Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Ähnlich wie Smart City Lecture 1: How to build a Smart City (20) Mehr von Peter Waher (20) Kürzlich hochgeladen (20) Smart City Lecture 1: How to build a Smart City1. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart City Lecture 1
How to build a Smart City
3. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
What does smart mean?
Smart Meters
Smart Phones
Smart TV
Smart Homes
Smart Buildings
Smart Cars
Smart Cities
Smart Societies
…
Is “Smart” just a buzz word,
or does it mean anything?
4. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart? Meter
Performs calculations
Records consumption
Communicates
Control load
Smart means connected.
It also indirectly reports when
you’re home and some of what
you do… Smart?
5. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart?-phone
Pocket computer
Apps
Has phoning become
better/easier/different?
Smart means flexible tool / toy.
It also helps keep you
unaware, while it siphons your
personal data… Smart?
6. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart? TV
Apps
Internet
Smart means easier access to
online entertainment.
Does it observe you back?
7. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart Home
Home Automation
Helps control common tasks
Lighting
Locks
Temperature
Electricity
Kitchen
Surveillance
Assisted Living
…
Smart means to help / automate.
Is it necessary for someone outside of
your home, to know what you do inside?
8. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart Building
Building Automation
Administration
Heating
Water
Electricity
Air-conditioning
Laundry
Maintenance
Surveillance
…
Smart means to help / automate.
The point is to help the owner/manager,
not necessarily the inhabitant.
9. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart Car
Autonomous Driving
Connectivity
Automate control
Speed
Lights
Breaks
Signals
Steering
…
Smart means to help / automate.
Will they be smart enough?
10. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart City / Society
Automation
Open Data
Transport
Traffic (C-ITS)
Parking
Utilities
Health Care
Law enforcement
Schools
Libraries
Waste management
Citizens?
…
Smart for whom?
11. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Common Denominators
Automation
Optimization
Connectivity
Sufficient for labeling something as
“smart”?
“Smart” is a great buzz word. It helps
vendors appear better, and
consumers feel better, even if the
technology happens to be “stupid”.
14. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Chinese Social Credit System
(World’s most?) ambitious “Smart City”
project.
Calculates economic and social
reputation, based on mass surveillance
and AI:
Honesty
Commercial Integrity
Social Integrity
Judicial Credibility
15. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Chinese Social Credit System
Collects data from:
Online activity
Searches
Shopping behavior
Locations
Friends
Health
Bank accounts
Messages
Smart Home appliances
News sources
Dating
…
16. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Chinese Social Credit System
Affects:
Job positions
Salaries
Living
Travel restrictions
Visa restrictions
Access to schools
Social status
Loans
Internet bandwidth
…
17. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Bad idea?
How about:
Environmental impact rating?
Diversity index?
Common value compliance?
…
18. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 12:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, nor to attacks
upon his honour and reputation. Everyone
has the right to the protection of the
law against such interference or
attacks.
https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
Well… it all depends on how you choose to interpret
“arbitrary” and “attack”…
19. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Will the surveillance state prevail?
Is the Chinese system better or worse
than the western system?
Some criticize the western model, by
claiming it does similar things, but not
transparently.
20. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Authoritarian regimes (Top/Down)
Easy to make decisions
Laws
Ubiquitous
Sacrifices individual freedoms
Freedom of expression
Creativity
Smart for whom? The state.
21. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Western Democracies (Bottom/Up)
Market forces
Segmented (limited interoperability)
Not well thought through
Not transparent
“Robber Barons”
Consensus difficult
Standards
Laws
Smart for whom? The citizen,
(hopefully… in the end…)
23. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Ownership of Information
Robber Barons appear in new areas
of enterprise, where there is no
effective legislation available.
Processing of information is one such
area. Ownership of information is not
legally defined (yet).
We need to define and protect
ownership of information.
24. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Is interoperability important?
Same water meter can be used by:
Utility
For billing
Assisted Living
No flow might indicate accident.
Building Maintenance
Constant flow indicate leak.
Smart to install 3 meters doing the
same thing?
25. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Is security important?
Same home security camera can be used by:
Security Company
Protect your home
Trusted Neighbors
Neighborhood watch (when away)
Family
Look in on elderly
Healthcare
Quick overview of scene before arrival
Police
Quick overview of crime scene
Smart to allow a burglar or a voyeur access?
26. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Objective Standards
We need more objective standards
that define what “smart” means, and
that are:
Well Through through
Have general validity
Interoperable across domains
Protect Fundamental Human Rights
Standards are used to build
infrastructure.
27. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Incentives?
Why would you allow others access to
your things or your data? It would:
Add load to your systems
Decrease its performance
Allow competitors to compete,
without investing in your equipment
Cross-domain interoperability requires
open markets of things and data.
Open ≠ Free
28. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Vision of a Smart City
Ubiquitous access to interoperable
sensors and things.
Ubiquitous access to data and
information from society’s authorities.
Access to smart services in all niches of
society.
Definition of ownership of information.
Protection of Privacy, by design and by
default.
Market for access to things and data.
Is this Science Fiction?
29. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous access to sensors and
things.
Ubiquitous access to data and
information from society’s authorities.
Access to smart services in all niches of
society.
Mark Weiser (Xerox PARC) coined the
term “ubiquitous computing” in 1988.
(♰ 1999)
30. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
IEEE IoT Harmonization
Interoperability
Definition of ownership of information
Protection of Privacy, by design and by
default
Market for access to things and data*
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.
32. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Who owns the data?
Who is the owner of data?
The person/entity generating (inventing) the data?
The person/entity storing (controlling) the data?
The person about whom the data relates to?
Is it important?
33. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Legislation
Which law is applicable?
Copyright?
Trade secrets?
Intellectual Property?
Privacy?
Enforcing ownership through legal means
is difficult.
34. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Ownership of things
How is normal ownership enforced?
Protection behind lock & key.
Access only to trusted parties.
Monitoring.
Demonstration of ownership.
35. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Ownership of data
Why treat data differently?
Local storage (decentralization) allows:
Protection behind lock & key.
Limiting access to trusted parties.
Monitoring access.
Demonstrating ownership.
Enforcing ownership of data.
Added benefit:
Intrinsic value of data through access.
36. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Edge Computing
Processing “on the Edge” instead of
“in the Cloud” allows:
Access = Value
Scalability
Resilience
Security
38. Ex-Director of National Intelligence
James R. Clapper
http://www.popsci.com/clapper-americas-greatest-threat-is-internet-things
”America's greatest
threat is the
Internet of Things”
Feb 9, 2016
39. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Vulnerabilities
You pay for an angel
You also get a bat
What is not specified, is
left undefined
40. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
IoT systems particularly vulnerable
Long-term operation
Technologies become obsolete
Lack of updates
Interact with physical world
Larger scale
More units and attack surfaces
Invisible operation
No visible clues something is wrong
No human operator (for normal use case)
Lack of supervision
41. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Decentralization & security
More attack surfaces
But value of each node is small
Value/Effort ratio small
Easier to protect
Massive data breaches difficult
You don’t put all your eggs into the
same basket
More resilient
End-to-end encryption
42. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Anonymization vs. Strong Identities
Anonymization:
Protects whistle blower or dissident
(or criminal or terrorist)
Makes security decisions difficult.
Strong identities (pseudonyms):
Protect information owners.
Allows selective responses.
Both protect privacy, in different ways.
43. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
IEEE IoT Harmonization
Decentralization
Global Identities
Authentication
Authorization
Ownership
Discovery
Decision Support
Provisioning
Smart Contracts*
Economic Feedback*
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.
45. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart City Lectures*
1. How to build a Smart City (Oct 4th)
2. Privacy in the Smart City (Oct 18th)
3. An Open and/or Secure Smart City (Oct 25th)
4. Harmonizing the Internet of Things (Nov 8th)
5. Introduction to Encryption (Nov 15th)
6. Earning by Sharing in the Smart City (Nov 22th)
7. …
8. …
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.
46. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Smart City Labs*
1. Sensors and actuators (Oct 10th)
2. Connect and chat with your device (Oct 17th)
3. Publishing data from your sensor (Oct 24th)
4. Publishing and discovering devices (Nov 7th)
5. Controlling actuators (Nov 14th)
6. Decision Support for your devices (Nov 21th)
7. …
8. …
(*) Funded by Swedish Internet Fund.
47. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
Raspberry Pi & Arduino
Sensors, Actuators, Controllers,
Concentrators, Bridges
Protocols:
MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, LWM2M, XMPP
Interoperability
Social Interaction
Decision Support
Product Lifecycle
IoT Service Platforms
IoT Harmonization
Security
Privacy
Amazon
Packt
Microsoft Store
Contact: https://waher.se/, https://littlesister.se/
Mastering Internet of Things
48. © Waher Data AB, 2018.
7. Open Discussion
Ownership?
Privacy?
Security?
Surveillance?
Interoperability?
Cool stuff?
Qué?
Where’s the Money?
Who pays?
What could go wrong?
Little Sister?
Harmonization?