Research Process Piyush Sharma 1. Formulating the Research Problem Clarify the problem on following basis States of nature Relationship between variables Resolve Ambiguities (if any) Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view. 2. Extensive Literature Survey Academic Journals Conference Proceedings Govt. Reports Books etc. 3. Development of Working Hypothesis According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.” Sources of Hypothesis Observation Reflection Deduction 3. Development of Working Hypothesis Origin Of Hypothesis Induction by Simple Enumeration Method of Agreement Analogy Characteristic of a good hypothesis Non-Contradictoriness Definite and Clear Verifiable and Simple 4. Preparing the Research Design Defining the information needed. Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual phases of the research. Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures. Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other for data collection. Developing a plan of data analysis. Considerations: Research Design The means of obtaining the information. The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if any). The time available for research. The cost factor available for research. 5. Determining the Sample Design 6. Collecting the Data Primary Data By observation Personal Interview Telephone Interviews Mailing Questionnaires Secondary Data Surveys by other researchers Surveys by Govt. etc 7. Analysis of Data 8. Interpretation Reference and Bibilography Research Methodology - Mukul Gupta, Deepa Gupta. Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques) 2nd Revised Edition – C.R. Kothari Someone named “Marcela” who uploaded a PowerPoint Presentation on the same topic. Thank You

1. Research
Process
Piyush Sharma

2. Define
Research
Problem
Review the
literature
Formulate
Hypothesis
Design
Research
Collect DataAnalyze Data
Interpret And
Report

3. 1. Formulating the
Research Problem
• Clarify the problem on following basis
• States of nature
• Relationship between variables
• Resolve Ambiguities (if any)
• Rephrase the problem into meaningful terms from an
analytical point of view.

4. Choosing a
research topic
Criteria
Clarity
Data
recollection
Needed
elements
Viability
Justification
Objectives

5. 2. Extensive Literature
Survey
• Academic Journals
• Conference Proceedings
• Govt. Reports
• Books etc.

6. 3. Development of
Working Hypothesis
• According to Coffey – “A hypothesis is an attempt at
explanation, a provisional supposition made in order to
explain scientifically some facts or phenomenon.”
• Sources of Hypothesis
• Observation
• Reflection
• Deduction

7. 3. Development of
Working Hypothesis
• Origin Of Hypothesis
• Induction by Simple Enumeration
• Method of Agreement
• Analogy
• Characteristic of a good hypothesis
• Non-Contradictoriness
• Definite and Clear
• Verifiable and Simple

8. 4. Preparing the Research
Design
1. Defining the information needed.
2. Designing the exploratory, descriptive, and casual
phases of the research.
3. Specifying the measurement and scaling procedures.
4. Constructing and pretesting a questionnaire or any other
for data collection.
5. Developing a plan of data analysis.

9. ResearchDesign
Exploratory
Conclusive
Descriptive
Casual

10. Considerations: Research
Design
• The means of obtaining the information.
• The availability of skills of the researcher and his staff (if
any).
• The time available for research.
• The cost factor available for research.

11. 5. Determining the
Sample Design
• Simple Random
Sampling
• Stratified Random
Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
Probability
Sampling
• Convenience
• Judgmental
• Quota
• Snowball
Non-
Probability
Sampling

12. 6. Collecting the Data
• Primary Data
• By observation
• Personal Interview
• Telephone Interviews
• Mailing Questionnaires
• Secondary Data
• Surveys by other researchers
• Surveys by Govt. etc

13. Data recollection
Trustworthy and valid
Process
1. Choose instrument
2. Apply
3. Coding
4. Prepare analysis
Instruments
Focus groups,
interviews,
observation, surveys
and questionnaires,
scale of values

14. 7. Analysis of Data

15. 8. Interpretation

16. Reference and
Bibilography
• Research Methodology - Mukul
Gupta, Deepa Gupta.
• Research Methodology (Methods
and Techniques) 2nd Revised
Edition – C.R. Kothari
• Someone named “Marcela” who
uploaded a PowerPoint
Presentation on the same topic.

17. THANK YOU