amenity space
•Under parking lots at housing
complex
